5ECOLOGY
PECULIARITIES OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND POWER POTENTIAL WITHIN AVIATION TRANSPORT LAND MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Iryna Novakovska, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Aerospace Geodesy and Land Management, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine, ORCIDID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-7543
Igor Slavin, PhD (Tech.), Associate Professor of the Department of Aerospace Geodesy and Land Management, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-292X
Nataliia Ishchenko, PhD (Economics), Associate Professor of the Department of Aerospace Geodesy and Land Management, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3745-9742
Liliia Skrypnyk, PhD (Economics), Senior Lecturer of the Department of Aerospace Geodesy and Land Management, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7349-9496
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/31102020/7219 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Received 20 August 2020 The article analyses peculiarities and specific features of the use of alternative Accepted 08 October 2020 power and fuel capacities during its formation in the sphere of air transport Published 31 October 2020 land management. The following elements of the system for producing power- efficient resources comprises have been considered. It substantiates the
KEYWORDS necessity to involve the concepts of design and use of a modern power-efficient
airport infrastructure and its connection with sound and efficient land land management, management. The authors consider the experience of other countries and the
aviation transport, perspectives of alternative power and fuel resources - the "green areas". Also It
alternative fuel, have been established that every new project of an airport or a reconstructed
power, potential, one, shall be focused on meeting the latest standards of minimization of the
resources, airport's impact on the environment and on the reduction of climatic changes,
energy. connected with its infrastructure and activities. Within the studies of the experts
in the sphere of the aviation industry, and the members of ICAO council, it have been considered the concept of development and use of a modern, power-efficient airport infrastructure. The authors have proposed a modification of the methodological calculation of resource conservation indicators by reducing fossil fuel emissions within the airport and surrounding areas.
Citation: Iryna Novakovska, Igor Slavin, Nataliia Ishchenko, Liliia Skrypnyk. (2020) Peculiarities of Alternative Fuel and Power Potential within Aviation Transport Land Management Development. Science Review. 7(34). doi: 10.31435/rsglobal_sr/31102020/7219
Copyright: © 2020 Iryna Novakovska, Igor Slavin, Nataliia Ishchenko, Liliia Skrypnyk. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Introduction. To achieve the proper functioning of the aviation industry, nature-friendly land management, the compliance of an airport infrastructure with the adjacent territories, we have to consider a reasonable plan of an airport. For instance, establish maximum allowable levels for contaminating substances, and plan the land management for adjacent territories out of the borders of the entity. The main task in land management prognostication and planning is to ensure the best possible inner conditions safe for nature, communities of suburbs, and ecology of the environment.
One of the essential elements of this system to function is ecological certification, which means implementation and control over natural-friendly equipment, and, consequently, environmental-safe processes. It also stipulates the stable manufacturing of natural-friendly products. This procedure requires meeting modern trends, rules, and regulations while building of an airport. Special technical equipment, machinery, buildings, and constructions, among them - terminals and warehouses for fuel and oil materials shall also meet the said requirements. (Figure. 1).
Hence, within the up-to-date conditions of aviation industry development, the processes of improving the use of alternative power and fuel for efficient decisions on making the environment inside and outside the airport more environmentally friendly play now a viable role. The system for producing power-efficient resources comprises of the following elements:
Manufacturing and use of the technology and equipment to control and reduce emissions of hazardous substances and greenhouse gases;
Preserving and developing green plant areas on the territory of an airport and out of it;
Monitoring and predicting changes in nature and climate;
Implementing technological processes aimed at saving power and resources, renewable energy [11].
Results. The first stage of planning and designing of an airport starts from revealing limitations and establishing priorities for the future object. To get the information required, we need an economical and ecological assessment to determine expected passenger flows, demands of renters and concessions, specific requirements to the object's design or reconstruction.
Fig. 1. The basic elements of the concept for design and use of a modern, power-efficient airport
infrastructure [6]
A terminal is the biggest and the most complex unit of an airport. As a rule, it has the largest power consumer. First, the experts in planning and design of airport shall determine a range of natural consequences the object will have in use, for further including into a budget. It is worth to mention that a new infrastructure demands an assessment of its impact on the environment of some similar land areas.
In turn, an efficient space planning of a future terminal is a prerequisite for:
- Reducing distances between the districts;
- Including a new element of transport infrastructure to facilitate the flow of passengers and their multimodal access;
- Minimization of the distance for a dedicated transport from the gates or parking to the runways and turn-off strips;
- Reducing the fuel consumption and hazardous substances emission while the ground taxiing of aircraft;
- Minimization of the effect of noise of the surrounding lands and communities;
- Minimization of fuel consumption and energy expenditures on the vehicles rented due to the tight schedule for the airport [5].
Thus, to choose a land plot for such a unit as a terminal, one should consider reasonable intermodal transportation with the smallest possible power consumption specific elements typical of it as a destination.
Designing a layout of units where the large groups congregate shall focus on the use of alternative types of power resources in form of natural light and ventilation. All methods, minimizing
the expenditures of power required for heating, cooling, and lighting of the construction shall make it more efficient and resistant to different impact-factors from a long-term perspective.
In modern conditions of development, large-scale airports get often changed rather quickly, so some of the airports designed nowadays stipulate the building with potential multimodal capacities, convertible for a purpose, different from an initial one. It means that in the process of design and planning, it is expedient to create an infrastructure available for a re-equipment for different purposes in the future [1].
Power production leads quite often to the emission of hazardous substances and significant energy consumption. Thus, power efficiency must always be a priority task in reconstructing terminals, considering economical and ecological factors.
Power efficiency includes the following factors:
- Insulation and low-consuming equipment, and special design of premises, considering requirements to ventilation;
- Designing of a "green roof', able to reduce the thermal absorption, thus decreasing power consumption, drainage of rain waters, and serve as noise suppression structure along the runway;
- The use of renewable power sources like wind, sun, water power stations and other technologies, probably integrated in the future into construction with a different purpose [12].
For instance, some projects of airports apply a method of a solar wall, which is an external wall of a terminal, used for heating water than circulating throughout the building. Some airports have their own "micro-network" or a system for producing power at airports. An airport, generating its capacity, especially at the account of the renewable methods, increases its resistance against the external influences.
Quite interesting are trends to use the modern computer-aided technologies for automated management of systems of the whole buildings, making the airport operators able to control the system's conditions without focusing on specific power-consuming elements. These technologies ensure automatic tracing of power consumption and corrective actions, for instance, to change air temperature or regulate the light, if required.
Our research of the world's modern airport infrastructure have been shown that despite all the latest advances in efficient energy management and resource conservation in the transport use, including aviation, 70% of airlines use a traditional energy system. That is why modern aviatuin system requires effective project development to modernize outdated infrastructure, the introduction of new technologies for the use of alternative energy solutions, as well as significant capital investment, which for some countries is currently impossible. For reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, conserve natural resources and eliminate emissions of harmful residues that they generate, we propose to use a general scheme for calculating carbon dioxide emissions, which includes a number of interrelated components of the airport structure (Figure.2)
Fig. 2. The relationship of the components of the system, which is used in the methodological calculation of resource conservation by reducing fossil fuel emissions * Formed by the authors
Components used in the methodological calculation of resource conservation by reducing fossil fuel emissions:
1. Number of seats - determination the load factor required to calculate the emission per passenger.
2. Number of transported passengers - obtaining the load factor.
3. The amount of fuel used - obtaining the load factor.
4. Passenger weight - using the standard value of 100 kg and in accordance with ICAO requirements, add 50 kg per seat.
5. Cargo weight (capacity) - distribution fuel consumption between passengers and cargo, which is placed in the cabin and a special cargo compartment.
6. Road class - the calculation of emissions when traveling economy class and premium class separately.
According to the latter materials, emissions are doubled [11]:
Gpn Spit.mgRmgTmg
where Spit.mg - specific fuel consumption during engine operation at low gas, kg / h;
Rmg - thrust of the engine in low gas mode (given in the engine form as its technical characteristics), H;
Tmg - engine operating time in low gas mode for one take-off and landing cycle, h.
In order to save energy resources as a result of our own research, we propose to calculate the rate of energy exchange and unburned fuel residues during operation of the aircraft engine, as well as their penetration zone per flight cycle (LTO) by the following formula [11]:
IFC = [E (N) FCi / LTO] / A
where N - the number of flight cycles;
LTO - calculated for a certain period of time;
FCi / LTO - the number of unburned fuel residues during the operation of the aircraft engine, as well as their penetration zone (tons / LTO-cycle / year);
A - land area.
While projecting an airport, important is to use economical closed-cycle methods or a cyclic economy based on a concept of renewable resources. It is an alternative to a linear economy and ensures an integrated approach to elaborating new economy business models (e.g. foodstuff servicing systems), where the cost of the assets (e.g. buildings of terminals) and the services are preserved as high as possible. The cyclic economy includes all stages of terminal development (designing, building, and use). The buildings of terminals must have a design suitable for reuse, dismantling, reconstruction, or recycling. Airport operators shall strive to minimize the use of not recycled materials.
Discussion. Implementation of technological processes relating to saving power and resources and renewable energy is a precondition for making efficient decisions on greening the environment on the territory of an airport and out of its borders by creating the "green areas" [11]. (Figure.3.).
Resistance to climatic changes
A well-developed financial partnership
Involvement of the community, resistance reporting
f
A modern
trend - the
green area
V y
Renewable energy sources
Smart buildings
Ecological mobility
Fig. 3. Structural elements of a "green area" system [5]
Every project of an airport - a new or a reconstructed one, shall be focused on meeting the latest standards of minimization of the airport's impact on the environment and on the reduction of climatic changes, connected with its infrastructure and activities. By proposition of the International Civil Aviation Association (ICAO), the leading states in the sphere of aviation industry shall share ideas of the latest technological, economical, environmental, and political achievements aimed at helping the airports worldwide in their constant combat for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuring more stable operation (Figure.4).
Fig. 4. The project of an airport with an environmentally well-developed and energetically stable
"green area" infrastructure [5]
According to the conferences being held, the Council of ICAO has emphasized the following ideas (Table 1):
- Efficient management of consequences of airport operations for the environment;
- The use of a certification scheme for operators;
- Specific features of installing sun and wing power stations, power resources of biomass, and energy of a tidal influx;
- Initiatives on stable mobility;
- Adaptation and resistance to climate changes;
- Active public participation;
- Financing of environmental projects and current expectations of investors;
- Monitoring of stable development.
Table 1. The experience of foreign countries in the use of alternative power resources [9]
№ Name of an airport Alternative fuel and power resources
1. Seymour international airport (Galapagos islands) Exclusively renewable power sources - sun and wind power plants
2. Incheon international airport (SouthKorea) The newest power-saving technologies, optimization of the natural ventilation, lighting, large-scale photo-elements installed
3. Hanimadhoo Airport (Maldives) Implementation of highly efficient decisions on the use of water, sun, and wind power plants
4. Edmonton international airport (Canada) Alive installation, designed in the form of a vertical green garden on a wall; it has 430 square meters of area and over 32 species of plants
5. East Midlands Airport (England) The use of windmills, underground water sources for producing electricity; a water-purification system to reduce the negative emissions into the environment
6. Logan International Airport (USA) Power-saving lighting, the roof made of a membrane filter water for technical purposes
7. Denver International Airport (USA) Sun energy applied for heating and feeding the hardware; a taxi-park, equipped with electric vehicles; its territory hosts one of the greenest parking places of the world
It should be emphasized that while elaborating a brand-new airport infrastructure, involving a "green area", the special attention must be paid on the specific features of power management of vehicles for the access from a city or seaside to the airport, the access from the airport to the aircraft. Respectively, an elaboration to the access ways or transport availability shall include material and technical support, ground servicing and use, as well as the production of environmentally resistant alternative types of fuel or power [10].
The use of fuel and energy resources with a low level of emissions to the atmosphere shall include electrification (the use of electric vehicles for transportation, collection of the power and wastes, distribution of pure energy), or a stable alternative fuel (an improved bio-fuel, green hydrogen, ammonia), implementation of innovative digital decisions, including the new instruments and mechanisms for implementation of the innovative digital solutions, including the new tools and mechanism to optimize the traffic for multimodal access to the passenger and cargo flows.
Conclusions. The proposed modification of the methodological calculation of resource conservation by reducing fossil fuel emissions within the airport and surrounding areas is a guarantee of protection of the environment and surrounding areas, reducing consumption and consumption of fossil fuels, conservation of natural resources and elimination of harmful residues. a solution for the conservation of natural resources and the transition to the use of alternative fuels in the land use of air transport. According to the studies of the experts in the sphere of the aviation industry, and the members of ICAO council, the concept of development and use of a modern, power-efficient airport infrastructure is intended to ensure:
Removal of emissions of the dangerous substances connected to the use of the airports till 2030;
Improving the quality of air, preserving biological diversity;
The use of cyclic economic methods;
Reducing noise at airports;
Power-saving operations of airport buildings;
Development of eco-logistics;
Integration with the different types of transport with a low level of emissions of the hazardous residuals after burning the fuel;
Reduction of emissions for towns and cities, and urban mobility, improved integration between the cities and the airports;
Clear obligations and contributions into the pan-European implementation of innovative decisions within and out of the margins of the projects are expected as further actions, for instance, within the support from the Fund of European Connection or other financial programs.
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