Peculiarities of Sustainable Development of Transport Infrastructure of Tourism in St. Petersburg Agglomeration

Anna Tanina; Evgenii Tanin

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING ECONOMICS 1, 2024

Research article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Peculiarities of Sustainable Development of Transport Infrastructure of Tourism in

St. Petersburg Agglomeration

Anna Tanina* , Evgenii Tanin

Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, tanina_av@spbstu.ru,

tanin_ef@spbstu.ru

*

Corresponding author: tanina_av@spbstu.ru

Abstract

T

he complicated geopolitical situation has become a factor in domestic tourism development in the

Russian Federation. A significant number of objects of tourist interest have generated increased

competition between Russian regions to attract tourists. A necessary condition for increasing

tourist flow is the development of tourist infrastructure, including transport. The authors used various

types of transport in the vast majority formation of tourist products, as well as in independent tourism. The

purpose of this study is to analyse the relationships between tourist flow dynamics and the transportation

system development indexes of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Comparative, correlation and

regression analyses showed a strong positive correlation between tourist flow and passenger transport by

buses and suburban railway transport (especially in St. Petersburg). The study confirmed the problem of

data reliability and availability for analysing tourist flow within the St. Petersburg agglomeration, although

the palace suburbs, which are popular with tourists, are located within agglomeration boundaries. To

solve the problem of tracking tourist flows when using transport in the agglomeration, the authors propose

the development and implementation of a transport tourist map with advanced functionality. This digital

tool application will allow not only the reliable tracking of tourist flows but also the optimization of the

transport system of the St. Petersburg agglomeration. In addition, the analysis of tourist flow dynamics

should be used to increase the positive effects of tourism development and reduce the negative effects of

overtourism in achieving the sustainable development goals of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.

Keywords: tourist flow, transport, transport system, agglomeration, sustainable development, tourism infrastruc-

ture, region

Citation: Tanina, A., Tanin, E., 2024. Peculiarities of Sustainable Development of Transport Infrastructure

of Tourism in St. Petersburg Agglomeration. Sustainable Development and Engineering Economics 1, 4.

https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0

58 Sustainable development of regional infrastructure

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING ECONOMICS 1, 2024

Научная статья

УДК 332.12

DOI: https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Особенности Устойчивого Развития Транспортной Инфраструктуры Туризма

Санкт-Петербургской Агломерации

Анна Танина* , Евгений Танин

Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого, Санкт-Петербург, Россия,

tanina_av@spbstu.ru, tanin_ef@spbstu.ru

*Автор, ответственный за переписку: tanina_av@spbstu.ru

Аннотация

С

ложная геополитическая ситуация стала фактором развития внутреннего туризма в РФ.

Значительное количество объектов туристского интереса приводит к росту конкуренции

между регионами России за привлечение туристов. Необходимым условием увеличения

туристского потока является развитие туристской инфраструктуры, в том числе транспортной.

Различные виды транспорта используются при формировании подавляющего большинства

туристских продуктов, а также в самостоятельном туризме. Целью исследования является анализ

взаимосвязей между динамикой туристского потока и показателями развития транспортной

системы Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской области. Сравнительный, корреляционный и

регрессионный анализ показали сильную положительную корреляцию между туристским потоком

и перевозками пассажиров автобусами и пригородным железнодорожным транспортом (особенно

в Санкт-Петербурге). Исследование подтвердило проблему достоверности и доступности

данных для анализа туристского потока в рамках Санкт-Петербургской агломерации, хотя

популярные у туристов дворцовые пригороды находятся в границах агломерации. Для решения

проблемы отслеживания туристских потоков при использовании транспорта в агломерации

авторы предлагают разработку и внедрение транспортной туристической карты с расширенным

функционалом. Использование такого цифрового инструмента позволит не только достоверно

отслеживать туристские потоки, но и оптимизировать транспортную систему Санкт-Петербургской

агломерации. Кроме того, анализ динамики туристских потоков необходимо использовать для

увеличения положительных эффектов от развития туризма и снижения негативных эффектов от

овертуризма при достижении целей устойчивого развития Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской

области.

Ключевые слова: туристский поток, транспорт, транспортная система, агломерация, устойчивое развитие,

туристская инфраструктура, регион

Цитирование: Танина, А., Танин, Е., 2024. Особенности Устойчивого Развития Транспортной Инфраструк-

туры Туризма Санкт-Петербургской Агломерации. Sustainable Development and Engineering Economics 1, 4.

https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Эта работа распространяется под лицензией CC BY-NC 4.0

Великого

Устойчивое развитие региональной инфраструктуры 59

Peculiarities of sustainable development of transport infrastructure of tourism in St. Petersburg agglomeration

1. Introduction

The object of this study is the transportation system within the St. Petersburg agglomeration. The

study scope is the dependence of sustainable tourism development on the development of the trans-

portation system of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The study will examine the relationship

between tourism development, considering the requirements of sustainable development and transport

infrastructure development. The study’s relevance appeals to the potential development of domestic and

inbound tourism in the St. Petersburg agglomeration. It is also vital to note the unrealized potential of

recreational travel for residents of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region due to problems in the trans-

portation system.

Researchers have studied various aspects of transportation, tourism and sustainable tourism devel-

opment.

Tourism has become a significant factor in the economic development of multiple regions and

countries, so the number of studies on regional tourism systems is growing (Gintciak et al., 2023, 2022;

Liu and Wu, 2019; Darani and Asghari, 2018). The tourism development infrastructure impacts the pos-

sibility of creating tourist products (Berawi, 2016).

Transportation is one of the most significant branches of the region’s infrastructure. Transport

infrastructure development provides tourist mobility, especially in the independent tourism framework

(Chen and Haynes, 2015; Liu et al., 2023; Van Truong and Shimizu, 2017; Zhang and Wen, 2023).

Transport objects and elements of transport infrastructure can be objects of tourist interest (e.g. station

buildings and retro trains).

However, there are no studies on the impact of transportation on tourism development regarding

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the requirements of sustainable development in the agglomeration.

Using the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the authors will test the hypothesis

of whether transport system development impacts tourist flow growth.

2. Literature review

It is vital to monitor the types of preferred transportation by tourists for the development of the

territorial tourism market.

In addition, it is vital to analyse tourist satisfaction with different types of transport, route sched-

ules, locations of public transport stops and road conditions. The development of the digital economy

makes it possible to obtain a significant amount of data for analysis (Konyshev et al., 2023; Popova et

al., 2023; Rodionov et al., 2023; Tan and Ismail, 2020).

The growth of tourist flows impacts the development of the territory in general and the transpor-

tation system in particular. On the one hand, transportation is a vital condition that impacts tourist flow.

Regional governments improve the comfort of tourists’ stays and maintain road infrastructure facilities

by repairing roads and constructing parking lots for personal vehicles and tourist buses. Thus, the trans-

portation system ensures the growth of GRP and employment and provides an opportunity to implement

entrepreneurial initiatives. In some cases, it leads to accelerated urbanization of the territory (Feng,

2023; Kuchumov et al., 2023; Yu et al., 2023).

On the other hand, the expansion of the road network, the increase of anthropogenic factors in the

territory, and the growth of passenger traffic may have insufficient effects on the regional environment.

Therefore, it is vital to develop the transport infrastructure of tourism considering the sustainable devel-

opment requirements to maintain a favourable environment (Buckley and Underdahl, 2023; Deng and

Chen, 2024; Gössling et al., 2016; A. Tanina et al., 2023; Tanina et al., 2021; Yan and Phucharoen, 2024).

State aid has a significant impact on the development of transport as an infrastructural element of

tourism, so it is vital to operate opportunities for interregional cooperation to form a unified agglomera-

60 Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Tanina, A., Tanin, E.

tion transportation system (A. V. Tanina et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2023; Zhao and Dong, 2017).

3. Materials and methods

To realize the article’s purpose, the authors operated St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region’s sta-

tistical data, representing the development of the transportation system, together with the data of region-

al budget expenditures on tourism development. The authors used these sources to obtain the data: St.

Petersburg Committee for Tourism Development1, Leningrad Oblast Committee for Culture and Tour-

ism2, EMISS State Statistics Portal3, St. Petersburg Open Budget4, and Leningrad Oblast Open Budget5.

The authors compared collected data with tourist flow as the prominent index of tourist activity

in the territory. The authors chose data from 2015 to 2022 because in 2015, regional authorities began

introducing state programmes, which more comprehensively describe the expenditures of budget func-

tions on tourism and transportation system development. The authors chose correlation and regression

analyses as the optimal research methods.

It is worth noting that from 2015 to 2017, the framework of programmes for cultural field devel-

opment included tourism expenditures in both regions. St. Petersburg had the programme “Develop-

ment of the Culture Field and Tourism”, while the Leningrad region had the programme “Development

of Culture”. The authorities of both regions prioritized cultural industries; therefore, it is challenging

to establish the exact budget performance for tourism development. The trend changed in 2018 when

Russia declared the “Year of Tourism” in the run-up to the FIFA World Cup, and the authorities of both

regions revised their views on the tourism sector, declaring it as an independent branch of the economy

and forming separate state programmes for it. This significant change is also reflected in both datasets.

The authors labelled certain variables as follows: X1 – Budget expenditures for transportation,

rubbles. X2 – Total length of public roads, km. X3 – Passenger turnover of public buses, people-kilome-

tre. X4 – Suburban rail transportation, people. X5 – Budget expenditures for tourism development, rub.

Y – Tourist flow, people (Tables 1–2).

Table 1. Saint Petersburg dataset

Table 2. Leningrad region dataset

Then the authors calculated the correlation of both datasets (Tables 3–4)

Table 3. Correlation of the Saint Petersburg data

1

Tourism Market Development. St. Petersburg Tourism Development Committee URL:https://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/c_tourism/statistic/

2

Statistics. Committee for Culture and Tourism of the Leningrad Region URL: https://kit.lenobl.ru/ru/statistika/

3

EMISS. URL: https://fedstat.ru/

4

Open Budget of St. Petersburg. URL: https://budget.gov.spb.ru

5

Open Budget of the Leningrad Region. URL: https://budget.lenobl.ru/budget/people/

Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4 61

Peculiarities of sustainable development of transport infrastructure of tourism in St. Petersburg agglomeration

Table 4. Correlation of the Leningrad Oblast data

After calculating the correlation, the author also conducted regression analysis (Tables 5–6).

Table 5. Regression analysis of St. Petersburg data

Table 6. Regression analysis of Leningrad region data

Further, interpreting the results is worthwhile.

62 Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Tanina, A., Tanin, E.

4. Results

The authors formed diagrams to assess the prominent trends of the selected transportation and

tourism development indexes (Figures 1–3).

Figure 1. Tourist flow in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region 2015–2022, people

Figure 2. Passenger turnover of public buses in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region 2015–2022,

passenger-kilometre

Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4 63

Peculiarities of sustainable development of transport infrastructure of tourism in St. Petersburg agglomeration

Figure 3. Suburban rail transportation in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region 2015–2022, people

Figures 1–3 show that, in general, it is possible to observe general patterns between passenger

movements and tourist flows. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there was a significant decrease

in the number of tourists in St. Petersburg (more than 3.5 times), but tourist flows to the Leningrad region

did not decrease as much (about 20%). According to the authors, this is due to the region’s popularity

as a territory where it was possible to leave St. Petersburg during travel restrictions, especially for the

population with remote work. When the officials revoked pandemic restrictions, the Leningrad region

increased its popularity as a region for ecological, rural, health and other types of tourism, which are less

developed in St. Petersburg.

Due to the more developed transportation system of St. Petersburg (the prominent types of pas-

senger transport are metros, buses, trolleybuses and trams), the pandemic impacted passenger traffic.

The drop in passenger traffic by buses in the pandemic in 2020 amounted to 46%. A similar situation

happened in the Leningrad region, with a drop in passenger traffic of 42.8%.

On April 1, 2022, city officials implemented a transport reform in St. Petersburg. The primary

purpose was the abolition of commercial shuttle cab routes (in which city transportation cards were not

valid) and the enactment of new social routes (in most of them, only cashless fare payment is possible).

The result of the reform was the growth of bus transportation, which is observable from the 2022 statis-

tics (26% growth).

The situation in the Leningrad region is not evident. In 2015–2018, there were slight fluctuations

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in passenger traffic in bus transportation. Then, there was growth in 2019, followed by a decrease in

2020. The region reached pre-pandemic values only in 2022.

Compared with bus transportation, suburban rails lost fewer passengers in the pandemic. For St.

Petersburg, the decrease amounted to 42%, and for the Leningrad region, it was 32.2%. In 2022, subur-

ban rail did not return to pre-pandemic values.

The lack of reliable data on other modes of transportation and movements of residents of St. Pe-

tersburg and the Leningrad region for tourism purposes makes it difficult to obtain objective information

on the results of the comparative analysis. Therefore, the authors conducted regression and correlation

64 Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Tanina, A., Tanin, E.

analyses on the available data.

First, the authors conducted the correlation of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region datasets.

There are some curious observations:

The tourist flow of Saint Petersburg has a strong positive correlation with the passenger turnover

of public buses (r > 0.6) and a very strong positive correlation with suburban rail transportation (r > 0.8).

Also, these stated variables (X3 and X4) have very strong correlations among themselves (r > 0.8).

Budget expenditures for transportation of Saint Petersburg have a strong positive correlation only

with the passenger turnover of public buses (r > 0.6). The rest have moderate and weak correlations.

The tourist flow of the Leningrad region has a surprisingly strong negative correlation with the

budget expenditures for tourism (r < -0.7). This means that officials may spend less budget money and

tourist flow may rise.

Also, budget expenditures for transportation in the Leningrad region have a strong correlation with

road length. This statement is worthwhile because this budget item aims to build new roads.

According to both datasets, there are two common trends. First, there is a very strong correlation

between suburban rail transportation and passenger turnover of public buses. Second, there is a strong

negative correlation, with almost identical values between budget expenditures for tourism and road

length.

In the regression analysis of St. Petersburg data, R square exceeds 0.95, so there is a high degree

of approximation. The significance of F does not exceed 0.05; therefore, the regression model is statisti-

cally significant, but the independent p-values exceed 0.05.

In interpreting the results of the Leningrad region dataset, it is worth noting that F significance ex-

ceeds 0.05 and p-values exceed 0.05, but the R square value corresponds to the average approximation.

The authors appealing to correlation and regression analysis results show that the values of both

analyses are more significant and worthwhile for the Saint Petersburg dataset, but both datasets at the

same time have two common trends in correlation values. We assume that the prominent causes of such

results are different territory administration modes, other quantity and quality of economic resources and

infrastructural ties between regions.

5. Discussion

The article’s authors faced several problems while studying the primary topic of the article.

1. Insufficient data to draw more accurate conclusions about the transportation system. For exam-

ple, there are no data on regional bus passenger transportation before 2021, so the authors did not include

it in the datasets.

2. Different approaches to tourist flow assessment by regional officials and Rosstat, including

Rosstat implementing its assessment methodology only in 2022.

3. Lack of a unified data pool by sector of life in the St. Petersburg agglomeration. If the data pool

existed, it would presumably have facilitated the research work.

4. Different numerical indexes of tourist flow from the regional authorities Rosstat and EMISS on

tourist flow. For example, the tourist flow calculated according to the Turbarometer of St. Petersburg for

2023 was 9.4 million, and the EMISS value was 15.2 million. Therefore, the authors chose the tourist

flow data issued by the authorities of both regions.

Official statistics, information from tourist market participants, and data from cell phone operators

and banks issuing credit and debit cards are prominent data sources on tourist movements. The data ob-

tained from different sources are quite different, which does not allow us to conclude something reliable

Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4 65

Peculiarities of sustainable development of transport infrastructure of tourism in St. Petersburg agglomeration

but to make only evaluative judgments. The lack of reliable statistics on the usage of different modes of

transportation by tourists does not allow us to offer a comprehensive solution to the problems of trans-

port accessibility, at least within the St. Petersburg agglomeration, for visiting the palace suburbs.

It is vital to actively use digital technologies to track the movements of tourists to solve this prob-

lem.

The transport reform implementation in St. Petersburg with digital technologies in the transporta-

tion system integration (from payment systems to the construction of multimodal routes and real-time

tracking of a particular transport object) allows for obtaining information about the movement of pas-

sengers. This information is applicable for forming routes and making public transport schedules to

optimize passenger flow.

The Leningrad region is not so actively using digital technologies in the transportation system—

only recently has the possibility of paying fares with bank cards on buses emerged. The absence of a

unified digital fare payment tool for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region reduces the tourist attrac-

tiveness of regional attractions.

6. Conclusion

In general, the authors revealed a regularity between the growth of tourist flows and the develop-

ment of the transportation system in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.

There is a conclusion that the regression model for St. Petersburg has statistical significance with

the same variables but not in the model of the Leningrad region. Further research, when more relevant

and complete data become available, will make it possible to find out more about interrelations and draw

conclusions.

A promising research area for the joint development of transportation and tourism in St. Petersburg

and the Leningrad region may be the study of the tourist flow growth impact on the implementation of

sustainable development goals in the regions. The growth in the number of tourists has positive and neg-

ative consequences for agglomeration.

On the one hand, the increase in tourist travel (almost any tourist product includes the use of one

or another mode of transportation) impacts the gross regional product, provides employment and facili-

tates business initiatives. It allows the implementation of such sustainable development goals as “decent

work and economic growth”, “industrialization, innovation, and infrastructure”, and “partnership for

sustainable development”.

On the other hand, there is a significant increase in tourist flow to the overtourism level, leading

to harmful effects on the environment, a decrease in the share of green spaces and natural objects in

general for tourist infrastructure construction, an increase in prices of real estate and consumer goods, an

increase in the amount of garbage, excessive load on the transportation system, and a reduction of recre-

ational areas for residents, which all cause dissatisfaction among the population. Such unsuitable effects

reduce the possibility of realizing such sustainable development goals as “responsible consumption and

production”, “clean water and sanitation”, “conservation of marine ecosystems”, and “conservation of

terrestrial ecosystems”.

Under the Sustainable Development Goal “responsible consumption and production”, the Russian

Federation is developing index 12.b.1 “implementation of standardized accounting methods to track

economic and environmental characteristics of tourism sustainability”. However, according to the Fed-

eral State Statistics Service, this index is presented only for the country without defining data by region.

The authors believe it is vital to use Moscow’s experience in integrating fare payment by any

mode of transportation within the boundaries of the metropolis and on suburban electric trains using the

“Troika” card6. Here are engaging and applicable additional services on the Troika card: visiting zoos,

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Troika card. URL: https://www.mosmetro.ru/payment/tickets/troyka

6

66 Sustain. Dev. Eng. Econ. 2024, 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.48554/SDEE.2024.1.4

Tanina, A., Tanin, E.

skating rinks, museums and traveling on the cable car and Aeroexpress trains. Such functionality can be

appropriate to produce a tourist transportation card for the St. Petersburg agglomeration (in the future –

for the entire territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region).

This digital service will not only increase the attractiveness of travel in the two regions but also

help track the movements of tourists to:

1. Optimize the route network;

2. Develop new routes and change the schedule of existing routes during peak demand periods in

the high tourist season (white nights, etc.);

3. Formulate investment proposals within the framework of public-private partnership for the con-

struction of transport infrastructure facilities for tourism in places near the objects of tourist interest; and

4. Determine the traffic load on the road network, considering the increased load on the roadway

and railroad during the visit of tourists by personal and public transport.

Acknowledgements

The research was financed as part of the project “Development of a methodology for instrumental

base formation for analysis and modelling of the spatial socio-economic development of systems based

on internal reserves in the context of digitalization” (FSEG-2023-0008).

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