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83PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
PESRONALITY, MUSIC PREFERENCE AND MOOD REGULATION BY MUSIC TENDENCIES IN
HEALTHY PEOPLE AND WITH DEPRESSION
Kokowska M.
Clinical psychologist and music psychologist Master specializations, Clinical music-therapy Post-master specialization Laboratory of Music-therapy, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
Polish Association of Music Therapists, Lublin, Poland
Dymnikowa M.
Music psychologist Master and Ph.D. specializations, Clinical neuropsychology and cognitive music-therapy Post-master specializations Laboratory of Music-therapy, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland Association of Musical Psychologists and Psychotherapists, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
The article describes results of scientific empirical psychological musical research on the subject of music preferences and music mood regulation conditions in healthy people and with depression, including gender and education (maturity level, university level) factors, with experimental data obtained on psychological TIPI, musical STOPM and musical psychological MMR diagnostic tools.
Keywords: music preferences, mood's regulation by music, depression, personality features.
INTRODUCTION
Empirical psychological research concerns the issues of determinants of musical preferences and the regulation of mood by music in people with depression and healthy people, taking into account gender and education factors.
The study aims to look at the relationships between musical preferences, mood regulation by music, and personality features in three group categories - gender, education, and the presence or absence of unipolar depression. The research question concerns the detection of properties characteristic for selected empirical groups.
The research hypothesis concerns the assumption that there is a difference in the dependence of musical preferences and music regulation strategies for different empirical groups.
The dependent variables are indicators of personality features, music regulation strategies, and musical preferences for music genres.
The independent controlled variables are the indicators of sex, education, and the diagnosis of unipolar depression.
The study used empirical data obtained with the abbreviated version of the psychological TIPI tool for measuring personality according to the five-factor model and two tools: musical STOMP for measuring musical preferences based on musical genres and musical psychological MMR for measuring mood regulation strategies using music.
The methodological analysis of the results was performed with the use of statistically significant (p <0.05) correlation indices and path analysis modeling of the obtained dependency systems.
In psychology, music becomes a useful tool for studying psychological processes.
The interest in psychology in musical preferences results from the need to learn about some mental processes occurring both in healthy and sick people, where music shows an important indicator of prognostic diagnosis due to the observed dependencies on personality features and mood regulation with its use.
Music is both a means of regulating mood [25] and it influences ordinary activities related to it [38, 39, 44]. It is commonly used in clinical psychotherapy [20, 40] for the purposes of stress reduction and self-regulation [11, 31, 42].
Depression, according to the definition of the International Classification of Diseases and Health Problems ICD-10 (International Classification of Disorders), is an affective (unipolar) disorder, a unit classified as recurrent depressive disorders (F.32 and F.33).
Its identification occurs as a result of the recognition of the severity of mild or moderate depressive episodes (F.32) and recurrent depressive disorders (F.33).
The main symptom of depression is a mood state of prolonged sadness, which is accompanied by loss of interests and pleasure, sleep and appetite disturbances, a tendency to guilt and low self-esteem, fatigue, and decreased concentration [23].
Depression significantly impairs the quality of life and the ability to function in many areas, but it is subject to various forms of psychotherapy in clinical conditions and self-regulates in everyday life.
In the latter direction, the use of music plays a regulatory function serving adaptive functions [30, 43] and mood changes, where the key change tendency is conditioned by the personality model [17] and musical preferences [33, 34] of each person in the individual control of the perspective of a depressive illness and its prevention.
Musical preferences refer to a state with a priority relation to a certain type of music and to privilege it over others, conditioned by liking and understanding
selected pieces and musical genres in response to their perception.
The factors that determine attitudes towards it [9, 10, 36], as well as the way of using it for emotional regulation [38], are responsible for predisposition to specific music.
Differences in musical preferences were previously seen as a function of changes in factors: ethnic origin, age, social class [14, 15], and then subjected them to descriptions of individual differences in terms of five-factor methods, related to the relationship of personality with music and musical preferences [4, 5, 10, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36].
The multidimensional output of human culture and its expression in classical and popular music is a component of the content from the socio-cultural environment.
The attitude to music, manifesting itself in attitudes such as preferences, occupies a place in culture as a social phenomenon: in patterns of social values and aesthetic behaviors, assigning music many functions, including aesthetic or regulatory ones, fitting into a network of entities and groups [21, 22].
The forms of affective regulation share many processes through core affect, but their principal forms are studied separately most often based on stress management, mood regulation, or emotional regulation.
Cognitive assessment of the situation in response to efforts to cope with the demands imposed by the situation may be modified by the state of mood, personality features, and aesthetic preferences of healthy or ill people.
Emotional regulation is a kind of signal signifying an imbalance [1].
Regulatory efforts in the form of strategies that also include music are aimed at returning the individual state to homeostasis.
Emotional regulation with music and mood regulation with music [38] refer to phenomena when music in the form of an aesthetic stimulus from the external environment may participate in the process of changing human mood or emotions, conditioning various functions of its use, which is also related to its personality features [17 46].
The main difference between mood and emotional regulation is that a change in response to an (aesthetic) stimulus is possible at every stage of its existence, and the mood is regulated only when it can be observed longer.
The structural approach to personality assumes the universality and biological initial stage of factors, which allow, in the psychometric measurement, to predict the behavior of people whose features are related to the consistency of functioning in life situations.
The variety of human features determines various personality profiles at the level of diagnosis of individual differences [29].
Scientific data on the relationship of personality features, musical preferences, and regulation by music are presented in the analysis of the results in the context of the obtained empirical data.
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION
An experimental musical psychological study in the area of prophylactic music therapy of the mental (psychiatric) state - condition was conducted on an empirical trial with people with unipolar depression (N = 50) and healthy people (N = 42), with secondary (middle) education (N = 46) and higher (university) education (N = 46), with a total of 52 women and 40 men. All persons participating in the study joined it voluntarily and consciously.
The research sample was divided into subgroups of higher and secondary education and mixed according to the categorical factors of gender with depression and gender without depression (research control factor).
In this way, 6 empirical subgroups were selected: higher education, secondary education, women with depression, men with depression, healthy women, and healthy men.
Patients were classified in terms of depressive episodes of mild or moderate intensity: i.e., depressive episode (F.32) and recurrent depressive disorders (F.33).
Subjects assigned to the group with depression were classified on the basis of a medical diagnosis compliant with the unipolar depression criterion according to the ICD-10 classification (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems - International Classification of Disorders).
Data for the creation of groups with a specific level of education were obtained from the data of the respondents. The average (M mean with SD standard deviation values) of age level in the empirical groups was: healthy at the level of 41 years (M = 40.97; SD = 12.6), with depression at the level of 48 (M = 48.24; SD = 9.51), women at the level of 44 years (M = 44.25; SD = 12.07), men at the level of 46 years (M = 45.8; SD = 10.92), with secondary education at the level of 44 years (M = 44.28; SD = 10.04), with higher education at the level of 45.5 years (M = 45.56; SD = 12.97).
In order to study personality determinants for musical preferences and regulation with music, the TIPI (Ten-Item Personality Inventory) questionnaire was used, which is a short tool for measuring the dimensions of human personality according to the classic five-factor model with the following personality features: neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, amicability, and scrupulousness. The inventory consists of 10 statements to which the respondent is to respond on a 7-point Likert scale (from 1 - strongly disagree to 7 - strongly agree).
In order to measure musical preferences, the STOMP (Short Test of Music Preferences) questionnaire was used. It is a short, 14-item tool that measures the intensity of preferences for a favorite dimension of music or its genres, using a 7-point Likert scale.
The structure of the questionnaire is based on four dimensions defining musical preferences:
1) reflective and complex music - classical, folk, jazz, and blues;
2) optimistic and conventional music (upbeat and conventional) - film, pop, country, religious;
3) intense and rebellious music - heavy-metal, rock, alternative;
4) energetic and rhythmic music - theme songs, rap / hip-hop, electronic.
In order to study music regulation, the MMR questionnaire (Music Mood Regulation) was used, which is a tool for measuring mood regulation strategies with music. The questionnaire consists of 34 statements to which the respondent is to respond on a 5-point Likert scale.
The structure of the questionnaire is based on the dimensions that define musical strategies:
1) Detachment - the task of music is to distract from unpleasant thoughts and cut off negative emotions (anger, sadness, depression).
2) Overworking feelings - listening to and writing songs alone; music as a background is conducive to reflection and contemplation, taking the listener into the past; helps to gain insight, reevaluate and accept personal content.
3) Strong Experiences - musical activity is supposed to intensify emotional experiences.
4) Discharge - music releases emotions (anger, sadness, depression), and by synchronizing with the mood, it brings temporary cleansing (catharsis).
5) Regeneration - listening to music and singing as well as playing and writing songs, provides regeneration and allows you to relax and regain life energy.
6) Entertainment - is a strategy where music as a background provides stimulation and creates a positive mood.
ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH RESULTS
The analysis of empirical data obtained from a psychological study on the issues of personality determinants, musical preferences, and mood regulation with music in people with depression and healthy people, in mixed research groups, taking into account gender and education factors revealed statistically significant (p <0.05) dependencies in the indicators Pearson's correlation (from r > 0.35) included collectively in table
№ 1.
TABLE 1
List of 26 statistically significant (p <0.5) characteristic relationships in 6 empiric groups
basic variable - J NEUROTICISM TIPI Empiric group
t STOMP - classic, blues, folk, jazz Higher education
basic variable - T OPENNESS TIPI Empiric group
t ENTERTAINMENT MMR Males with depression
J STOMP - funk Middle education
t STOMP - religious Higher education
J STOMP - rock Healthy females
basic variable - T EXTRAVERSION TIPI Empiric group
J STOMP - jazz Middle education
J STOMP - blues Females with depression
basic variable - T AMICABILITY TIPI Empiric group
t STOMP - dance/electronic Healthy males
t STOMP - dance/electronic, rap/hip-hop, funk, theme songs Higher education
t DISCHARGE MMR Females with depression
basic variable - J REGENERATION MMR Empiric group
t STOMP - country Higher education
t STOMP - dance/electronic, rap/hip-hop, funk, theme songs Middle education
basic variable - J ENTERTAINMENT MMR Empiric group
t STOMP - classical Males with depression
T SCRUPULOUSNESS TIPI Healthy males
t STOMP - theme songs Healthy males
basic variable - J STRONG EXPERIENCES MMR Empiric group
T STOMP - classical, blues, folk. jazz Higher education Healthy males
T STOMP - jazz Healthy females
basic variable - J DISCHARGE MMR Empiric group
t STOMP - dance/electronic Middle education
basic variable - J OVERWORKING FEELINGS MMR Empiric group
t SCRUPULOUSNESS TIPI Healthy males
A total of 22 relationships were obtained, of which 5 were for the secondary (middle) education group, 6 for the higher (university) education group, 2 for the group of females with depression, 2 for the group of males with depression, 2 for the group of healthy females, and 5 for the group of healthy males.
Thus, the most characteristic with emerging musical and psychological variables for the purposes of music therapy in the current study were the factors of education and male gender.
List of 22 relations in 6 empirical groups
GROUP WITH MIDDLE (SECONDARY) EDUCATION
1. With lower results for the openness personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for funk music (r -0.4).
Thus, the preference for music with a dominant, motoric accentuated rhythm, with the sound of electric guitars in the major-minor system, as well as with the energetic-rhythmic funk style, is more often associated with people with secondary education with a low level of the personality feature of openness to experience.
2. With lower results for the extraversion personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for jazz music (r -0.46).
Thus, the preference for music based on improvisation and complex musical structures is more common among people with a low level of the extraversion personality feature.
At the same time, research on musical preferences shows that the higher the level of extraversion, the more extensive is the network of social support [6].
Therefore, in the light of the obtained result, it is worth investigating empirically in the future to what extent the level of social support in the results of the extraversion personality feature is significant in the preference for the musical style represented by jazz.
3. With lower results for the scale of using music for regeneration and relaxation, group revealed a higher preference for energetic and rhythmic music - electronic, rap, hip-hop, and funk (r -0.35).
This proves the properties of electronic music, rap, hip-hop, and funk as the opposite of music therapy to regenerate and relax.
4. With lower results for the scale of detaching from unpleasant disturbing thoughts using music, group revealed a higher preference for heavy-metal music (r -0.4).
This proves the properties of heavy-metal music as the opposite of music therapy to detach from unpleasant, disturbing thoughts using music.
5. With lower results for the scale of sadness and anger discharge by music, group revealed a higher preference for electronic music (r -0.41).
This proves the properties of electronic music as opposed to the function of music therapy to detach from unpleasant disturbing thoughts using music.
GROUP WITH HIGHER (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION
6. With lower scores for the neuroticism personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for complex and reflective music - jazz (-0.4) and blues and folk (r -0.37).
Folk is a genre of popular music, based on the folk music of nations.
Blues (sadness, despair) is a song with the accompaniment of a guitar, evolving into purely instrumental forms (e.g. guitar, piano, harmonica, orchestra), and then being a variation of a live, spontaneous rhythm and blues - it contains a simple story about the worries and ills of life, with a melodic scale lowered by a semitone (III, IV and V major scale steps) - creates the blue notes.
Thus, the preference for jazz, blues, and folk music is more common among people with higher education with a low level of the neuroticism personality feature, which in independent empirical studies is confirmed by a less frequent manifestation of a tendency to emotional instability (impulsiveness, hypersensitivity, fear, aggression, hostility) [47].
People who prefer complex and reflective music (blues, jazz, folk) tend to be liberal, tolerant, and verbal skills [32], which is conducive to shaping a lower level of neuroticism.
7. With higher results for the amicability personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for electronic music - rap / hip-hop, soul / funk, electronic / dances (r 0.41).
With higher results for the amicability feature, it revealed a higher preference for energetic and rhythmic music - rap / hip-hop, electronic / dance, theme songs (r 0.41).
Thus, the preference for energetic and rhythmic music - rap / hip-hop, electronic / dance, theme songs -accompanies people with higher education more often with a higher level of amicability personality feature (i.e. with the features: kindness, affection, trust).
This tendency was revealed in independent empirical studies, where cheerful and conventional music in the style of film soundtracks with text (theme-songs), as a tendency opposite to the preferences of electronic music, was negatively correlated with amicability personality feature [26, 36, 37].
8. With higher scores for the openness personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for religious music (r 0.41), falling into the category of optimistic and conventional music.
Independent empirical research also revealed that people with a tendency to openness to new experiences and a certain dose of risk are more likely to use intense and rebellious music (heavy-metal, rock, alternative) [32].
9. With lower results for the scale of searching for intense emotional experiences by music, group revealed a higher preference for complex and reflective music - classical (r -0.5), blues, folk, and jazz (r -0.46).
This proves the properties of classical music, blues, folk, and jazz as opposed to the function of music therapy in seeking intense emotional experiences through music.
Thus, the weaker the tendency to regulate the mood with music, which allows for a strong emotional
experience, the stronger the liking for listening to complex music genres and those included in the reflection pattern structure (blues, jazz, classical, folk).
At the same time, people who less frequently use the strategy of mood regulation with the use of music to seek intense emotional experiences are associated with a higher preference for listening to classical music.
The strategy of searching for intense emotional experiences by music applies to people without a specific (starting) mood and applies to all types of musical activity and a strong commitment to this activity.
In line with the assumptions of this mood-regulation strategy, listening to music takes place alone or with others, and the goal is to arouse intense sensations and focus on music and the strong feelings associated with it.
Independent empirical research has revealed that there are certain connections between music and certain social stereotypes [35].
Classical music is a musical style / genre that defines it by emphasizing certain musical attributes that reflect structural and harmonic complexity.
Research shows that individual differences can be observed in listeners' conscious regulatory goals.
Here, more aware music listeners who understand its self-regulatory uses to improve mood are also more strongly involved in music with specific attributes [18].
In the analyzed research subgroup, the correlation result does not confirm the strategy of searching for intense emotional experiences by music, which could potentially evoke strong feelings concerning the moderate tendency accompanying the audience to prefer classical music.
It is likely to require independent research that other strategies that potentially influence the mood with music may have stronger implications for co-creating well-being when listening to classical music.
10. With lower results for the scale of reevaluating events and feelings by music, group revealed a higher preference for optimistic and conventional music -country (r -0.49), religious, pop, and theme songs (r -0.4).
This proves the properties of country, religious, pop, and theme songs as opposed to music therapy in re-evaluating events and feelings through music.
The obtained result of the study suggests that the higher preference for optimistic-conventional music (country, religious, pop, soundtracks \ theme-songs) is accompanied by an average lower tendency to regulate the mood by a revival in the form of regeneration and relaxation and to work through emotional and cognitive content in the contemplation of the reflective message of the music.
11. With lower scores for the scale of using music for regeneration, revitalization, and relaxation, group revealed a higher preference for country music (optimistic and conventional) (r -0.38).
This proves the properties of country music as opposed to the functions of music therapy in using music for regeneration, revitalization, and relaxation.
It has also been observed in independent empirical studies that the strategy of mood regulation with music is more used by young men than young women [39],
which is important for the current study in the interaction with the average age of people (healthy: 41 years; with depression: 48 years).
At the same time, the education of the entire sample at the secondary or higher level does not differ significantly (secondary: 44; higher: 45.5).
Here, in the case of musical preferences, age may gain in importance, because it is assumed that the stability of musical preferences increases with age [2, 39].
Thus, it is difficult to generalize the results of young people to those of the elderly age.
At the same time, it is assumed that musical tastes, as culturally conditioned by a generation of music in a given environment and specific historical time, are formed at an early age and usually remain relatively unchanged until old age.
GROUP OF FEMALES WITH DEPRESSION
12. With lower scores for the extraversion personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for blues music (r -0.41).
Thus, the preference for blues music is more common among depressed women with a low level of the extraversion personality feature.
Independent empirical research revealed that blues as a genre of music and a component of reflexive and complex music (blues, jazz, classical, folk) coexists in descending order with extraversion [26].
Blues music gender is associated with sadness and melancholy in a state of mind when it talks about the problems of a personal life.
Being in a different variety, i.e. rhythm and blues, it contains the rhythmic style of jazz with a tendency to spontaneity and spontaneity of performers.
On the other hand, people suffering from depression show an increased level of neuroticism and negative emotionality, low extroversion, decreased positive emotionality, and weaker search for new things.
13. With higher scores for the scale of discharging sadness and anger through music, group revealed higher indices for the amicability personality feature (r 0.48).
Thus, the preference for unloading sadness and anger through music accompanies more depressed women with higher severity of the amicability personality feature, understood as a positive attitude towards people and trust in them, and pro-social behavior.
GROUP OF MALES WITH DEPRESSION
14. With lower results for the scale of using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood, group revealed a higher preference for classical music (r -0.43).
This proves the properties of classical music as opposed to the function of music therapy in using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood.
15. With higher scores for the scale of using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood, group revealed higher scores for the openness to experience personality feature (r 0.58).
Thus, the preference for the use of music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood more often accompanies men with depression with higher severity of the openness to experience personality feature.
Men with higher scores in mood regulation procedures using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood are associated with a higher index for the openness to experience personality feature.
Openness to experience personality feature describes the tendency to seek and positively evaluate new life experiences, consent to novelty, curiosity, and complex perception of the world.
It cannot be ruled out that such perception of the world in a group of depressed men prompts them to interpret it in terms of a positive evaluation of new experiences (including aesthetic ones), which coincides with the tendency to use a strategy of regulating mood with music, allowing them to enjoy entertainment and maintain a good mood.
Also in people with mild affective disorders (such as subclinical depression), disease symptoms occurring at different levels of functioning (cognitive, somatic, behavioral, emotional, motivational) may predict the appearance of relapses or serious disorders (such as major depression, dysthymia) [19].
The need for multi-faceted actions aimed at improving health and better coping with depression is available through the use of mood regulation strategies with entertainment music (e.g. pop), which take into account the basis of high intensity of the openness to experience personality feature.
Independent empirical research has revealed that a positive worldview, understood as a set of attitudes and views on the world and life, may enable better coping with depression [12, 16], including the experience of listening to music for entertainment purposes is particularly important for adolescents and at a young age [38].
Contrasting predictions in research about the influence of mood on music choice, present in the theory of controlled processing [48] or the theory of homeo-static regulation [13], indicate that people make conscious decisions about music or use automatic processing, i.e. unconscious cognitive tendencies towards stimuli consistent with mood.
They choose music that is inconsistent with their mood to improve their negative mood (e.g. happy music when they are depressed) [12, 16].
People also do this because of cognitive stimulation (e.g. sad music when depressed mood) when they choose music that worsens the mood until the moment when a homeostatic cognitive-regulatory mechanism is triggered, moving towards non-mood behaviors and preferences, which in turn improves depressed mood.
The cognitive tendency to create networks in line with the mood maintains and intensifies the affective state until it crosses a certain critical threshold.
Moreover, the associative network model suggests that people access information consistent with the mood and take advantage of this bias [3].
Individual differences in personality, mood-regulating abilities, and listening strategies can help predict how people (including those who are depressed) adjust
their affective tone to their music listening choices when they experience a depressed mood.
Internal states and cognitive prejudices are considered as indicators of a person's state, and the ambiguity of music - as behavior regulating the mood and satisfying the different needs of the listener.
Functional neuroimaging studies also show that music can modulate activity in brain structures that play a key role in emotions and affect mood [24], which has important repercussions in the treatment of neurological and mental disorders, where music can cause the listener to feel sad and interact with personality feature.
GROUP OF HEALTHY FEMALES
16. With lower results for the openness to experience personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for rock music (r -0.41). Thus, a preference for rock music accompanies healthy women more often with a higher intensity of the openness to experience personality feature.
17. With lower results for the scale of searching for intense emotional experiences by music, group revealed a higher preference for jazz music (r -0.54). This proves the properties of jazz music as opposed to the function of music therapy in seeking intense emotional experiences through music.
Independent empirical research on gender differences has shown that young women prefer the dimension of optimistic and conventional music, which is related to the cognitive level of empathy [7, 8].
And when healthy women tend to be less open-minded, it is accompanied by a tendency to like rock music more.
Openness personality feature is a tendency to look for new experiences and their positive reception in life [47], which, at low intensity, is associated with a preference for rock music with a possible compensatory or substitute function.
GROUP OF HEALTHY MALES
18. With lower results for the scale of re-evaluation of events and feelings by music, group revealed higher indices for scrupulousness personality feature (r -0.4).
Thus, the preference for a re-evaluation of events and feelings by music accompanies healthy males more often with a lower intensity of the scrupulousness personality feature.
19. With lower results for the scale of searching for intense emotional experiences by music, group revealed a higher preference for complex and reflective music - classical, blues, folk, and jazz (r -0.64).
This proves the properties of classical music, blues, folk, and jazz as opposed to the function of music therapy in seeking intense emotional experiences through music.
The negative correlation of tendencies to regulate mood by seeking intense, emotional sensations in music in healthy males is associated with their preference for listening to reflective and complex music.
Thus, a lower tendency to regulate one's emotionality and mood with music coexist with a higher level
of preferences for the group of reflective and complex music genres (blues, jazz, classical, folk).
The search for sensations is the need for diverse and complex experiences and the willingness to take risks to acquire these experiences.
Independent empirical studies revealed that sensation-seeking is related to a preference for loud and heavy music, which leads to stimulation (e.g. hard rock), as well as a liking for classical and folk music [28].
Therefore, in healthy males, the growing tendency to prefer music genres that is structurally complex and conducive to reflection (classical, blues, jazz, folk), with a high optimal level of arousal, may condition the need for high stimulation with intense energetic and rhythmic music, and not with reflective and complex music itself.
The studied patterns of age differences in musical tastes indicate that, as far as classical music is concerned, with the increase of age in the audience, there is a tendency to like classical music more and more, and there is a decrease in the liking of intensive music genres [2].
In the results of the research, the searching for intense emotional experiences is a tendency, noticeable especially in adolescence and at a young age.
The individual psychological factor of the listener's characteristics (age, gender, education, and personality) [24] coexists with the external determinant of the socio-psychological and cultural context in which music appears (e.g. environment, social network, interpersonal dispositions, listening context music).
By combining functions that the listener gives to music with an individual (emotional regulation) and social factors (expression of identity) [41], it is possible to predict inter-individual differences in the strength of musical preferences and incorporate this information into therapeutic models involving music, which requires further empirical verification.
The research difficulties here in determining preferences for musical genres are related to the comparison of the level of knowledge about these genres in different age groups and the existence of social stereotypes about specific musical genres.
20. With higher results for the amicability personality feature, group revealed a higher preference for electronic music (r 0.74).
Thus, the preference for electronic music, coming from the factor of energetic and rhythmic music (rap, soul, electronic), accompanies healthy men more often with a higher level of amicability personality feature.
This is in line with the results of independent empirical studies, in which the agreeableness trait positively correlates with the preference for the dimension of optimistic and conventional music, folk, jazz, as well as the dimension of energetic and rhythmic music (rap / hip-hop, soul / funk, electronic / dance ) [41].
21-22. With lower scores for the scale of using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood, group revealed higher scores for the scrupulousness personality feature (r -0.56) and a higher preference for theme songs (r -0.62).
This proves the properties of music in theme songs as opposed to the function of music therapy in using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood.
Additionally, the preference for the use of music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood is more common among healthy men with a lower level of scrupulousness personality feature.
The decreasing, moderate tendency of healthy men to use mood regulation with music - allowing for working through negative emotional contents and experiences related to the past, is accompanied by a growing tendency to the quality of scrupulousness personality feature.
It is possible that men with the scrupulousness personality feature may be accompanied, as a more adaptive one, by another type of strategy regulating the mood with music - perhaps one that is not necessarily related to the music's evoking the sphere of reflection, concerning insight into emotions and thoughts, and catharsis, which requires further empirical verification.
List of results with opposite tendencies and from mediation analysis in 6 empirical groups
Correlation analysis of the results of the current empirical study presented above also revealed different tendencies of the therapeutic use of music (therapeutic preference for music) towards the gender factor.
For the MMR scale that uses music for entertainment and to maintain a positive mood:
1) Males with depression revealed a positive correlation with the openness personality feature (r 0.58).
Thus, the preference for the use of music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood more often accompanies men with depression with higher severity of the openness to experience personality feature.
2) Healthy males revealed an average negative correlation with the scrupulousness personality feature (r -0.56) and a preference for thematic songs (r -0.62).
Thus, the preference for the use of music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood more often accompanies healthy men with a lower level of scrupulousness personality feature and a lower preference for thematic songs, as a genre of not entertaining music but reflective music.
For the MMR scale of unloading sadness and anger through music, depressed women revealed a moderate positive correlation with the amicability personality feature (r 0.48).
Thus, the preference for the discharge of sadness and anger through music is more common among depressed women with a higher level of amicability personality feature.
The present data indicate that males and females adjust differently to self-control over the dynamics and course of depression.
Males with high openness personality feature suffering from depression have a predisposition to use music for prophylactic purposes, i.e. to maintain a positive mood.
Females with high amicability personality feature, suffering from depression, have a predisposition to use
music to achieve emotional balance by eliminating the activation of negative emotions.
On the other hand, healthy men with high scrupulousness personality feature prefer themed songs in a state where they do not need to use music for entertainment in order to maintain a positive mood and relieve sadness and anger.
Thus, here the theme songs can be a musical genre that maintains a positive mood among healthy men, or they can be a genre of reflective music that requires a different attitude to music reception than in the case of a need for entertainment in order to maintain a positive mood or emotional balance.
The last motivational direction determining preferences for thematic songs seems to be more justified taking into account the factor of scrupulousness personality feature and the fact of preference for thematic songs in the entire empirical sample among people with high amicability personality feature.
Because high amicability personality feature is conducive to maintaining satisfaction in the external environment and a that state does not require resorting to other means and methods to maintain a positive mood.
At the same time, the components of the amicability and scrupulousness personality features do have common components in the context of conscious human's involvement in own activity.
The obtained empirical data of the current study, after carrying out a path analysis for statistically significant relationships (p <0.05) in all 6 research empirical groups, revealed 5 two-way mediation relationships (in the '/\' diagram) in 4 research sub-groups for education and male pole factors.
Three mediation variables were identified for the STOMP tool, and one for TIPI and MMR tools.
Among the 10 variables forming the relationships, 6 variables from MMR tool, 3 variables from TIPI tool, and 1 variable from STOMP tool were obtained.
1. Group with middle (secondary) education -higher preference for electronic music (as a mediating variable) with lower results for: 1.1. use of music to regenerate and relax. 1.2. discharging sadness and anger through music.
2. Group with higher (university) education:
2.1. higher preference forjazz, blues, and folk music (as a mediating variable) with lower scores for: 2.1.1. neuroticism personality feature. 2.1.2. searching for intense emotional experiences through music.
2.2. higher preference for the music of thematic songs (as a mediating variable) in: 2.2.1. higher scores for the
amicability personality feature. 2.2.2. lower scores for the scale of re-evaluation of events and feelings by music.
3. Group of males with depression - higher preference for using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood (as a mediating variable) with: 3.1. lower preference for classical music. 3.2. higher indexes for the openness to experience personality feature.
4. Group of healthy males - higher indicators for the scrupulousness personality trait (as a mediating variable) with lower results for: 4.1. reevaluating events and feelings through music. 4.2. using music for entertainment and maintaining a positive mood.
The obtained mediation systems are characteristic of specific mixed research subgroups since they are not repeated in various subgroups. They are diagnostically representative and inform about their specific relational properties, including for the purposes of music therapy of the mental (psychiatric) condition - state.
CONCLUSION - future necessary verifications
The obtained empirical data constitute a preliminary estimated scientific value for further in-depth research on this issue.
The emerged relationships between personality features, musical preferences, and music regulation constitute a premise for further research in this direction and broaden the empirical research perspectives.
The obtained results of structural dependencies with the use of TIPI and MMR tools require further verification in independent scientific studies in order to determine their stability and credibility for establishing the principles and regularity in order to improve the effectiveness of musical interventions in the field of music therapy [45].
Preference analysis concerning music is based on the representation of 14 selected genres grouped into 4 thematic sets based on empirical data from factor analysis in foreign studies.
Due to the cultural and social determinants of shaping the foundations of musical preferences, as musical and aesthetic features, their relationships with personality features or styles of emotion and mood regulation by music may have different properties in different countries.
The available foreign research on this subject on the relationship between musical genres and personality features may also have different cultural conditions.
Independent verification of musical preferences as psychological features requires the confirmation of empirical results in different countries for the same musical genres in the direction of intercultural research in connection with personality features and the regulation of mood and emotions by the music of a psychic supra-cultural character.
In the context of estimation analysis, it seems important to take into account the character of agreeable-ness, the features of the use of music with the entertainment function, and the vigorous and rhythmic music genre in future research directions, due to their multidirectional relationships, in the aim to develop practical applications for the effectiveness of counseling and services in the field of music therapy taking into account the personality features and musical preferences of a person.
The direction of future research in the field of music psychology outlined in the study, taking up issues relating to the sphere of personality and musical preferences, with the use of musical forms of mood regulation, heading towards the theory and practice of music
therapy - constitutes an important contribution to understanding and understanding the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of music towards people.
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STRESS RESISTANCE OF POLICE OFFICERS DEPENDING ON TYPE OF TEMPERAMENT
Makarova O.
Candidate ofpsychological sciences, senior lecturer at the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology
Kharkiv Natio nal University
СТРЕСОСТ1ЙК1СТЬ ПРАЦ1ВНИК1В ПОЛ1Ц11 В ЗАЛЕЖНОСТ1 В1Д ТИПУ
ТЕМПЕРАМЕНТУ
Макарова О.
кандидат психологгчних наук, старший викладач кафедри педагог1ки та психологи
Харювський нацюнальний утверситет
Abstract
A set of interrelated research methods was used to solve the tasks, namely: theoretical - analysis of scientific literature and empirical - using psychodiagnostic techniques: O. Belov's temperament test "Temperament formula", M. Luscher's color test, L. Sobchyk's method of diagnostics of interpersonal relations.
The article considers the theoretical analysis of the literature on the relationship between stress and temperament, the levels of stress of police officers with different types of temperament for the effectiveness of psychological care are considered.
