CC BY
47
UDC 636.2.12.087.72:[ 612.3+612.015.3+636.2.053.064]
PARTICULATIES OF CALVE'S MINERAL NUTRION IN ASSOCIATION WITH AGE AND CONDITIONS OF NUTRITION
Levicheva E.V., Post-graduate student Kozlov A.S., Doctor of Biological Sciences Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: col.l@yandex.ru
ABSTRACT
Studying was carried of features of mineral's nutrition on calves Black Pied cattle from birth to 6 month of age in association with age and nutrition's conditions. The digestion's processes, processes of metabolism and intensity of growth were studied at various levels of the mineral nutrition. On the basis of pilot studies are established macro - and the micronutrients, the content of which in usual feeds of diets of calves is not enough for animals. Supplement of deficiency macro - and micronutrients in diets of calves allows to increase the degree of use of nutrient and bioactive substances and to increase intensity of growth of animals to planned index of growth.
KEY WORDS
Calves; Level of a mineral nutrition; Digestion processes; Metabolism; Intensity of growth.
Along with all the nutrients and bioactive substances for diets to animal, minerals play an important role in all the processes occurring in the body of animals.
From big quantities mineral substances which are entering to animalsorganism with food and water (about 40 mineral substances) physiological need and need of optimal entering in ration's composition are established only at 13th of mineral substances. In dependence from quantities of those and others micronutrients necessary for animal's organism, it is necessary to divide them on macronutrients (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, natrium, sulfur, chlorine, magnesium) and micronutrients (iron, zinc, cuprum, iodine, manganese, cobalt)
Macro-and microelements, entering to the animal’s organism participate in bone formation, that is very important for growing calves and they get in complex organic substances and participate in most of all of physiological functions of the organism. The special role of each of the mineral element is going to study and that is why it makes this study more actual in our time. In view of the above, the purpose of our research was to study the features of feed intake, of digestion, of metabolism, and the intensity of growth of calves Black Pied cattle under different provision of macro-and micronutrients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The materials are part of the scientific research in framework which is enclosed agreement between the VPO Orel State Agrarian University and the Department of Agriculture of Orel region from July 19, 2013 number 1 about the allocation grant for R & D in the direction 2: "The development of resource-saving eco- friendly technologies of production and processing of agricultural products" by topic 2.2. "The development of adaptive systems forage production and feeding cattle, ensuring the creation of a full-fledged forage base, balanced diets and the formation of quality of meat and dairy raw materials in the trophic chain."
The study of the processes of digestion in calves Black Pied cattle under different their provision of macro-and micronutrients was carried out in the scientifically-economic and physiological experiments at JSC Agricultural company "Livenskoe meat" of Orel region. Laboratory studies were carried out in innovative research test center OrelSAU, in FSI
"Orlovskii Reference Center of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance" and the department of zoo hygiene and feeding of farm animals OrelSAU.
Researches were held on calves of Black Pied cattle by groups. For the scientifically-economic experiment were selected heifers-analogues by age, live weight and origin in quantity of 36 heads and divided on three groups for 12 heads in each. Feeding heifers to 6 -month-age was carried out by the scheme of feeding at number 2a [10,11] used in the farms of the Central Black Soil region.
Rations of animal’s experimental groups were balanced by nutrient and bioactive substances according to the norms of feeding RAAS.
Differences between the groups of calves concluded in that, where the first control group of animals were growing at feeding by scheme at number 2a. Particularityof feeding calvesof the first control group was that, as shown by studies of feed of Central Earth zone, one of the feature of the chemical composition is a low content of macronutrients (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur) and of micronutrients (iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt , iodine).Deficiency of these macro-and micronutrients in the diets of calves farmed in Central Black Soil region is high.In the diets of calves of the second experimental group deficiency of macro and microelements is compensated by the salts of these chemical elements.
Calves of the third experimental group, grown in the same scheme of feeding as two previous groups with the addition of the same amount of macro-and micronutrients, from birth to 30 - day-old fed rumen contents from healthy cattle at slaughter and dried at low temperature drying of artificial (not above 50 ° C) to 16 - 17% wetness at the rate of 10-15 g per head per day.
Organization and conducting scientifically-economic and physiological experiments carried out by the present methods and recommendations.
About three heads of calves-analoguesat 30th and 90th - day age from each group were selected for physiological experiments.
In scientifically-economic and physiological experiments were studied:
- feed intake by method of individual feeding with accounting the feed and their balance, in the period of physiological experiments feed intake account by method of individual feeding with accounting the feed and their balance at the discount period;
- the growth of calves was studied by monthly weighing;
- digestion and utilization the constituents of the calves’ diet, the exchange of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were determined in balance experiments by the method AUIAB.
In the reference period of physiological experiments in calves experimental groups were selected rumen’s contents through a tube with a tee. [7] In the rumen’s fluid was identified:
- a concentration of hydrogen’s ion (pH) - by potentiometer;
- the number of ciliates - by direct microscopy in the chamber Gorjaev;
- total nitrogen content - by Kjeldahl;
- the volatile fatty acids - by steam distillation in apparatus Markgamma.
Chemical composition of feed, of excrements were designated by conventional methods. Statistical processing of digital material from research, carried out by the method Merkureva E.K., using the Student's test and the correlation coefficient in the computer program Microsoft Excel 2007.
RESULTS OF RESEARCH
Feed rations for animals experimental groups during the first physiological experiment presents in table 1.
In studying the features of rumen digestion of the calves experimental groups in the period of physiological experiment was found that by achieving the level of mineral nutrition of calves second and third experimental groups to the norm in rumen contents increases the amount of bacteria and ciliates, reduced the index of hydrogen ion concentration, the level of total nitrogen and volatile fatty acids (table 2).
Table 1 - Feed rations to calves of 30th day age
Feeding rates Groups
1 2 3
Milk, kg 6,0 6,0 6,0
Feed, kg 0,2 0,2 0,2
Hay, kg 0,10 0,10 0,10
Beetmolasses, kg 0,05 0,05 0,05
Mineralsupplements, g - 24,50 24,50
Dry rumen content, g - - 10-15
They contain:
Feed units 2,50 2,50 2,50
Exchange energy, MJ 20,00 20,00 20,00
Dry substance, kg 1,05 1,05 1,05
Crudeprotein, g 266,15 266,15 266,15
Cellulose, g 35,90 35,90 35,90
Sugar, g 210,00 210,00 210,00
Crude fat, g 227,40 227,40 227,40
Calcium, g 8,69 15,85 15,85
Phosphorus, g 8,16 10,30 10,30
Magnesium, g 0,93 2,14 2,14
Potassium, g 12,15 12,24 12,24
Natrium, g 3,64 3,64 3,64
Chlorine, g 5,38 5,38 5,38
Sulfur, g 2,61 4,55 4,55
Iron, mg 34,50 46,00 46,00
Cuprum, mg 3,66 6,49 6,49
Zinc, mg 24,05 40,01 40,01
Manganese, mg 9,75 35,09 35,09
Cobalt, mg 0,26 0,58 0,58
Iodine, mg 0,29 0,43 0,43
Table 2 - Parameters of rumen digestion in calves experimental groups in one month age
Index Group
1 2 3
Number of acteria, bn in 1 ml 22,5±0,92 31,2±0,25*** 34,0±0,23***
Number of ciliates, thousands in 1 ml 3,8±0,18 10,6±0,25*** 12,5±0,46***
PH 6,46±0,01 6,37±0,01*** 6,32±0,01***
Total nytrogen, mg % 99,6±0,41 116,2±0,25*** 119,5±0,31 ***
VFA, mM/100 ml 5,4±0,12 7,9±0,11 *** 9,0±0,15***
*** - p <0.01. The difference is significant as compared with the index of animals of the first group
From the table 2 follows that the addition the rumen contents from adult animals in a feed to calves of third group increases the intensity the rumen's digestion.
From these data follows that on the processes of rumen digestion in calves of monthly age has an effect as balancing the diet of calves of second experimental group at the macro-and micronutrients, so as the addition to the diet of calves of the third experimental group, balanced by mineral substances, rumen contents of adult animals, increasing the fauna of proventriculusat calves.
Parameters of digestibility nutrients of the diet at calves of the experimental groups in monthly age presents in table 3.
From data of table 3 is shown that the balancing ration of calves of the second experimental group of macro-and micronutrients is significantly increased the index of organic substances such as protein, fat, fiber and nitrogen-free extractives, and the dry substance of the diet as a whole. The balancing ration of calves of the third experimental group at macro- and micronutrients and the addition to the diet of calves of this group the rumen contents of adult animals, increased feed intake and digestibility of all the constituents of the diet, especially dietary fiber and nitrogen-free extractives. Parameters of balance of nitrogen in organism of calves of monthly age presents in table 4.
Table 3 - Parameters of income and digestibility of nutrients of calves of 30-36 days age
Group
1 2 3
Dry substance
Receive, g 1030,4 1035,7 1049,5
Excrete with feces, g 248,9 220,9 210,3
Digested, g 781,5 814,8 839,2
In% from received 75,8±0,15 78,7±0,35** 80,0±0,61**
Organic substances
Receive, g 984,0 988,5 1008,4
Excrete with feces, g 200,7 177,1 169,1
Digested, g 783,5 811,4 839,3
In% from received 79,6±0,15 82,1±0,28** 83,2±0,56**
Protein
Receive, g 260,9 261,6 263,3
Excrete with feces, g 50,5 45,5 43,4
Digested, g 211,7 216,1 219,9
In % from received 81,1±0,32 82,6±0,31* 83,5±0,17*
Fat
Receive, g 226,4 226,3 226,7
Excrete with feces, g 40,5 33,6 32,2
Digested, g 185,9 192,7 194,5
In% from received 82,1±0,08 85,1±0,33*** 85,8±0,36***
Cellulose
Receive, g 23,3 24,9 29,0
Excrete with feces, g 13,8 10,3 9,4
Digested, g 9,5 14,6 19,6
In% from received 41,0±0,95 58,6±2,26** 67,4±1,77***
Nitrogen-free extractives
Receive, g 480,79 484,5 488,9
Excrete with feces, g 96,6 84,63 80,5
Digested, g 384,2 399,8 408,4
In% from received 79,9±0,14 82,5±0,36** 83,5±0,11 ***
*-P <0.05; ** - P <0.01;*** - p <0.001 Difference is significant in compare with the index of animals of the first group.
Table 4 - Balance of nitrogen in organism of calves experimental groups in monthly age
Parameters Group
1 2 3
Eaten, g 41,8 41,9 42,1
Excrete with feces, g 8,1 7,3 6,9
Digested, g 33,7 34,6 35,2
Excrete with urine, g 14,3 13,9 13,1
Surplus in the body, g 19,4 20,7 22,1
In % from received 46,4±0,25 49,4±0,77* 52,5±0,92**
In % from digested 57,6±0,35 59,8±0,70* 62,8±0,43**
* - P <0.05; ** - P <0.01; *** - p <0.001 Difference is significant in compare with the index of animals of the first group.
From data of table 4 is shown, that the balancing ration of calves of the second experimental group at macro- and micronutrients, intensity of metabolism of nitrogen increased, and the surplus of nitrogen of calve's ration, as from received, so as from digested, is significant increased as compare withthese index at calves of the first group.
The calves of the third experimental group in balancing of ration to macro- and micronutrients and the addition in ration the rumen contents from adult animals is significant increased the using nitrogen of ration from received and digested quantity nitrogen as to compare with the calves of the first group, so as with the calves of the second group.
Parameters of balance of calcium and phosphorus in organism of calves monthly age presents in table 5 and 6.
From data of table 5 can see, that replenishment the deficiency calcium in organism of calves second experimental group is significant increased a degree of using calcium at calves of this group.
Table 5 - Balance of calcium in organism of calves of the experimental groups in monthly age
Index Group
1 2 3
Eaten, g 8,4 15,6 15,7
Excrete with feces, g 3,9 3,5 3,1
Digested, g 4,5 12,1 12,6
Excrete with urine, g 0,3 0,3 0,3
Surplus in the body, g 4,2 11,8 12,3
In % from received, g 50,0±0,79 75,6±0,43** 78,3±0,19***
In % from digested, g 93,3±0,18 97,5±3,16** 97,6±0,12***
* - P <0.05; ** - P <0.01; *** - p <0.001 Difference is significant in compare with the index of animals of the first group
Addition in ration to calves of third experimental group the rumen contents from adult animals and replenishment deficiency of calcium in their ration, by degree of using calcium the calves of this group exceed the analogues from first and second groups.
T able 6 - Balance of phosphorus in organism of calves of experimental groups in monthly age
Parameters Group
1 2 3
E Q) t CD g 8,0 10,2 10,2
Excrete with feces, g 2,4 2,2 2,0
Digested, g 5,6 8,0 8,2
Excrete with urine, g 1,6 1,1 0,9
Surplus in the body, g 4,0 6,9 7,3
In % from received, g 50,0±1,83 67,6±1,45** 71,6±1,05***
In % from digested, g 71,4±2,3 86,3±1,68** 89,0±1,73**
* - P <0.05; ** - P <0.01; *** - p <0.001 Difference is significant in compare with the index of animals of the first group.
From data of table 6 see, that replenishment the deficiency of phosphorus in ration of calves of second experimental group is significant increased the degree of using calcium by calves of this group.
The replenishment of deficiency of phosphorus in ration of calves of third experimental group and in addition in ration to calves of this group rumen contents from adult animals, by degree of using phosphorus calves of the third group exceed the analogies from first and second experimental groups.
Such regularity of using of others macro- and micronutrients, at which were balanced the rations, is observed at calves of second and third experimental groups. At that was established that the most highest degree of using macro- and micronutrients was at calves of the third experimental group, which were fed the rumen contents from adult animals of ten day age.
It point that earlier faunaproventriculus of calves influence not only on palatability of plant's feed and digestibility of their substances, but influence on the metabolism of macro-and micronutrients.
Balance rations to calves of second and third experimental groups at macro- and micronutrients, also including in ration to calves of the third experimental group the rumen content from adult animals positive influence on intensity of their growth (table 7).
From data of table 7 see, that balancing the rations to calves from earlier age about all normalized macro- and micronutrients at calves of second and third experimental groups and further including in ration to calves of third experimental group the rumen content from adult animals can lead to significant increasing intensity of growth of young calves from cattle.
Table 7 - Dynamic at live weight of calves of the experimental groups from birth to sixth monthly age
Parameters Group
1 2 3
Weight of birth,kg 29,36±0,52 29,28±0,66 29,35±0,52
Weight in 6 months, kg 141,21±0,76 155,86±0,58** 166,5±0,61**
Absolutegrowth, kg 111,85 126,58 137,16
Averagedailygain, g 621,39 703,22 762,00
* - P <0.05, ** - P <0.01, *** - p <0.001 Difference is significant in compare with the index of animals of the first group.
Gain of live weight of calves of second and third experimental groups from birth to sixth monthly age was accordingly on 13,2 and 22,6% higher as compare with these index of animals of the first experimental group.
CONCLUSION
In result of research feed of ration to calves at the breeding them in industrial conditions from birth to 6th monthly age established that in rations of calves there is the deficiency such standardized mineral substances as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, iron, cuprum, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iodine.
Balancing ration to calves of second and third experimental groups from 10-12 day age to six monthly age allowed significant increase the degree of using nutrient and bioactive substances. At that the most higher index of using the nutrient substances and balance of macro- and micronutrients were at calves of the third experimental group, which at the same time with the balancing the ration of macro- and micronutrients contain the rumen contents from adult animals in ration.
Weight of calves of first, second and third experimental groups from birth to sixth monthly age is 141,21; 155,86 and 166,50 kg, absolute daily gain is 621,39; 703,22 and 762,00.
REFERENCES
1. Bakanov V.N. Nutrition of farm animals. / V.N. Bakanov, V.K. Menkin. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1986.
2. Bogdanov G.A. Nutrition of farm animals /G.A. Bogdanov. - M.: Agropromisdat, 1990.
3. Bityukov I.P. Practical work by physiology of farm animals /I. P. Bityukov [et al] - M.: Agropromisdat, 1990. - 250 p., ill.
4. Budnaya M.A. Activity cellulose-cleave microflora of rumen cattle in feeding animals rations of different composition: Autoref. Diss.. PhD. - 1963. - 24 p.
5. Golovan V.T. Rational system of breeding calves of milky kinds cattle / V.T. Golovan (and etc). / Milky cattle breeding. - 2008. - 1. - p. 18-19.
6. Georgievskii V.I. Mineral nutrition of animals /V.I. Georgievskii, B.N./ Annenkov, V.T. Samohin. - M.: Kolos, 1979, - p 471, ill.
7. Degtyarev V.P. Some index of rumen digestion at calves in different kinds of feeding / V.P. Degtyarev, A.S. Kozlov. - The ways of increasing productivity of cattle in north Kazahstan: collection of scientific papers NorthSEIC, T, 11 - Alma-Ata, 1972.
8. Durst L. Nutrition of agricultural animals / L. Durst , N. Wittmann . // Vinnitsa, New book. -2003. - p.384.
9. Zaitsev P.S. Use of vitamins and minerals in the diets of dairy cows / P.S. Zaitsev, A.M., Baturov. - Scientific basis for the development of animal husbandry in the rep. Belarus. -1992 .- p. 33.
10. Kalashnikov A.P. The theory of feeding and animal productivity / A.P. Kalashnikov, in Sat digest: Optimization of feeding agricultural animals. - Agricultural Sciences . - M. : 1991. - p. 3-6.
11. Kalashnikov A.P. Norms and rations feeding farm animals. Ch.1 Cattle / A.P. Kalashnikov, N.I. Kleimenov , V.V. Scheglov [et al.] - M.: Knowledge, 2003.
12. Kalnitsky B.D. The current state and future prospects of physiologo-biochemical studies of the energy, protein, vitamins and mineral nutrition of farm animals / B.D. Kalnitsky // Agricultural biology. - 1993. - №4.- p. 3-10.
13. Kalnitsky B.D. New suggestions to perfection the nutrition of dairy cattle . /Kalnitsky B.D., E.L. Kharitonov // Animal husbandry . - 2001, - №11. - p. 20 -25.
14. Kozlov A.S. Features of digestion and metabolism in lactating cows with including in the diet the carbohydrate and lipid supplements. /A.S. Kozlov. - Sat Scientific works SevNIIZhaV. - Alma-Ata, 1991.
15. Krylov V. Influence of feeding conditions on the growth and development of calves in dairy stage. //Proc. of Leningrad Agricultural Institute. - 2007, - №14. - p.83 -88.
16. Kurilov N.V., Sevast'yanova N.A. Age features of digestion and metabolism in young ruminants. // Proc. VNIIshBiP agricultural animals. - 2002. - T. II. - p. 79-93.
17. Kurilov N.V., Sevast'yanova N.A., Korshunov, V.N., Mysnik N.D., Podshibyakin A.E., Firsov, V. Kharitonov, L.V., S.J. Schogalev - Study of the digestive system at ruminants animals (guidelines), 1979. - p. 139.
18. Lapshin S.A. Workshop by zootechnical analysis of feed /S.A. Lapshin [et al.]. - Saransk Publishing House of the Mordov.Un, 1991. - p. 148.
19. Lukashik N.A., Zootechnical analysis of feed / N.A. Lukashik, N.A. Tashchilin - Moscow: Kolos, 1965. - p.186.
20. Makartsev N.G. Nutrition of animals / N.G. Makartsev. - Kaluga: SUE Oblizdat, 1999 . -p. 646.
21. Razumov A.D. Mass analysis of the feed : Directory /A.D. Razumov . - Moscow: Kolos, 1982 . - p. 176 : ill.
22. Tomme M.F. Methods of definition of the digestibility and rations [ Text] / M.F. Tomme . -Moscow.: 1969. - p. 40.
