CC BY
19
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_192
PEDAGOGICAL LEARNING TECHNOLOGY OF MAKING DECISIONS IN SPORTS
ORIENTEERING
Alexsandra F. Popova - doctor of pedagogics, professor Vyacheslav R. Shakirov - associate professor Ural State University of Physical Culture 1, Str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 54 091, Russia
E-mail: nana2684@yandex.ru
Annotation. The urgency of teaching making decisions problem increases because of the information increase volume, which is "food" for making decisions. Moreover, objects, processes, situations become more complicated, the responsibility for consequences of the made decision also increases. In this connection the demands of making decisions pedagogical learning technology increases. Especially urgent this problem is in sports orienteering. Lack of the basic knowledge, concerning making decisions, doesn't give this kind of sport an opportunity for further development. Material. Recommendations creation, concerning rationality provision in making decisions by sportsmen-orienteers. Research methods: scientific, scientific-methodical literature and experience of the specialists-practitioners in sports orienteering analysis and summarizing. Results. The classification of sportsmanship factors among sportsmen-orienteers is given. Special attention is paid to the principles and methods of making decisions. The peculiarities of making decisions pedagogical learning technology in sports orienteering are considered. Conclusion. The quality of teaching in sports orienteering is determined by three parts: "qualitative " parameters of sportsmen-orienteers, qualitative processes (methods of their training) and qualitative content (plan of training sportsmen), the last two parts in a complex can be called "pedagogical learning technology of making decisions".
Keywords: teaching, effectiveness, making decisions, sports orienteering, pedagogical technology.
Introduction. The problem of effectiveness in teaching making decisions in sports orienteering is very urgent [3]. It concerns both special psychological training [6] and physical culture of those, who train and study at physical culture higher educational establishment [5].
The urgency of the problem increases with the increase of information volume, which is "food" for making decisions. Moreover, objects, processes, situations become more complicated, the responsibility for consequences of the made decision also increases. In this connection the demands made of making decisions pedagogical learning technology increase.
Especially urgent this problem is in sports orienteering. Lack of the basic knowledge, concerning making decisions,
doesn't give this kind of sport an opportunity for further development.
The peculiarity of sports orienteering is the absence of direct (even visual) connection with a trainer and a sportsman in terms of competitions. It makes highly-qualified sportsmen training difficult, needs new, not traditional technologies in the sphere of sports pedagogics [1], demands special attention of culture experts, sociologists, philosophers and teachers [2].
The aim of the research -recommendations creation, concerning rationality provision in making decisions by sportsmen-orienteers. The authors suppose, that such kind of an approach to training sportsmen would provide quicker improvement of their sportsmanship.
Methodology and research organization. Pedagogical technology is
understood as the system of means, methods of the training process organization and control. Two its sides, important in the sphere of training sportsmen-orienteers, are defined: the use of system knowledge in order to solve practical problems and special technical devices use in training and competitive process.
In sports orienteering both these sides are important, as owing to technical devices we can get information, which is necessary for teaching sportsmen making decisions. Such kind of an approach, in our opinion, can provide the studied problem solution.
This problem is not studied enough, it can be said that in terms of sports orienteering it is set for the first time. If we speak about "the problem of training specialists effectiveness in making decisions" in general, we can say that it was studied by many well-known scientists in this country and abroad.
The reasons for the problem can be divided into subjective and objective ones. The first are determined by the fact, that in sports orienteering practice surpasses theory. This research work summarizes the accumulated experience concerning elite sportsmen training in this country.
Moreover, one more reason is the opinion, that the factors of sportsmanship are presented by orienteers' physical, technical, psychological and tactical readiness. However, the factors classification can be more capacious, as it is said in this research work, based on the summary of well-known works in sports orienteering.
Such kind of conclusion is in complete correspondence with philosophy of sports orienteering, propagandized by some authors-well-known trainers in this kind of sport. Its aim is in training on the basis of sports development of personalities, patriots of own country, who are able to develop only best qualities in themselves (independent or with the help of trainers and teammates).
Methodological base of this research work is a system interdisciplinary approach, according to which pedagogical learning technology in sports orienteering is considered as something integral, universal
from the point of view of forms, ways, techniques of general pedagogics and a unique from the position of sports orienteering peculiarities. The essence and the methods of making decisions in sports orienteering are defined, the place of "making decisions" in the system of factors of sportsmanship among sportsmen-orienteers is determined, the regularities of functioning, tendencies of pedagogical technologies development is studied.
Research results and their discussion. The result of an orienteer at competitions is formed from different factors, which have mutual influence on each other and being the leading one at a time in definite conditions. For the effective control it is necessary to define the main factors, which finally determine sports success and don't duplicate each other.
A qualified sportsman-orienteer is able to use all mastered techniques and choose the most effective administrative decisions in order to achieve set by the trainer aims. At the same time, he has "orientating thinking" and makes minimum mistakes.
In our opinion, a sportsman-orienteer, who trains and takes part in competitions, fulfills a triple role:
- "overcomes space", which is conditioned by the route of the distance. He does it several times (every day, every month, every year);
- coordinates the factors of own sports training, paying special attention (together with a trainer) to so called weak points;
- makes decisions. This role is very significant, as it can reduce many training lessons to the point of having no importance. Making decisions is connected with risk. Risk is necessary in sport, but it should be reasonable. Moreover, mistakes play great role in making decisions during competitions, when you have to rely only on yourself. A trainer is near but can't help.
Thus, the factors of an orienteer's sportsmanship can be divided into two groups: initial (physical, technical and psychological) and secondary, connected with making administrative decisions. CE
(coefficient of efficiency) of the initial factors depends on secondary factors.
Initial and secondary factors can be developed. Let's take the ability to make decisions. Descartes said that this ability is typical to all people. The fact that some people are better in making decisions is conditioned by the used method: the ability to divide problems into smaller questions; keep order in thinking, moving from easier questions in the direction of more difficult ones; the ability to consider the field of research and the order of its study, in order to avoid gaps and define logic elements. We can add that in sports orienteering the level of mastery in making decisions mainly depends on a trainer as a wise teacher for a sportsman.
Highly-qualified orienteers can quickly choose the effective way to move and a corresponding way of orienteering in order to overcome the route (5-8 seconds after reading the map during slow running). Reading the map, the choice of the movement way and the way of orienteering in time is not the same [7]. All these actions are fulfilled in the mentioned order, but very quickly, so as the master of sport in orienteering even doesn't notice them.
During making decisions (MD) alternative (interreplacing) variants of decisions are formed and their preference is estimated. This term means an integral estimation of decisions quality, based on an objective analysis (knowledge, experience, calculation) and a subjective understanding of value and effectiveness of decisions.
Let's take as an example the choice of the movement way. During this problem solution an orienteer reads the map and takes into consideration own abilities. Usually the choice of the variant of the way is fulfilled in a rough plan, taking into consideration mainly big orienting points. The variant specification happens according to small details during this route overcoming. In this case two principles are used. In accordance with them the chosen variant should be either simple and reliable, or easy to overcome within a minimal time period.
These two principles contradict each other. At a good distance the situation is usually the following: a simple and reliable variant is comparatively longer and demands a lot of time, quick (short) variant is technically more difficult. In order not to get lost, beginners should choose simple (though comparatively long) variants according to clear linear orienting points (roads, glades, ditches) or open parts. While gaining experience, it is desirable to choose shorter variants.
A sportsmen-orienteer in his thinking activity pays special attention to possible restrictions. They can be, for example, at the end of the distance. If before it he managed to overcome the route without great mistakes, it is not reasonable to risk in the end, in order to win a minute or two. At the end of the distance orienteer is tired and reads the map not so well as at the beginning of the distance, that is why it is not reasonable to risk making this or that administrative decision.
The process of making decisions from technological point of view can be presented as the sequence of stages and procedures, between which there are definite connections. From informative point of view during this process there is the decrease of uncertainty. A problem situation formulation continues the following question: "What should we do?" A gradual fulfillment of the procedures leads to the answer formation: "What we should do and how we should act".
Procedures of MD can be fulfilled by means of thinking or creatively, in informal way. Three stages are defined: setting a problem, solutions formation and the choice of the solution [4].
In sports orienteering three kinds of load are possible: physical, mental and nervous (psychological). Central place takes mental activity of a sportsman, connected with sensory organs (eyes, ears) and a central nervous system (memory, thinking, solution). It is conditioned by the technique of using a map and a compass.
Mental activity in sports orienteering mainly depends on tiredness. It influences eyes, coordination of movements, state of
vestibular analyzer by means of the changes in an organism (timely decrease of the working capacity); has a negative influence on memory, attention, quality of thinking activity.
Mental activity depends also on psychological indices (spirit of the orienteer). It concerns emotions, which are so strong that a sportsman stops thinking and act logically and the expenses of psychological energy, which should be minimum.
Sports orienteering has some peculiarities. One of them is in the fact, that physical load is combined with intellectual activity on equal terms. That is why pedagogical learning technology of making decisions development is very important from the position of a rational thinking provision.
One of the used, in this case, techniques is called "emphasis on mistakes". Connected with them emotions form the background, on which other mistakes would be made. Another technique of teaching making decisions is called "elements extraction" (here it is important to define problem situation and objective).
A problem solution in this case is a resulting behavior in the problem situation. Such kind of behavior is presented as a gradual choice of the ways and their regular realization in a form of a definite strategy. Problems solution is always based on thinking of an orienteer, though on its retracted form.
During operative thinking (tactical) a sportsman orients at the set connections between the appeared creative problem and the way of its solution. In this case great importance has the ability to predict course of events, predict the most probable change of a situation. In other words, a sportsman "folds up" other solutions: he doesn't turn over in his mind possible variants, but fulfills a "jump" over those actions, which don't correspond with the logic of sports struggle at the moment.
The difficulty of the problems is conditioned not only by the number of elements of a set and included into them information. It is also conditioned by behavior of the opponents, judges, audience, character
of the route, weather, equipment. And all these factors should be taken into consideration when teaching sportsmen making decisions.
The next (third) teaching technique is situations discussion. Especially important are those, which provide map correlation with the locality. For such kind of situations analysis created by us device, for a sportsman's work with a map control, can be used.
We should also underline that sports orienteering is one of the kinds of sport, where special training and competitive activity happen out of a trainer's sight, that is why a trainer solves some pedagogical problems indirectly or intuitively. Very often this problem appears, when a sportsman together with a trainer can't correctly analyze some technical mistake at a distance.
We offer to control technical actions at a distance with the help of pair running with a partner of higher qualification or a trainer. However, this method can be used only by sportsmen-beginners and by orienteers of the 1st and the 2nd category.
For the sportsmen of higher qualifications it is better to use the method, which is based on actions control at a distance with the help of specially created means with electronic sensors.
Conclusion. Sports orienteering is a complex kind of sport, the base of which form two main abilities. The first provides quick movement, the second means correct (rational and operating) orienteering.
In sports orienteering it is important to "run quicker, that think". It means that the ability to make decisions during the distance overcoming is very important. Such kind of problem demands special training of sportsmen-orienteers. Each trainer should organize and control training process during the whole yearly cycle; plan training process together with a sportsman.
The presented research work was about the following: the quality of teaching in sports orienteering is determined by three parts: "qualitative" parameters of sportsmen-orienteers, qualitative processes (methods of their training) and qualitative content (plan of
training sportsmen), the last two parts in a complex can be called "pedagogical learning technology of making decisions". This research work summarizes the results of long-term studies, held in Ural State University of Physical Culture.
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Alexsandra F. Popova - doctor ofpedagogics, professor Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 54 091, Russia, E-mail: nana2684@yandex.ru Vyacheslav R. Shakirov - associate professor Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 54 091, Russia, E-mail: nana2684@yandex.ru
For citations: Popova A.F., Shakirov V.R. Pedagogical learning technology of making decisions in sports orienteering, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 96-100. DOI 10.14526/01_2017_192
