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Muxammadiev Ashraf, Chief Researcher of State Unitary Enterprise "Scientific and Technical Information"
E-mail: ashiraf@mail.ru, Bozorov Elmurod, senior lecturer, of the department "Automation and management of technological processes and productions" Tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers (TIIAME), Uzbekistan E-mail: bozorov_e@mail.ru
PARAMETERS OF ELECTROIMPULSE PROCESSING FOR DESTRUCTION OF ILLNESSES NEMATODA
Abstract: In this work given measures on struggle with illnesses нематода in root systems of a tomato and cucumbers grows closed ground and sowing areas of Republic, with the help of installation of the electrical pulse categories are considered, the parameters of processing.
Keywords: Agriculture, electro-impulse, nematode illness, enclosed grounds, crop production, land quality, lay eggs.
The yield of agricultural crops is estimated by the amount produced on the crop areas of the produce. The increase in yield depends on the land quality, the right choice and placement of available varieties and plant species that are immune to natural influences and diseases, the creation and cultivation of new hybrid plant cultures, and the development and introduction of new advanced technological methods.
There are a number of objective and subjective measures to achieve this growth the destruction ofweeds and the diseases spread by them is one of them. According to experts, cultivated plants are now seriously harmed by weeds and pathogens living on these weeds and spreading diseases. Therefore, at the present time, one of the topical problems of crop production is, cleaning of cultivated areas from weeds and diseases spread by them.
The main objective of the complex of technical measures carried out in the sown areas with the help of advanced machinery and technical means is the timely processing of sown areas at the required level to achieve high yields. This complex is aimed at centralized provision of agricultural machinery and equipment, efficient use of machinery, timely and high-quality technological processing of crops and further increase in yield Nevertheless, this problem has not yet been solved, since
this is adversely affected by the high cost of rent of machines and mechanisms, a sharp increase in the cost of fuels and lubricants.
In open and closed (greenhouses) cultivated areas occupied by cotton, cereals and vegetables - melons and gourds in farmed farms of the republic, there are various diseases. In recent years, serious damage has been caused from nematode sickness of crop yields [1, 2, 3, 4, 8]. Particularly serious damage is caused to crops ofvegetables, melons and crops in enclosed grounds (greenhouses).
Tomatoes and cucumbers are the most used food products, and in terms of production volumes, they occupy the second place in the republic after potatoes. The reason for the increased consumption of tomatoes and cucumbers is the presence in them of vitamins and trace elements necessary for human beings, as well as their simple canning. The nematode developing in the roots of plants hinder the cultivation of these products. On the sown areas of the republic, the following species of nematodes often occur: nematode nematodes of northern Meloidogyne hapla Chitw, members of Meloido-gyne Goel ground, nematodes of southern Meloidogyne incagnita Kof et White, nematodes of Javanese Meloidogyne javanica Treual and sand or nut nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria Neal.
Typically, viruses that are in the infected soil, are introduced into the root system of the plant, lay eggs and develop, feeding on nutrients of plant roots [6].
The aforementioned negative effects of the nematode, in addition to the damage caused by the infection of plants, still lead to a decrease in yields. Nematodes cause very great damage to agriculture, for example for potatoes this damage is 80%, for greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers - 60%. To eliminate the consequences of nematode infection, 30% of the costs in agriculture are accounted for.
On the basis of many years research, in the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers developed a new technology for controlling the nematode, as well as an electric pulse installation for its implementation [1, 4, 7]. The proposed technology is characterized by the fact that it is economical, environmentally safe, effective in the implementation of existing methods of processing plants. The application of this technique does not affect the value of the crop and, most importantly, has no dangerous consequences. It is applied in the summer after harvesting or in the autumn processing of the land.
Rich in mineral fertilizers, root crops of tomatoes and cucumbers are a source of nematode nutrition, which has the property of rapidly developing and destroying the structure of root cells, creating cavities and uneven ribbed nodes in them. In the III-IV periods of development of the body of mature females, the nematodes in the root system of the plants become round and bulbous. Mature female nematodes lay between 100 and 1500 larvae. The number of larvae deposited by developed females of nematodes can reach 3500 pieces. In the cultivated areas of vegetables in Central Asia and the Caucasus, the nematode female lays eggs of larvae from 3 to 7 times a year [4].
Experimental studies on use of electro-impulse discharges to control the vector of the nematode virus were carried out at pilot sites in the cooperative economy of Gulistan Kagan district of the Bukhara region. Field experiments on the electro-pulse treatment of the vectors of the virus were conducted with the participation of the entomologist of the cooperative economy [4].
In Fig. 1 shows the scheme of the effect of electro-impulse discharges on a plant infected with nematode
worms.
Figure1. Scheme of treatment with electric pulse discharges infected plan
1 - power supply; 2 - high-voltage device; 3-4 - high-voltage electrical cables; 5-6 - electrodes; 7 - stalk of plants; 8 -infected plant roots; 9 - earth (clay); 10-11 - nematode larvae
The order of operation according to the scheme Fig. 1: the positive electrode is fed to the lower part of the stem, the negative electrode is connected to the ground. After connecting the device to the power source, an electric current begins to flow between the plant stem and roots. High-voltage discharges of electric current pass
through nematodes, infected plant roots and disease-spreading microorganisms. Current pulses act on the membrane of plant cells and the surface of the nema-tode virus, which leads to the destruction and destruction of the root system and membrane of the nematode viruses. This method is used after harvesting infected
plants. (Table 1) and Figures 1 and 2 show the results of plants of tomatoes and cucumbers by an electro-impulse experimental studies of the treatment of disease-causing current discharge.
Table 1.- The results of experimental studies of the treatment of pathogenic plants of tomatoes and cucumbers by an electroimpulse current discharge
No. P. Experiment Voltage, V. Processing time, sec. The energy of the pulse, J. Degree of neutraliza-tion,%
Tomato
1. 1 1000 0.2 0.0010 35
2. 2 2000 0.2 0.0020 49
3. 3 3000 0.2 0.0045 60
Cucumbers
4. 1 1000 0.2 0.0010 35
5. 2 2000 0.2 0.0020 40
6. 3 3000 0.2 0.0045 59
Dependencies of the degree of neutralization on the P = f (Q) for tomatoes and cucumbers are given on the
voltage of the pulse U = f (Q) and the momentum energy characteristics of (Figures 2, 3).
p, % u, v
/01 3500
60 - - 3000
30
20 -
10- -
50 i___2500_
49
40 2000
1500
1000
500
1 A
/ / A___. □
---- A ---J □ 2
□
Q,J
0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025 0,003 0,0035 0,004 0,0045 0,005
Figure 2. Graph of the change in the magnitude of the voltage from the time of pulses by an electric pulse current discharge for tomatoes
The results of the studies showed that the nematode virus was destroyed at 60% of the infected plants with the following parameters of the electropulse treatment: discharge voltage Up = 3 kV, current flow time Tp = 0.2 s, discharge energy Wp = 0.0045 J. Taking into account the above, it can be concluded that the method of elec-tropulse treatment effectively fights the vectors of the disease with worms [4, 7]. Electro-impulse discharges act on the upper layers of the soil, where the main root system of the plant is located, to lower layers, in which
inactive (sleeping) larvae of nematode discharges may be located to a lesser extent.
If in areas without a crop rotation, and without detoxifying measures, after 2-3 years to sow the same culture again, the number of nematodes can grow up to 1 billion per 1 m2 of land. Some plants increase the species of nematodes and especially nematodes with parasitic properties. The increase in the number of nematodes in the soil strongly damages crop yields.
P, %
u, V
70
60
50
40
35 30
20
10
j 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 A
A A
□
a
Q, J
0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025 0,003 0,0035 0,004 0,0045
Figure 3. Changes in the magnitude of the voltage from the time of pulses by an electric pulse current discharge for cucumbers
0,005
Inputs and Suggestions
Experimental studies of the application of the proposed device show a reduction in the amount of the virus of the nematode and larvae in the ground treated with electropulse discharges, compared to the untreated areas by 65-68%. Based on the results of repeated inspections, the number of nematode larvae
before sowing the second vegetation period of plants was 15%.
Experimental studies of the treatment of pathogenic plants oftomato and cucumber by an electric pulse current discharge have shown their effectiveness at parameters of electropulse processing: discharge voltage Up = 3 kV, current flow time rp = 0.2 s, discharge energy Wp = 0.0045 J.
References:
1. Toshpolatov N. T., Baizakov T. M., Bozorov E. O. Preliminary patent "Method of harvesting plants" No. 3456 nod. 505 reg. In the state. The Register of Inventions, Industrial Designs and Utility Models of the Republic of Uzbekistan.- 1996.
2. Mukhammadiev A. On some results on the disinfection of cotton remnants infected with wilt and the destruction of weeds by electric current. Theses of reports conf. on problems of mechanization and electrification c.- x. TIIIMSH, Tashkent: - 1997.- 16 p.
3. Mukhammadiev A., Jabarov N.G., Totanov U. K. Post-harvest electrospark processing. (Abstracts of the II AllUnion Scientific Technical Conference "Electrosaving electrical equipment for automatic transmissions" October, 1990, Moscow). Informelectro,- Moscow: - 1990.
4. Bozorov E. O. Electroimpuls treatment in diseases of Nematode. Problems of energy efficiency in agro-industrial complex. Republican scientific-practical conference. Tashkent.- 2003.
5. Tarushkin V. I. Technological complex of dielectric separating devices // Mechanization and electrification of agriculture,- 1983.- No. 4.
6. Kondakova E. I., Ignatova S. I. Possibility of destruction of nematode-resistant tomatoes by species of the genus Meloidogyne. The WIGIS Bulletin.- M. - 1985. Issue 141.
7. Toshpolatov N. T., Bozorov E. O. and others. Method of electroimpulse treatment of plants. A patent for an invention. Application IAP - 20030429 02.04.2003.
8. Mukhammadiev A., Jabarov N.G., Baizakov T.M., Denmukhammadiev A.M., Totanov U. K. Development of technology using electric spark discharges. Abstracts All-Union Technical Seminar "Non-traditional Electro-technologies in Agricultural Production and Life in the Village" (November, 1991, Katsiveli-Crimea). VIESH.-M.: - 1991.
