Pedagogical interpretation of information about biomechanical characteristics of sprinting among female athletes

: In terms of general theses, characterizing rational forms of the training process organization an athlete’s individuality can be reflected. Methodical rules, which show the essence and the limits of training lessons individualization among qualified athletes, are very urgent. Biomechanical peculiarities reflection of the inner content of movements can be successfully used for pedagogical estimation of an athlete’s motor activity state and its development management in the training process. Materials . The article offers a pedagogical interpretation of the information about biomechanical characteristics of sprinting among female athletes of different qualification. Research methods . scientific-methodical literature analysis, sprinting trainers’ progressive pedagogical experience summarizing, pedagogical experiment, testing, statistical data handling. Results . A new approach to the training and competitive activity of highly-qualified female track and field athletes is offered. A pedagogical interpretation of the information about biomechanical characteristics of different qualification female sprinters is given. The experimental methodology is created, based on the complex of individual-technical and personal peculiarities of female athletes, which condition competitive activity success. The research results confirmed the hypothesis about qualitative differences in starting stride rhythm as the system of regulated equalities of biochemical characteristics. Two kinds of starting stride rhythm are revealed. The held analysis gave an opportunity to define three main groups of runners with different leading component during 100 meters distance overcoming. The received results about the character of efforts during the supporting reactions, indirectly indicate power potential, can help to define the type of dynamic structure and plan the program of its development. Conclusion . The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the expediency and effectiveness of biomechanical approach use in the running technique estimation, which helped to improve competitive activity indices among qualified female athletes. Dynamic and kinematic parameters of the starting stride running steps were studied in order to reveal the factors, which condition the specificity of a rhythmic picture of sprinters’ starting speeding-up. Dynamic curves of support reactions registration and time intervals of each successive running steps phases registration till the 60 th meter of the distance was realized with the help of tensometric complex and a special equipment. A comparative analysis of different level female athletes’ starting stride biochemical characteristics was held. Spatial characteristics of movements were analyzed according to the materials of high-speed video filming. results correlate validly with the values of an optional maximum isometric and relative legs muscles power (r = 0,62-0,83). The values of the relative and maximum power of the lower extremities’ muscles among female athletes of different qualification differ validly (Р<0,05). Demonstrated within 0,1 sec explosive power indices of legs are closely connected with the of 100 (r = 0,64-0,83). The demonstrated results at 100 m distance correlate validly with the results during testing with the help of a standing jump in relative (r = 0,78) and absolute (r = 0,65) values.


Introduction
In modern system of sports training the principles of specialization and individualization are the main ones. In the research works of E.E. Arakelyan and others it is underlined that an athlete's individuality can be effectively demonstrated in terms of general theses, which characterize rational forms of the training process organization [1,4,6]. In accordance with this urgent becomes the idea of creating the main methodical rules, which show the essence and the limits of training lessons individualization among qualified athletes. In some methodical materials substantiated recommendations are offered concerning the training process formation depending on many factors, which condition stage-by-stage (long-term) sportsmanship formation [2,8,9].
Modern tendencies analysis, concerning the notions of training highly-qualified athletes, defines the main tendency to the training means part increase, which provide competitive action technical improvement and athletes' special physical readiness (SPR) development at different qualification stages.
Another important requirement for training is the effectiveness of training increase, its efficiency coefficient (EC) and aftereffect (cumulative training effect) increase [7,10,11].

1.
Biomechanical picture of a person's movements reflects the whole diversity of motor

2.
To determine informative biomechanical characteristics of the running movements for the quality of the separate elements of movements and the effectiveness of their structural organization estimation.

3.
To study the indices of qualified female athlete's technical readiness in order to create new, prospective methodologies of young athletes and the nearest reserve of the national team training.

4.
To create and then offer to introduce a complex methodology of the main parameters of sprinters' sports-training readiness estimation, including providing it technical means.

Materials and Methods
The female athletes of different qualifications took part in the research -the 1 st category, candidate master of sports, master of sport (n=45, each group had 15 people, age: 17±1 years-old). During the research they ran from a low start some control distance with a maximum speed (60 m). Anthropometric changes were realized according to V.V. Bunak scheme. Quetelet index was calculated. Mass percentage of fat, bone, muscular tissues determination was held according to the corresponding methodology (V.V. Kozlov, A.A. Gladysheva).
Pedagogical experiment was realized in natural conditions of the training process since October, 2017 till July, 2018. During the control exercises fulfillment dynamograms of the support reactions were registered with the help of tensometers, put into the insole of the running boots. The speed of running was registered by means of the time measurement system with the help of electronic chronometer. Spatial characteristics of movements were analyzed according to the materials of high-speed video filming.
Comparative analysis of female athletes' biochemical characteristics (of different mastery level) starting stride was held.

Results and Discussion
During the female athletes' (the 1st category, candidate master of sports, master of sport) anthropometric indices study no valid differences were registered: the female athletes of mentioned above groups don't differ validly in body length (167,2±5,2 cm), body mass (58,11±2,57 kg). At the same time, with qualification improvement there is some body mass increase, however, these changes are also not valid (Р > 0,05). Relative body mass corresponds with the recommended average values for women of this age range (346-351 g/cm). Qualified female sprinters have relatively long lower extremities in terms of not long body, at the same time, the ratio of legs length and body length is 5З,6±0,75%. Before the experimental work anthropometric data of female athletes, their biological age, characteristics of special readiness and competitive running structure parameters, female athletes' psychophysiological peculiarities were defined on the basis of complex research works. For the set objectives realization, it is important to reveal informative biomechanical characteristics of the running movements in order to estimate the quality of the separate movements' elements and the effectiveness of their structural organization.
For this purpose, the following characteristics were defined: ˗ the character of efforts during support reactions; ˗ time intervals of the flight and amortization support reactions; ˗ rhythm indices of running parts, phases, periods and running steps; ˗ speed parameters of locomotions.

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT Volume 13 No.4 2018
Dynamic and kinematic parameters of the starting stride running steps were studied in order to reveal the factors, which condition the specificity of a rhythmic picture of sprinters' starting speedingup. Dynamic curves of support reactions registration and time intervals of each successive running steps phases registration till the 60 th meter of the distance was realized with the help of tensometric complex and a special equipment. A comparative analysis of different level female athletes' starting stride biochemical characteristics was held. Spatial characteristics of movements were analyzed according to the materials of high-speed video filming.
The held research helped to reveal typical examples of speed running biomechanical elements, determined by qualification, sex and age of the respondents. It turned out to be possible to define three main types of biomechanical constructions, which are characterized by specific peculiarities.
The first type reflects the highest indices of sprinting qualification. It is characterized by vivid power concentration, short time period of support reaction, which, as a rule, is shorter ( (table 1).
For the first type gradual (within 3-4 first starting steps) steps rate indices achievement, close to running along the distance, is typical.
The second type of the rhythm realizes distance steps rate, starting from the 2 nd step of the starting stride.
Rhythm disorders of the starting stride are seen in sequence violation of support intervals step, angles optimization in hip, knee and ankle joints in each successive step in a starting stride, in terms of correspondence with a sprinter's level of speed-power readiness. Step, ms 220 220 220 220 215 220 215 220 220 220 220 For competitive structure of female athletes' running study at 100 meters distance during All-Russian competitions using the system of electronic timing and video the following parameters were registered: steps tempo and length, individual speed at the parts of the distance 0-30 m; 30-60 m; 60-80 m; 80-100 m. The structures, which define power readiness, were studied with the help of polydynamometry and jumping tests. Among the respondents there were 45 female athletes (qualification: the 1 st categorymaster of sports) whose results range was 10.9-12.2 s. created. In terms of female athletes' current physical state, their psychophysiological peculiarities, principle approaches to the training effects correction were determined.

Conclusion
Using studied informative biomechanical characteristics on the basis of experimental work results for different objectives realization of an effective technique teaching, we see great opportunities of female sprinters' motor function diagnostics means.
The realized approach helps to impose restrictions on biomechanical information interpretation in terms of the definite pedagogical demands. For example, the results about the character of the efforts during support reactions, indirectly proving power potential, can help to define the type of dynamic structure and define the program of its development. But they don't give an opportunity to make any conclusion concerning the mechanisms of muscular activity. For this purpose, other, more "responsive" methods of hardware diagnostics are necessary, in particular the methods of electromyography in combination with high speed video filming.

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT Volume 13 No.4 2018
The research results demonstrate an evident importance of urgent information about time and power characteristics of the running steps during sprinters' technical improvement process. With the help of this information it becomes possible to reveal the reasons of individual technical errors and chose adequate exercises for their correction.
The information about the speed of running at the separate parts of the distance can be interpreted during comparison with the results of rhythmic running characteristics registration of a female athlete of different qualification and a female athlete from track and field athletics national team.
At the same time, it is natural to suppose that new technologies of urgent information receiving should be developed in accordance with the demands of training high-class sprinters. The results of the research can be interesting in terms of stability of running steps rate as an important factor of an optimalrhythmic structure of sprinters' starting stride organization. Great prospects has computer analysis of the whole range of mentioned above informative biomechanical characteristics, realized for personal and typological statistical regularities of these characteristics revelation under the influence of urgent and longterm pedagogical influences.