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УДК 330.83
Смирнова М.М.
Студентка 4 курса бакалавриата, экономический факультет, ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университут
ПЕРВАЯ И ВТОРАЯ ИНДУСТРИАЛИЗАЦИЯ: СХОДСТВА И РАЗЛИЧИЯ
Smirnova M.M.
Fourth-year bachelor student,Faculty of Economics Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Saint Petersburg State University»,
Russia, Saint Petersburg
THE FIRST AND THE SECOND INDUSTRIALIZATION: MAIN SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES
Аннотация
Существует два основных подхода к процессу индустриализации. С одной стороны, некоторые ученые (например, Хобсбаум [2]) считают этот процесс "революцией". С другой стороны, некоторыми учеными термин «промышленная революция» критикуется (например, Кэмерон и Нил [1]). Ученые также спорят об основных движущих факторах индустриализации - с одной стороны, Хобсбаум указывает на хлопковую промышленность и колониальную экспансию (а не научное и технологическое развитие) [2], Кэмерон и Нил, с другой стороны, утверждают, что технические инновации сыграли огромную роль в индустриализации как долгосрочном процессе [1]. Первая и вторая индустриализации имеют как сходства, так и различия. Этому стоит уделить особое внимание.
Abstract
There are two main approaches to industrialization. On the one hand, some scientists (for example, Hobsbawm [2]) treat it as a revolution. On the other, the term "industrial revolution " is criticized by other scientists (for example, Cameron and Neal [1]). Scientists also have doubt about main drivers of industrialization -while Hobsbawm point out cotton industry and colonial expansion (not scientific and technological superiority)[2], Cameron and Neal claim that technical innovation played a huge role in industrialization as a long term process [1]. The first and second industrializations have both similarities and differences. Let's look at it in more detail.
Ключевые слова: первая индустриализация, вторая индустриализация, революция, инновации, технологии
Key words: first industrialization, second industrialization, revolution, innovation, technology
In the second industrialization the link between science and industry became even more marked than it was in first industrialization. That undoubtedly affected industries such as steel production, chemical production and electrical energy production, automobile production etc. For example, the cost of steel production started to decrease in period of second industrialization with help of converter of Henry Bessemer. Number of chemical products multiplied with progress in laboratory research (ex. pure chemistry with the work of Ernest Solvay in 1861 on sulphuric acid, organic chemistry with the production of aniline or alizarin, based on artificial colourings, and fertilizers among others). Moreover, problem of co-ordinating production, distance transmission and its use for producing light or motor energy were solved during second Industrial Revolution (C. F. Varley and Werner von Siemens discovered the self-exciting principle and in 1870 Paci-notti and Gramme built the dynamo based on the ring armature). The wide spread of electricity in turn "transformed the daily lives of city dwellers, changed the structures of workshops, and brought about the appearance of new products like aluminium...urban areas were provided with electricity from power stations generated by heat" [3, p.188]. That's how from the leading
industries in first industrialization (iron and textile) with help of science and technology they changed to other leading industries - steel, petrochemicals, electricity and automobile. Moreover, it changed main type of electricity - from water and coal to electricity and location from rural-based to urban-based. "Urban areas were provided with electricity from power stations generated by heat, now it was possible to provide lighting in homes; the first lighting network was built in the suburbs of New York. More rapid urban transport, in the form of trams and the underground railway, led to the great spread of urban areas" [3, p.188]. Moreover, second industrialization was the start of the oil era.
Information world, that started to grow earlier, also had some crucial changes during second industrialization. According to the text, "the most famous innovation was the typewriter; the arrangement of the first six letters of the QWERTY keyboard provided the solution to the problem of overlapping keys, and led to a real revolution in the way offices were organized and managed" [3, p.189].
One of the main economic agents of both industrializations is entrepreneur "who organizes production, and decides whether to invest in innovating a technology, a product or a method of managing the production
process" [3, p.190]. However, during the first industrialization production lay with small or medium-size enterprises and during second industrialization large corporations began to prevail (ex. German Kartelle or French comptoirs that fix the volume of production, selling prices, and conditions for sharing out profits (the coal and metal industries), German vertically integrated Konzerne (Krupp, Thyssen, Stinnes), the British 'amalgamations' and the American 'trusts' (electrical and chemical industries).
By a growth in industrial concentrations the development of shareholding companies was matched. So, shareholders became one more economic agent of second industrialization.
Another economic agent is banks. Although during the first industrial revolution the role of this agent was modest (they mainly financed international trade and the investment of government loans), during the second industrialization their role became more important. Banks needed to meet the growing need for commercial and industrial credit. "New banking institutions arose that accepted capital from small investors; new collecting techniques such as sight deposits, term deposits and current accounts were adopted and money was loaned at a higher interest rate than the rate granted to the depositor" [3, 192].
Public institutions also began to play important role as an economic agent of second industrialization.
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In the middle of 19 century idea of growth, and "later of economic development, implied technological innovation that required investment in the technical and cultural fields. Industrialization therefore went hand in hand with the creation of a basic education system, as well as with specialist training at a higher level, and, depending on the country, this took place rapidly or slowly" [3, p.194].
It also should be mentioned that in both first and second industrializations there were main leading countries. However, in first industrialization leading positions occupied by countries such as UK, Belgium, France and Switzerland, and industrialization in turn was a regional phenomenon. Second industrializations forces shifted toward USA, Germany and Japan and industrialization became global phenomenon.
References:
1. Cameron, R. and Nea, L. (2003) A concise economic history of the world: from paleolithic times to the present. New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press
2. Hobsbawm, E. J. (1996) The age of revolution 1789-1848. New York: Vintage Books.
3. Vittorio Antonio Di (ed.) An Economic History of Europe: From expansion to development Routledge, 2006. — 393 p.
УДК 330.83
Смирнова М.М.
Студентка 4 курса бакалавриата, экономический факультет, ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университут
ПРИЧИНЫ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ВЕЛИКОЙ ДЕПРЕССИИ
Smirnova M.M.
Fourth-year bachelor student, Faculty of Economics
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Saint Petersburg State University»,
Russia, Saint Petersburg
THE CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Аннотация
24 октября (1929) - «Черный четверг» («волна панических продаж акций привела к обвальному падению котировок и уничтожила миллионы долларов фиктивных бумажных активов» [ 1]), еще одна волна 29 октября « Черный вторник». Обвал фондового рынка не был причиной депрессии, но это был четкий сигнал о том, что депрессия началась. Основные причины будут определены в этой статье.
Abstract
October 24 (1929) - "Black Thursday" ("a wave ofpanic selling on the stock exchange caused stock prices to plummet and eliminated millions of dollars offictitious paper values" [1]) another wave on October 29 "Black Tuesday". The stock market crash was not the cause of depression but it was a clear .signal that the depression was underway. Main causes will be defined in this paper.
Ключевые слова: Великая депрессия, фактор, причина, циклическое развитие, государство
Key words: Great Depression, reason, cause, cyclical development, government
For the depression period itself, 1929-1932/33, Poland experienced severe declines in economic activ-we can see that a lot of countries especially (outside ity (exceptions were Bulgaria, Portugal, the USSR), US) Austria, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia and what was expressed in sharp fell of commodity prices,
