CC BY
14
S. Novikova
CONTRIBUTION OF MARIUPOL UYEZD ZEMSTVO TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOLING IN MARIUPOL UYEZD
(70ies of XIX - early XX)
Zemstvo reform of 1864 was one of the most successful in the system of the social and economic changes in the Russian Empire. This activity was especially significant in the sphere of the primary schooling that became one of the most important courses of various zemstvo institutions' actions. Mariupol uyezd zemstvo could succeed in this sphere and its experience became a model for other zemstvos of the country.
In 70ies of XIX - early XX century the primary education in Mariupol uyezd was advanced mostly due to the activity of educational institutions of three types: parochial schools, ministerial and zemstvo primary schools. Particularly zemstvo schools occupied the leading position based on quantitative and qualitative characteristics. During the examined period owing to the efforts of Mariupol uyezd zemstvo the school network in the uyezd was significantly expanded, extracurricular education appeared (folk's readings, refresher classes, Sunday schools, book exhibitions and libraries), women's education was developed (joint schooling for boys and girls, women teachers in the people's schools), the task of introducing comprehensive primary education was set.
Organising its activity with due regard for the local needs, actively participating with basic local government bodies in a short time Mariupol uyezd zemstvo could establish the elaborate system of the primary education. The prime example of such cooperation was interaction between zemstvo and Greek village societies of Mariupol uyezd.
The influence of Mariupol uyezd zemstvo on the quality of education in uyezd schools was significant: there were arranged pedagogical meetings, methodology trainings and seminars and open classes for teachers, manuals for teaching various subjects of education cycle and other methodological literature were elaborated and then were sent to the school libraries. This course of zemstvo's action was advanced primarily owing to the efforts of the prominent educator and zemstvo figure N. Korf. Equally important course of Mariupol uyezd zemstvo's action was systematic activities aimed at improving health conditions in zemstvo's schools.
The set of all mentioned activities enabled Mariupol uyezd to be ranked first in Odesa educational division and occupied one of the leading positions in the Russian Empire as a whole.
Key words: Mariupol uyezd, zemstvo, primary education, zemstvo primary people's schools.
UDK 94 (477):929 O. Popovych
PERSONALITY OF G.I. CHELPANOV FROM THE POINT OF UKRAINIAN SCIENTIFIC VIEW: THE BIOGRAPHIC APPROACH
The work deals with the problem of formation of creative personality and his/her creative potential on example of the life and creative legacy of our compatriot, the outstanding Greek G. I. Chelpanov. It was he, who had analyzed the problem of living creativity from a new point of view, by application of the biographical method and biographic analysis, i.e. a type of social and philosophic investigation. Creative potential of a person is to become a component of his/her integral characteristics, based upon such components as
social, intellectual and communicative characteristic features of a person.
Development of creativity comprises the process of mastering the means, by which he or she can develop human potential to be passed later from generation to generation and which is fixed within the system of cultural means of interaction.
Following the recent thorough investigation of creativity in its different dimensions, the author has come to the conclusion that the issues of the development of a creative person has to be integrated into the broad philosophic context, in which a person acts as a cultural object formed under the influence of self-criteria and self-determination in the process of living.
This stipulates the relevance of the research topic. An important task for philosophic reflection is the application of biographical material for description and understanding of the current issues of culture creation: the role and significance of creativity in the society, involvement of an individual into the system of social values, determination of the characteristics of social and cultural adaptation of an individual, etc. Generalizing the issues mentioned above is possible in the following manner: it is important for philosophical reflection to relate biographical material to the system-forming factors of national ethno-cultural and national cultural traditions. This gives an opportunity to determine integrative factors, its influence reflecting the contemporary social and cultural space within the context of globalization of cultural creation.
The analysis of the biographical material, required for realization of our objective, becomes useful when the lifestyle, that shapes individual's life path, his/her way of life, his/her life relationships and the like is comprehended. All these form life creativity of personality. At the same time application of the concept of life creativity helps to define the specific character of application of the biographical methodfor understanding the underlying foundations of the process of cultural creation and the compensatory-creative function of culture on the material of the life and creative style of G. I. Chelpanov. The author come to the conclusion of the necessity of applying the concept of living creativity helps to determine the specific characteristic features for adaptation of the biographical method, which is necessary for correct understanding of deep fundamentals of the process of cultural creation as well as the appropriate different functions of culture.
Key words: lifestyle, life-world, life activities, creativity, life creativity, cultural creativity, biographical approach.
While studying during last years the problem of creativity in its various dimensions, we should mention that development of the creative person must be integrated into a broad philosophical context where the personality acts as a cultural object, which is formed under the influence of self-determination in its life process, this is what determines the relevance of the topic of the research.
There are already fundamental scientific works devoted to the study of personality in its living space in the philosophy that studies the basis of human existence. These are the works of O. Valevski, L. Vardomatski, I. Golubovych, O. Kryvtsun, E. Sokolov, Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School, first of all of Iu. Lotman. At the same time, the situation is different in psychology where theoretical and empirical studies of human life are branching out in many directions. In particular K. Abulkhanova-Slavska, N. Loginova, R. Akhmerov, F. Vasyliuk, S. Golovakha, Ie. Zlobina, O. Kronik, D. Leontiev, O. Sapogova and others focus on its various aspects, in particular on the problems of life and personal crises; sensitive periods of consciousness development: limits of human capacity; behavior implementation that regulates the higher needs; means of human existence creation. Together they form an appropriate conceptual apparatus that comes from philosophical constructions, gaining further development and interpretation of the global context of cultural development.
The important task for philosophical reflection is the use of G. I. Chelpanov's biography, in particular biographical material for describing and understanding of the actual issues of cultural development: the role and significance of creativity in public life, the involvement of the individual in the system of social values, the definition of the specific features of sociocultural adaptation of personality, etc. It is possible to generalize tasks mentioned based on the following position: it is important for the philosophical reflection to involve biographical material in the system-forming factors of the national ethno cultural, national and cultural traditions. This allows determining the integrative factors, the effect of which reflects modern sociocultural space in the context of globalization of cultural development.
Analysis of the biographical material before performing the task becomes useful when the lifestyle forms the life way of the personality, its life world, life relations, etc. All this forms the life creativity of the personality. At the same time, the use of life creativity concept helps to outline the peculiarities of the use of the biographical approach for understanding the deep-laid basis of the cultural process on the biographical material of our countryman G. Chelpanov.
We remind that the concept of «lifestyle» covers a set of forms of life's activity and belongs to a category of sociology, which was used in the study of consumption culture during the last quarter of the XX century. As a verbal instrument, this concept served to search for a typical features in the individual's behavior, summarizing social and age, social and professional and organizational aspects of its life. However, A. Flier notes that social sectors and social professional affiliation of a person, its origin, accomplishments, education, religion, gender and age criteria, etc., usually have a noticeable influence on the parameters of its lifestyle (size of material wealth, employment sphere, profile of social and intellectual interests, class and religious norms of behavior, forms of prestigious consumption and style, etc.). The main regulatory mechanisms of lifestyle are «custom, norms of social adequacy and criteria of social prestige accepted in a certain environment» [2, p. 359].
We believe that the analysis of an individual in a person's life is possible not only in psychology or history, but also in philosophy, in particular during the study of biography in order to know the way of human existence in society in the aspect of its predicament or unconditional nature of its own life.
D. Leontiev emphasizes that person is determined through the personal situation or through the human lifestyle. In this case, the anthropological essence of human «...is contained in the ability to move from one level to another, to move along the trajectory that contains parts of movements at different levels» [10, p. 74]. To our mind, the nonlinear trajectory should be the subject of attention in an attempt to find out its own vision of human life essence.
The concepts of «life», «vital» are known as philosophical categories since the beginning of opposition's existence to classical rationalism in the Х1Х century. W. Dilthey, F. Nietzsche, H. Bergson. O. Spengler and other representatives of modern philosophy addressed the analysis of life as a primary reality where a person is involved in multiple links.
Let's address the analysis of the life of G. Chelpanov, which is provided by the Ambassador of the Hellenic Republic to Ukraine Georgios Georgountzos. «Greeks of Ukraine gave the world names that create the golden fund of the Nation. Among them the founder of the first Psychological Institute of the Russian Empire, established in 1914, the prominent scholar of the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century Georgii Chelpanov takes a worthy place»[15].
Our countryman was born in April 16, 1862 in Mariupol at Yekaterinoslav Governorate. He studied at the Alexander Gymnasium in Mariupol. In 1883, he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Novorossiysk University. In 1896, G.I. Chelpanov defended his
thesis on the topic «The problem of perception of space» and got a master's degree in philosophy. Since 1897 he has worked in Kyiv, where he edited works of the psychological seminar. In 1907, he became a professor of the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University. There he showed not only scientific and pedagogical, but also organizational talent. He was actively involved in the work of Moscow Psychological Society (he became its deputy head) [14, p. 133].
Thanks to his energy, his life force, his love to psychological science G.I. Chelpanov as a scientist and as a personality has reached the highest level. In terms of enriching the psychological science, the creative contribution of the prominent scientist became the cornerstone for further development of the best trends in the study of the phenomenon of mental and psychophysical problems by Ukrainian psychologists. His name left an everlasting mark on the history of scientific psychological view of Ukraine.
Today his views and theories remain in the center of scientific researches. The personality of Chelpanov is so unique that he can serve as a role model being as a good person, scientist, philosopher, psychologist and patriot.
Introduction of the definition of "creativity" to the concept of life opens a new perspective for analysis, where it is possible to review ontological structures of culture as a human essence, and the creative process - as a coherent wholeness with the life of the artist, and not as an isolated sphere.
It wide known that human development can be represented in two main forms: as ontogenesis (which is studied by psychology and physiology) and as a lifestyle, or biographical history of a personality in a society, taken as its individual life story (which is studied by social philosophy, sociology and social psychology in the context of problems of the way and style of life, its aim and sense, as well as life strategies of the personality). However, in our opinion, in the philosophical discourse the concept of the human lifestyle has not yet become well-developed, so there are no special studies because of the lack of adequate methods for its analysis.
It should be mentioned that in the social consciousness the «way» has a symbolic significance of destiny and self-realization. Traditionally, destiny is identified as a way that you cannot abandon. The destiny, considered as a concept of universal connections, becomes one of the universal categories of culture, and together with other categories promote the creation of a world model through which a person perceives reality and builds the world image.
The idea of the destiny foresees a certain connection of events in the life of a person, which leads to a priori determined. The action of destiny extends not only to the present but also to the past and the future. In this sense, all stages of the destiny are compulsory. One should understand that life of an individual is not accidental, but expected, it can be described and explained. Ch. Buhler, a psychologist of Vienna Institute of Psychology, proved this fact, emphasizing the uniqueness of the life of every person, and put forward the problem of lifestyle, combining biological, psychological and historical time - the life of a personality in a single system of specific coordinates.
The group of Ukrainian scholars under the supervision of L. Sokhan proposes a conception of life creativity, in the basis of which the idea of human life as a course of its spiritual and practical activity was developed, aimed at creative design and implementation of its own life project. Creating, implementing and correcting its life scenario, the personality developes the art of life as a special skill based on a deep knowledge of life laws, on self-consciousness and on usage of a system of means, methods and technologies of life creativity [6].
It is important, in our opinion, to emphasize that in the philosophical reflection the human personality is considered in the context of the created life-world. This concept was
introduced by E. Husserl to identify the complex of all possible and actual horizons of the human life experience. Later the meaning of the concept "life-world" was interpreted as an organized complex of all objects and features of reality associated with its life relationships. The life-world of the present person combines two dimensions: local and global, that's why humanism must embrace the global context with its individually distinct dimension in the everyday life in the integrative conception of cultural development.
If we return to the life-world of Chelpanov, then it should be pointed out that to some extent of activities, peculiarity and energy a Person creates the world, constantly modifies and improves it. Such a world or the universe is nothing more than a scheme, an interpretation developed by a person in order to establish himself in life. We can assume that the world is primarily a tool, an instrument made by a person, and making process in fact is a human life. Person is born to create the worlds, - a Spanish existentialist J. Ortega y Gasset says.
This is why there also exists a story - the constant changes in human lives, as I. Manokha says, take any date of the past, and you will always find a person there in his own world, as if in a hut built as a shelter. Such a world protects the subject when it faces the problems emerging due to the life circumstances which bring to the life a lot of dangerous -unsolvable and inevitable things. And human life, its life drama develop in a different way depending on the prospect, abridgment of problems, balance of evidence and doubts that make up its world [11, p. 39].
A person being a part of historical reality always moves from one world to another. The present is a perspective of the past, and to analyze the present - means to see the relevance of the deployment of human destiny up to today. The history of the world (as individual, single, social and plural) and the history of human life cannot be considered in another way than integrity and continuity, and especially of such a person as Chelpanov [14, p. 104].
The author believes it is worth recalling that the concept of "life relations" as an objective relationship between a subject and a particular object or phenomenon was proposed by the aforementioned W. Dilthey, who defined life through its components. "Life relations come from me in all directions. I have certain positions regarding things and people. I comply with their requirements concerning me, and I expect something from them. Some contributes to my happiness, makes my being wider, reinforces me, and other pushes me and limits me. But with the certainty of one or another movement forward in a certain direction, a person always notices and feels these relationships ... "[5, p. 217].
Life relations, as D. Leontiev notes, are determined by the objective qualities of an object or phenomenon, by objective characteristics of the subject and by possibility of their potential interaction. The circle of human life relations has a tendency for expanding, because the existence of any new life relationships leads to complication of subject organization and promotes the emergence of new life relationships [9, p. 100-109].
Let us turn to the life relations of Chelpanov. G. Chelpanov is not only an outstanding scientist, but also the initiator of research, professor of Saint Vladimir Royal University of Kyiv (1892-1907). At the beginning of the XX century G. Chelpanov opened the first psychological laboratory at Kyiv University, one of the first in pre-revolutionary Russia; wrote the first textbook on psychology "for gymnasiums and self-education"; organized work of philosophical and psychological workshop in Kyiv University (1897) that became the center of philosophical establishment of scholars who later led directly to the development of Ukrainian psychological and philosophical view. Among those who participated in the activities of this workshop were G. Shpet, V. Zenkovsky, O. Losev, N. Rybnikov, P. Blonsky and others. In 1914 Chelpanov founded the Psychological Institute named after L.G. Schukina (now - Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education) in Moscow - the first psychological scientific institution in national history [14].
To clarify the legitimacy of the philosophical approach to the problem of the human
lifestyle, based on the assumption of the well-known psychologist S. Rubinstein about the lifestyle's going beyond the everyday life, empirical process, when influenced by the dynamic life position of a person it acquires the direction and the movement. We will try to understand the role of factual biography in social and cultural development of personality. The object for further theoretical discussion will be considered the lifestyle as a trajectory of human displacement in the life-world.
Traditionally "the events" were selected as the units of the lifestyle. They were classified as external and internal, but K. Abulkhanova-Slavska says that from the point of view of the psychologist the lines of external and internal events lay in parallel, without intercrossing, that's why it's difficult to find the connection between them. In addition, the sequence of events was not associated with the stages of personality achievements its creativity products [1, p. 10-75].
Studying the objective nature of the lifestyle, S. Rubinstein in his work "A Man and A World" proposes to introduce the category of "subject of lifestyle". A man as a subject of life is understood as a special level of the life development, and its life "...acts not as a personal life... from which all social is excluded, but as a life that involves social, but not only it, but also cognitive attitude towards the life, aesthetic attitude and attitude to another person as a human being, as a statement of its existence " [18, p. 345].
S. Rubinstein, analyzing the structure of the lifestyle, made the conclusion that the lifestyle can not be understood only as a set of individual actions, events and products of creativity. It needs to be considered as a unit, despite the fact that at any moment a person finds himself or herself in certain different situations, carrying out individual appropriate actions.
We should mention that life activity in itself is a special kind of activity that differs from other forms and activities by certain features. First, the object of life activity is an individual life; and secondly, the subject of life activity is the personality in the role of the subject of life; and thirdly, the target function of the life activity is designing and creating a lifestyle; fourthly, the dynamic system of life meanings is the leading instance of mental regulation of life activity. The importance of the fourth feature was underlined by S. Rubinstein, emphasizing that "the subject in its actions, in the acts of its creative self-activity is not only revealed and manifested; it is created and determined in them" [15, p. 106].
In general, the analysis of objective characteristics of the lifestyle of personality must be conducted, based on historical, social, cultural, economic, ideological, legal and other factors. It is possible within the frame of philosophy, where personality is understood in the unity of its behavior and the consequences of its cultural appropriation (as a subject of cultural activity), although for deeper disclosure of a person as a subject of the lifestyle, it is necessary to involve creative and ontological analysis.
Also in philosophy the subject is understood as a social community (and not an individual), in other words, a group subject (or the unity of groups and individuals' subjects that interact). For philosophical analysis of the subjective mode of personality's being, the definition of subjectivity is used, which means the ontological characteristic of the way of its existence. According to the monograph of V. Ivanov, the functions of subjectivity are aimed at transforming a person into «an autonomous carrier of forms of an active attitude to the world, and into the subject of development, of change, of enrichment of activity» [7].
At the same time, the definition of subjectivity, applied to the analysis of the human life-world, "humanizes" the philosophical concept of the subject and is used to study the individual subject of culture. The inner world of the subject of culture is the result of its own activities, full of life sense. The perseption of life senses is the result of an analysis of the relationship and mutual ifluence of the life facts and the world picture of the subject.
The point of view of V. Miasyshev in this case is exemplary. He noted that the analysis
of the history of development of personality and in the first place the analysis of the emergence and manifestation of skills in the life style of the person under investigation is closely related to his/her biography, which has been a method of studying for a long time. The period of Antiquity marked the creation of many biographies. The most famous are Meditations by emperor Marcus Aurelius ("things to one's self") and Plutarch's Parallel Lives who believed that it was more important to write biographies of historical figures than describing history. This allows filling in the pages of a book of history not only with facts but also with historical figures. As a biography is an integral part of history seen as the result of interaction between many personal biographies. The biography of a person, however, provides the sequence of actions related to this "bearer". An autobiography contains its world view grounds, highlights the subjective status of a person and personal decisions on his/her life prospects. According to B. Ananiev in this case the object of biography is a life story as ".. .the collection and analysis of data on the life style of a person as a personality and an actor (analysis of persons' documents, participants' testimonies, human artifacts, etc.)" [2, с. 310]. N. Poviakel has another view of the problem. She sees the subject of biography as a system of ways of studying the life style of a personality. [13, с. 20].
Ye. Soloviov provides his scientific vision of the essence and the role of biography saying that the direct object of a biography is the life of a certain person from the moment he or she was born till his or her death. However, the subject which is the main goal of the research of a biographer is a social or cultural situation. Only in relation to the latter the life described becomes a history, special integration in its sense and time denoted by uniqueness, constant activities, development and self-fulfillment» [3; 19; 20].
Within the context of our research, the notion of biographic method itself requires a thorough analysis. I. Manokha says that it is not only a system of methods of research but also a diagnostics, a correction and a design of a life style of a person. [11]. It is important to take into account that while creating an autobiography, a personality creates an internal mode of self-identification which in some way transforms the image of "myself" into the process, giving meaning to the past. As the creation of autobiography itself becomes an event of the life style of a person and social and cultural tools of its self-regulation and transformation.
Biography as a method deals with records on objective events and personal emotional stress which allows tracing the interaction between cultural values and individual attitudes of a person, making conclusions of his or her life trends, adaptation to changes of social conditions. To investigate cultural processes the biographic method was developed by the founders of the Annales school L. Febvre and M. Bloch as a cultural and anthropological method thanks to which history becomes the history of mental constants combination.
Analysis of autobiography as the phenomenon of culture and method of philosophical reflection is carried out in the research by S. Averyntsev, M. Bakhtin, Yu. Lotman, Ye. Soloviov. The object of this method is the life story of both outstanding personality and ordinary person. As an exception the social and cultural environment allows the autobiographic research by famous personalities such as autobiography of Jean-Paul Sartre "The Words", "Intellectual Autobiography" of P. Ricker; autobiography of modern French writer Е.-Е. Schmitt «My Life with Mozart» etc.
It is of a great importance that the biographic method garner much attention of scholars such as R. Akhmerova, O. Valevskyi, O.Halych, I. Holubovych, O. Dashok, L. Moroz, V. Klymchuk, Ya. Moiseyenko, Ye. Soloviov, V. Semenova, O. Mesherkyna and others who addressed various aspects of studying autobiographies. V. Smilanska explains that the researcher of biographies as the history of life focuses on the biography of feelings, psychological portrait of the subject to research. [20]. In the early XX this psychological method was called psychographics or psychobiography as it was seen as a biography of soul in a certain way.
Despite the lack of credibility to "the aim of the narrative," a well-known representative of postmodernism J.-P. Lyotar notes a restoration of the biographical method in recent decades. The material evidence of this fact in the Ukrainian scientific discourse is the monograph by T. Hundorova "Femina Melancholica: Gender and Culture in the gender utopia by Olha Kobylianska". In this regard, G. Syvokin points out that one can speak of "... its substantial enrichment (of the method) in a way that is not a mere connection between creativity and biographical information about the writer, but the disclosure of a complex nature of fiction as life activity and use of talent in art and life ... "[19, p. 4].
The application of the biographical method proves that the personal level of human interaction with the world is unfolded within its activities, which provides for the following aspects of the research according to V. Myasishchev: "the initial manifestations of interest and propensity for the activity analyzed; the environment for subjects' upbringing in the sense of his active participation in the development of skills (or the study of adverse conditions that in any way obstructed the development); the process of learning and mastering an activity which includes success, the attitude of the subject towards this activity, the pace of mastering and its dynamics; successes and failures while performing the activity and the reaction of the subject investigated to difficulties; the first manifestations of individual creativity both in their own works and following already existing patterns "[12, p. 19].
The article by famous French philosopher P. Ricker on intellectual autobiography pointed out certain traps and drawbacks of this method, since "... autobiography is primarily a story about private life; and as any story, it chooses to tell something, but also to leave something out of sight and, therefore, inevitably turns out to be subjective "[16, p. 3].
Analysis of research findings suggests that the success of using a method of studying a biography depends on the diversity and proper quantity of material that characterizes the subject under investigation and his or her personality, including anthropological, sensory and motor properties, heredity, degree of influence of the environment, temperament, motives for creativity, etc. The source of information is not only an autobiographical text but memoirs in the broad sense, including the memoirs of the person studied and reliable epistolary sources which mention him or her.
The knowledge of the field of activities of a person under the study is also important for the analysis. Taking into account the high degree of probability of uncertanties, P. Ricker recommends addressing the method suggested by another French philosopher G. Marseille of "the second reflection," which consists in the renewal of living experience at the second level, which is called "original reflection" (which leads to the reduction and objectification) and may deprive of the initial confirmatory potential "[16, p. 9].
We believe that B. Ananiev suggests a more universal concept that combines the biographical method with the tools of the genetic approach to human development in the form of genetic personalization which is the theory and method of biographical research of the life style, main events, conflicts, artefacts and developing values emerging throughout human life in certain socio-historical conditions.
Numerous studies has resulted in creation of almost unanimous and indisputable belief that biography is a method with the help of which a person is kind of virtually reproduce herself/himself in the real integrity of its unique natural, socio-cultural existence [8, p. 164], during which the life events experienced determine the formation of a mental space of a person where events and deeds are embedded in a comprehensive image of the world.
Biographical method deals with records on events and individual attitudes of a person in different life situations and circumstances. Without this method it is impossible to ground the conclusions on life and creative orientations of a person. Practical application of the biographic method involves the creation of a model of personal cultural reality, a so-called cultural world-view which makes a person understanding the integrity of his/her cultural life.
Significant achievement of the biographical method is the use of the concepts of life style through which the biography is structured into an integral continuous sequence of quanta of life activity that determines every moment of it not only by the previous stages, but also the preceding ones, that is, biography is a sequence of events in time, which had its own direction. The author also adds that the reproduction of the life style through the analysis of the formation and growth of personality as a prerequisite for the analysis of creative abilities of a person may be understood as a biography.
Therefore, as a conclusion, the author notes that there is every reason to assert that the experience of analyzing biography reveals significant potential for using the biographical method for understanding the problem of compensatory influence of culture.
It is worth adding that biographical method of studying the phenomena of cultural development and creativity can be applied not only to certain personalities but also to creative teams in various fields of creative activities. That is why the author takes the analysis of the peculiarities of cultural activities of groups as a practical way of understanding the life-world for the prospect of further research.
Список використано1 лггератури
1. Абульханова-Славская К. А. Стратегия жизни / К. А. Абульханова-Славская. -Москва : Мысль. 1991. - 299 с. ; Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K. A. Strategiya zhizni / K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya. - Moskva : Mysl. 1991. - 299 s.
2. Ананьев Б. Г. О проблемах современного человекознания / Б. Г. Ананьев. -Москва : Наука, 1977. - 380 с. ; Ananev B. G. O problemakh sovremennogo chelovekoznaniya / B. G. Ananev. - Moskva : Nauka, 1977. - 380 s.
3. Анцыферова Л. И. Личность с позиций динамического подхода / Л. И. Анцыферова // Психология личности в социалистическом обществе: личность и ее жизненный путь / ред. В. М. Ломов, К. А. Абульханова-Славская. - Москва : Наука, 1990. - С. 7-17 ; Antsyferova L. I. Lichnost s pozitsiy dinamicheskogo podkhoda / L. I. Antsyferova // Psikhologiya lichnosti v sotsialisticheskom obshchestve: lichnost i ee zhiznennyy put / red. V. M. Lomov, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya. - Moskva : Nauka, 1990.
- S. 7-17
4. Гундорова Т. Femina Melancholica : Стать i культура в гендернш утопп Ольги Кобилянсько! / Т. Гундорова. - Кшв : Критика, 2002. - 272 с. ; Hundorova T. Femina Melancholica : Stat i kultura v hendernii utopii Olhy Kobylianskoi / T. Hundorova. - Kyiv : Krytyka, 2002. - 272 s.
5. Дильтей В. Типы мировоззрения и обнаружение их в метафизических системах / В. Дильтей // Культурология. XX век : антол. / гл. ред. С. Я. Левит : сост. С. Я. Левит.
- Москва : Юрист, 1995. - С. 213-255 ; Diltey V. Tipy mirovozzreniya i obnaruzhenie ikh v metafizicheskikh sistemakh / V. Diltey // Kulturologiya. XX vek : antol. / gl. red. S. Ya. Levit : sost. S. Ya. Levit. - Moskva : Yurist, 1995. - S. 213-255
6. Жизненный путь личностию. (Вопросы теории и методологии социально-психологического исследования) / под ред. Л. В. Сохань. - Киев : Наук. думка, 1987. -280 с. ; Zhiznennyy put lichnostiyu. (Voprosy teorii i metodologii sotsialno-psikhologicheskogo issledovaniya) / pod red. L. V. Sokhan. - Kiev : Nauk. dumka, 1987. -280 s.
7. Иванов В. П. Человеческая деятельность - познание - искусство / В. П. Иванов.
- Киев : Наук. думка, 1977. - 260 с. ; Ivanov V. P. Chelovecheskaya deyatelnost - poznanie
- iskusstvo / V. P. Ivanov. - Kiev : Nauk. dumka, 1977. - 260 s.
8. Каган М. С. Человеческая деятельность : опыт системного анализа / М. С. Каган. - Москва : Политиздат, 1974. - 328 с. ; Kagan M. S. Chelovecheskaya deyatelnost : opyt sistemnogo analiza / M. S. Kagan. - Moskva : Politizdat, 1974. - 328 s.
9. Леонтьев Д. А. Жизнетворчество как практика расширения жизненного мира
/ Д. А. Леонтьев // 1-я Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция по экзистенциальной психологии : материалы сообщений / под ред. Д. А. Леонтьева, Е. С. Мазур, Д. И. Сосланда. - Москва : Смысл, 2001. - С. 100-109 ; Leontev D. A. Zhiznetvorchestvo kak praktika rasshireniya zhiznennogo mira / D. A. Leontev // 1-ya Vserossiyskaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya po ekzistentsialnoy psikhologii : materialy soobshcheniy / pod red. D. A. Leonteva, Ye. S. Mazur, D. I. Soslanda. - Moskva : Smysl, 2001. - S. 100-109
10. Леонтьев Д. А. Психология смысла : природа, строение и динамика смысловой реальности / Д. А. Леонтьев. - Москва : Смысл, 1999. - 487 с. ; Leontev D. A. Psikhologiya smysla : priroda, stroenie i dinamika smyslovoy realnosti / D. A. Leontev. -Moskva : Smysl, 1999. - 487 s.
11. Маноха I. П. Методи психологи / I. П. Маноха // Основи психологи : тдруч. / за ред. О. В. Киричука. В. А. Роменця. - Кшв : Либвдь, 1999. - С. 46-93 ; Manokha I. P. Metody psykholohii / I. P. Manokha // Osnovy psykholohii : pidruch. / za red. O. V. Kyrychuka. V. A. Romentsia. - Kyiv : Lybid, 1999. - S. 46-93
12. Мясишев В. Н. Психология отношений / В. Н. Мясишев. - Воронеж : МОДЕК, 1995. - С. 46-93 ; Myasishev V. N. Psikhologiya otnosheniy / V. N. Myasishev. - Voronezh : MODYeK, 1995. - S. 46-93
13. Пов'якель Н. I. Бiографiчний метод / Н. I. Пов'якель // Психолопя особистосп : словник-довщник // за ред. П. Горностая, Т. М. Титаренко. - Кшв : Рута, 2001. - 320 с. ; Poviakel N. I. Biohrafichnyi metod / N. I. Poviakel // Psykholohiia osobystosti : slovnyk-dovidnyk // za red. P. Hornostaia, T. M. Tytarenko. - Kyiv : Ruta, 2001. - 320 s.
14. Попович О. В. Г. I. Челпанов : роздуми про смислове значення поняття «сощальна псхолопя» / О. В. Попович // Гумаштарний вюник ДВНЗ "Переяслав-Хмельницький державний педагопчний ушверситет iменi Григорiя Сковороди" - 2015.
- Додаток 2 до Вип. 35, Том 11 : Тематичний випуск "Мiжнароднi Челпашвсью психолого-педагопчш читання". - Р. 41-49 ; Popovych O. V. H. I. Chelpanov : rozdumy pro smyslove znachennia poniattia «sotsialna pskholohiia» / O. V. Popovych // Humanitarnyi visnyk DVNZ "Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi derzhavnyi pedahohichnyi universytet imeni Hryhoriia Skovorody" - 2015. - Dodatok 2 do Vyp. 35, Tom 11 : Tematychnyi vypusk "Mizhnarodni Chelpanivski psykholoho-pedahohichni chytannia". - R. 41-49
15. Попович О. В. Г. I. Челпанов : мiж iсторieю i традищею / О. В. Попович // Г. I. Челпанов i його роль у розвитку психолопчно! освв^и i науки словянських держав : збiрник доповщей Мiжнародноi науково-практично'1 конференщ, м. Марiуполь, 20-21 кв^ня 2012 р. - Марiуполь : ДВНЗ «Приазов. держ. техн. ун-т», 2012. - С. 133-138 ; Popovych O. V. H. I. Chelpanov : mizh istoriieiu i tradytsiieiu / O. V. Popovych // H. I. Chelpanov i yoho rol u rozvytku psykholohichnoi osvvity i nauky slovianskykh derzhav : zbirnyk dopovidei Mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsi, m. Mariupol, 20-21 kvitnia 2012 r. - Mariupol : DVNZ «Pryazov. derzh. tekhn. un-t», 2012.
- S. 133-138
16. Ршер П. !нтелектуальна автобiографiя. Любов i справедливють : пер. iз фр. / П. Ршер. - Кшв : Дух i лггера, 2002. - 114 с. ; Riker P. Intelektualna avtobiohrafiia. Liubov i spravedlyvist : per. iz fr. / P. Riker. - Kyiv : Dukh i litera, 2002. - 114 s.
17. Рубинштейн С. Л. Принцип творческой самодеятельности / С. Л. Рубинштейн // Вопросы философии. - 1989. - №4. - С. 101-108 ; Rubinshteyn S. L. Printsip tvorcheskoy samodeyatelnosti / S. L. Rubinshteyn // Voprosy filosofii. - 1989. - №4. -S.101-108
18. Рубинштейн С. Л. Проблемы обшей психологии / С. Л. Рубинштейн. -Москва : Педагогика, 1973. - 424 с. ; Rubinshteyn S. L. Problemy obshey psikhologii
/ S. L. Rubinshteyn. - Moskva : Pedagogika, 1973. - 424 s.
19. Самототожшсть письменника : до методологи сучасного л^ературознавства : кол. моногр. /вщп. ред. Г. М. Сивокiнь. - Кшв : Украшська книга, 1999. - 190 с. ; Samototozhnist pysmennyka : do metodolohii suchasnoho literaturoznavstva : kol. monohr. /vidp. red. H. M. Syvokin. - Kyiv : Ukrainska knyha, 1999. - 190 s.
20. Смшянська В. Бiографiчна Шевченкiана (1861-1981) / В. Смшянська. - Кшв : Наук. думка, 1984. - 221 с. ; Smilianska V. Biohrafichna Shevchenkiana (1861-1981) / V. Smilianska. - Kyiv : Nauk. dumka, 1984. - 221 s.
21. Соловьев Э. Ю. Биографический анализ как вид историко-философского исследования / Э. Ю. Соловьев // Вопросы философии. - 1981. - № 7. - С. 115-126 ; Solovev E. Yu. Biograficheskiy analiz kak vid istoriko-filosofskogo issledovaniya / E. Yu. Solovev // Voprosy filosofii. - 1981. - № 7. - S. 115-126
22. Соловьев Э. Ю. Биографический анализ как вид историко-философского исследования / Э. Ю Соловьев // Вопросы философии. - 1981. - № 9. - С. 132-145.; Solovev, Э. Yu. Byohrafycheskyi analyz kak vyd ystoryko-fylosofskoho yssledovanyia Э. Yu Solovev // Voprosу fylosofyy. - 1981. - № 9. - S. 132-145.
23. Флиер А. Я. Культурология для культурологов : учеб. пособ. / А. Я. Флиер. -Москва : Академ. Проект, 2000. - 496 с. ; Flier A. Ya. Kulturologiya dlya kulturologov : ucheb. posob. / A. Ya. Flier. - Moskva : Akadem. Proekt, 2000. - 496 s.
Стаття надшшла до редакци 15.10.2016
О.В. Попович
ОСОБИСТ1СТЬ Г.1. ЧЕЛПАНОВА В УКРАШСЬКШ НАУКОВ1Й ДУМЦ1:
Б1ОГРАФ1ЧНИЙ МЕТОД
Розглядаеться бюграф1чний niöxiö до анал1зу особистост1 Георг1я 1вановича Челпанова (1862-1936) в icmopi'iукрагнськог науковог думки. Зазначено, що ця видатна персона майже не була презентована до вторичного дискурсу украгнськог науки. Визначено, що особист^ть у розвiдцi автор розглядае як wторичний об'ект, що формуеться тд впливом самотворення та самодетермтаци у життевому просторi. В дант роботi розглядаються рiзнi тдходи до трактування ролi Челпанова у визначенн новог назви для дисциплiни рефлексологiя (сощальна псиxологiя) радянськими iдеологами wторичног науковог думки. У статтi представлено теоретичт та фактологiчнi напрацювання з проблеми застосування бiографiчного методу у мiждисциплiнарниx до^дженнях у гумантаристищ Украгни.
Зазначено, що Г.1. Челпанов - людина, яка розпочала wторичний лтопис науки i практики втчизняног психологи. Для wторичног рефлексы важливим е залучення бiографiчного матерiалу до системоутворювальних чиннишв втчизняног етнокультурног та нацюнально-культурно'г традицт. Це дозволило визначити iнтегративнi фактори, дiя яких вiдзеркалюе сучасний соцюкультурний простiр у контекстi глобалiзацгг культуротворення. Уведено до поля вторичного дискурсу концепта життя поняття творч^ть: тдкреслено, що Челпанов - видатний вчений i оргатзатор науки, професор Кигвського утверситету Святого Володимира (у 1892-1907рр.), на початку ХХ ст. вiдкрив першу псиxологiчну лабораторт в кигвському унiверситетi, що була одтею з перших у дореволюцюннт Роси; написав перший тдручник з логти, перший тдручник з психологи «для гiмназiй i самоосвти»; вiдкрив i оргатзував у Кигвському унiверситетi (1897 р.) роботу фiлософсько-псиxологiчного семiнарiя, що став центром свтоглядного становлення вчених, якх обумовили розвиток фшософсько'г та псиxологiчно'г втчизняног думки. Серед тих, хто брав участь у роботi Челпатвського семтару: Г. Шпет, В. Зеньковський, О. Лосев, П. Блонський та iншi.
У 1914 р. наш земляк заснував у Москв1 Психолог1чний iнститут (пит -Психолог1чний irnmumym РАО), який очолив як перший директор, - першу у втчизнянт icmopiï психологiчну наукову установу. Зроблено висновок, що спадок Челпанова е безщнним - це заповт, звернений до всх нас - «не загубити науку купою фактiв, що не знайшли свого мшця у загальнт системi знань» у гумантаристиц Украти.
Ключовi слова: бiографiчний метод, wторичний об'ект, споЫб життя, творч^ть, життева дiяльнiсть, wторичний дiяч, наукова думка wтори Украши.
УДК 930(470+571):929Хмельницкий(045)
С.В. Тарасов
БОГДАН ХМЕЛЬНИЦКИЙ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ДОРЕВОЛЮЦИОННОЙ
ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ
В статье анализируется дореволюционная российская историческая литература, посвящённая жизни и деятельности Б. Хмельницкого, создателя Украинского казацкого государства. Подвергнуты критическому рассмотрению работы известных русских историков Н. Устрялова, С. Соловьёва, Д. Иловайского, М. Покровского и др.
Ключевые слова: Украина, Б. Хмельницкий, Д. Чаплинский, Владислав IV, Национально-освободительная война, казачество, казацкая старшина, Переяславская рада 1654 г., Переяславско-Московский договор 1654 г., Мартовские статьи 1654 г., Украинское казацкое государство, В. Берх, Н. Устрялов, П. Медовиков, С. Соловьёв, Г. Карпов, Д. Иловайский, В. Ключевский, С. Платонов, М. Покровский, В. Пичета.
Личность Б. Хмельницкого вызывала пристальный интерес у дореволюционных российских историков. В XIX в. российская историческая наука приступила, в том числе и к изучению XVII в. Присоединение Казацкой Украины к Московскому государству было одним из центральных событий XVII в. Потому русские историки не могли пройти мимо личности гетмана.
В последние годы историографический обзор литературы, касавшейся нашей темы давали с той или иной степенью подробности Т. Яколева [20], В. Смолий и В. Степанков [15], В. Брехуненко [2]. Но указанных авторов привлекала в первую очередь оценка российской историографией «Мартовских статей» 1654 г., а не личности Б.Хмельницкого.
Уже в 1831 г.в российской историографии появилась работа о временах Б. Хмельницкого. Это была двухтомная монография В. Берха «Царствование Царя Алексея Михайловича» [1]. В. Берх, член знаменитого «Румянцевского кружка», был известным исследователем истории русского флота, а кроме того, фольклористом, археологом и выдающимся археографом, опубликовавшим ряд неизвестных ранее материалов [8, с. 30; с. 88; с. 104-105]. Но нельзя сказать, что его книга об Алексее Михайловиче находится на высоком научном уровне. Во многом это связано с тем, что автор был своеобразным первопроходцем в этой области. Что касается Б. Хмельницкого, то он оценивается В. Берхом, как человек «твёрдого духа, острого и дальновидного ума» [1].
Первым же из российских историков, перешедший рубеж «Смутного времени», не для того, чтобы написать специальную работу, а создать общий труд был, по-видимому, Н. Устрялов. Н. Устрялов по своим взглядам вполне вписывался в идеологическую атмосферу николаевской эпохи, вместе с тем, он был учёным,
