CC BY
38
УДК 02
T. F. Berestova
PARADIGMS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY SCIENCE: BOOK, DOCUMENT, RESOURCE
Sokolov A. V., Berestova T. F. Paradigmy bibliografovedenija: kniga, dokument, resurs [Paradigms of Bibliography science: book, document, resource.
Essays about the past and the future of Bibliography science]. Chelyabinsk, 2014. 489 p. (Rus).
В настоящей статье («Парадигмы библиографоведения: книга, документ, ресурс») приводятся основные положения одноименной книги А. В. Соколова и Т. Ф. Берестовой (Челябинск, 2014), раскрываются основные термины библиографоведения с позиции парадигмального подхода. Очерки характеризуют объективные и субъективные факторы, определявшие содержание библиографической науки на различных исторических этапах. Большое внимание уделяется интегративным тенденциям библиографической и информационной теории и практики в XXI в. обосновываются социальные функции и миссия библиографии на разных этапах развития, делается прогноз роли библиографии в информационном обществе.
Ключевые слова: парадигма, библиографоведение, книга, документ, ресурс
Abstract. The article contains main provisions of the book and discloses general bibliography studies terms from the position ofparadigmal approach. The sketches characterize objective und subjective factors determining the contents of the bibliography science at different stages of history. Much emphasis is put on integrative trends of bibliographical and informational theory and practice in XXI century. The author substantiates social functions and mission of bibliography at different development stages and forecasts the role of bibliography in informational society.
Keywords: paradigm, bibliography science, book, document, resource
The book is devoted to O. P. Korshunov, the classic of Bibliography science.
In the preface the authors give their own interpretation and understanding of a paradigm approach. Scientific paradigms most fully and reliably reflect specialized consciousness and self-consciousness of different epochs which have been more adequately reflected in a specialized science. Bibliographical thought itself while reflecting and evaluating bibliographic practical activities experience taking into consideration external social-economic and technical-technological factors initiates the review of old paradigms and offers new paradigmal meanings. Semantic unity as professional self-consciousness expressed in words is a specialized paradigm. Thus Bibliographical paradigm - is universal meanings of the Bibliography Social Institute (BSI) at the present period of time expressed by specialized terms.
The meanings of three kinds perform as structural constituents of a paradigm:
- profession credo - values, aims and mythological images directing BSI subjects ac-
tivity regardless of these subjects functional specializations;
- theoretical nucleus, reflecting professional bibliographical world outlook and including a) concept (category) identifying paradigm; b) scientific notions (object, subject, bibliographical phenomena boundary principle); c) methodological approaches;
- technical aids and organizational solutions used by BSI subjects in practical activity.
Paradigmal constituents mentioned above answer the main questions of a scientific knowledge: What is bibliography for?
- See profession credo; What is bibliographyl science? - See theoretical nucleus of a paradigm; How does the Bibliography State Institute function? - See technical aids and organizational solutions. The work points out book-centrist, document-centrist and asset-centrist paradigms as well as hypothetically determined humanist (anthrop-centrist) paradigm that belongs to the possible state of bibliography in the Society of
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Knowledge that will replace the Informational Society. The logic of the statement is as follows: from Book concept to Document concept, from Document concept to Electronic asset concept, from Electronic asset concept to anthroposyncretism concept. The author has carried out explication and essential definition of Book, Document, and Bibliographical electronic asset paradigmal concepts:
Book - is a long-term portable storage, a way of circulating and transferring of socially valuable spiritual meaning expressed by the signs which can be read by man;
Document - is a long-term storage and the way transferring any meanings expressed by any communicative signs;
Bibliographic electronic asset - is electronic a human-computing system providing long-term storage and transferring of bibliographical knowledge (bibliographical information) expressed by electronic signs which can be read by computer.
The book-centrist paradigm is directed toward source materials and bibliographical productions; the document-centrist paradigm admits primary and secondary documents electronic and non-electronic parallel existence; the asset-centrist paradigm considers bibliographical system as bibliographical electronic asset with electronic informational assets as meta-system. The given paradigms correlate with different types of scientific rationality:
• classical rationality - the book-centrist paradigm including enlightenment (scientific-bookish) and soviet (auxiliary-ideological) versions;
• non-classical rationality - documents-centrist and asset-centrist paradigms based on information-technological principles and theories;
• post-non-classical rationality -hypothetic humanist paradigm.
In the first chapter “Bibliography - a book science: book-centrist paradigm” the author points out the essence of book through the book-science excursus and gives definitions
and characteristic features of bibliography in book communication, studies the formation of enlightenment book-centrist paradigm in Europe and in Russia and defines peculiarities of Russian and Soviet bibliography development on the grounds of two utopia projects: encyclopedic project directed at allsided inventory of all book space and social environment and enlightenment project with the aim to harmonize book space and social environment according to the principle: every reader - his book, every book - its reader. The chapter finishes with the overrunning of bibliography the boundaries of book-centrist paradigm to Bible study, ideography and documentation.
The second chapter is devoted to documents-centrist paradigm which started its development with the moment of scientific revolution in bibliography initiated by
O. P. Korshunov concept. The chapter studies non-classical general theoretical bibliographical concepts and non-document-centrist concepts and summarizes methodological achievements of the document-centrist paradigm connected with the systematic approach due to which the author has determined theoretical grounds of the infra-structural character of bibliography and its integrity, of its inner structure and its functions classifications. At the same time the author stresses simultaneous actions of essential, derivative (applied) and technological functions and analyzes bibliographical problems beyond bibliography science (the theory of documents flow and bibliographical search, folding and deflations of documents). Prospects of the document-centrist paradigm gave been determined through document-centrist excursus to the essence of Document, through the bibliography as a searching infrastructure evolution starting with the before the appearance of written language epi-system to electronic one. One of the paragraphs of Chapter two is devoted to the differentiation and integration of non-classical bibliography science including computer science the development of which resulted in the formation
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of analytical-synthetic infrastructure with fully coincided generic functions and quite different specific functions of bibliographical infrastructure.
The bibliography asset-centrist paradigm in informational society development and its peculiarities are presented in Chapter three. It is impossible to define the notion of asset-centrist paradigm without the Information notion. To disclose the essence of the Information concept in bibliography science paradigms the use of general scientific definition determining Social information as the means of social senses in the form of communicative signs expression. The authors stress “the means but not social senses themselves”. Within the frames of social information there exist three kinds:
A. Semantic information - a kind of social information expressing spiritual senses in the form of natural communicative signs;
B. Computing information - a kind of social information expressing computer meanings by means of computer-reading signs; C. Electronic information - a kind of social information expressing spiritual senses by means of computer-reading signs. The authors pay special attention to the informational approach in bibliography, to the phenomena and definitions of informational (computing) environment (semantic and computing/ electronic) and different informational resources including Internet. Internet as Global net has been considered both as a necessary instrument of modern bibliographical activity and informational resource. Bibliographical resources are determined in two ways: by elements and by systems. The definition of the bibliographical resource is as follows: it is electronic man-machine system providing longterm storage and transfer of bibliographical knowledge expressed by electronic computing signs. Many pages are devoted to the Internet problem including the views of humanities students. Besides that the author studies the role of Internet in the development of global informational society and determines the Informational society itself as a simulacrum of
global post-industrial intelligently-developed society meeting material and spiritual demands of a personality, social groups and the state by means of machine information technologies. The paragraph on the problems of informational society in Russia formation contains the review of informational society formation programs and the reasons of their slow development. One of the conditions of informational society appearance is informatization which has taken the character of a global phenomenon. Global informatization brings a lot of inter-connected problems (futurological, natural-scientific, economic, social-demographic, and cultural).
Defining semantic environment as a result and functioning conditions of semantic social communication in oral (verbal and non-verbal forms), documentary, electronic forms the authors arrive at the conclusion that modern bibliography is able to play the part of a documentary communication infrastructure where bibliography is considered as a social institute of documents communications system with a searching infrastructure (a kind of secondary documentary sub-system, ensuring the production (description), choice, systematization, storage of bibliographical knowledge (normally formed factual data of documents) aiming at signaling of new inflows and subsequent bibliographical search.
Technogeneous civilization contains the division (bifurcation) of documentary communication into electronic and non-electronic parts with the rapid growth of electronic digital resources which must be a meta-system of corresponding searching infrastructures. It is easy to assume that global informational system will consist of several infrastructures including bibliographical searching infrastructure and analytical-synthetic infrastructure which belongs not to bibliography but to factography and conceptography as its aim is to get new facts and concepts. However secondary-documentary essence of these infrastructures and their formation methods haven’t been recognized even at the production level yet.
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Among the factors considerably influencing present and future positions of bibliography quantitative changes of electronic on-line assets regarding their access and usability have been pointed out. They are as follows:
• combining of library catalogs and bibliographical card files within the frames of unique electronic informational systems;
• transition from presentations of reference-bibliographical aids (RBA) as the one of a certain library to the presentations of global informational resources guides;
• combining (thanks to the complex bibliographical and full-text database) of two service cutouts - a library cutout (primarily-documentary or document presentation) and bibliographical one;
• information approximation to reader’s place of residence or work with the possibility of getting information services by means of virtual library.
Understanding of the present situation in modern bibliography forms the conclusion of the necessity to re-structuralize bibliography science, its division into computing bibliography science, directed at learning the processes of generation and processing of machine-readable on-line assets (digital data arrays) and humanistic bibliography science aimed at creation and usage of man-read bibliographical assets.
The subject of computing bibliography science is the usage of computer technologies for all-sided inventory of book environment which was the ambition of bibliographers-academists at the beginning of XX century. The formation of comprehensive national memory can be a principally new contribution of computing bibliography science into the book culture. Humanistic bibliography science is aimed at the embodiment of supporting-voluntary ambition of bibliographers-enlighteners to harmonize book and social environment according to the principle - every reader his own book, every book to its reader. Transfer of this utopia into the status of
predicting reality supposes the usage of bibliographical on-line assets for pedagogically proved influence on the readers.
Asset-centrist paradigm apart from book-centrist and document-centrist paradigms bifurcates into a Digit - digital communication with bibliographical on-line assets (machine-readable database) and an Alpha- alphabetic documents communication with the assets of semantic information (man-readable books and documents) but a digit and an alpha are interconnected on the principle of “means -aim”. It means that computing bibliography science provides working out of new bibliographical activity effective means, and humanistic bibliography science determines humanistic aims which can be reached only when using digital assets. Contradictions of the resource-centrist paradigm have been specified by the fact that bibliography is a searching infrastructure of two different kinds of social communication - Book-documents
communication and Electronic communication.
Outlines of the future paradigm are based on the ideas of new-syncretism. This paradigm can be called anthrop-centrist one where the profession credo is connected with the humanistic orientation and theoretical nucleus -with the “humanism” concept including five universal features of culture such as rationalist, freedom of self-realization, esthetic, axiological and ethic, and technical means and organizational decisions of new-syncretism serve to the informatization of humanism and to the humanization of informatization.
The final aim of the research consisted in finding vitality guarantees for bibliography and bibliography science in global informational society. That’s why it was necessary to determine what essential mission the Bibliography Social Institute (BSI) should undertake to authorize its existence. According to the authors of the book it is humanization of informational society and opposition to the dehumanization tendencies. The balance between aggression of commercial and war technologies and humanistic mechanism of
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their repression is necessary for technological civilization sustainable development.
The survey was directed at solving the whole complex of tasks:
1) Methodological task - justification and practical use of paradigmal approach as a new methodology of researching of dynamics of bibliography-scientific ideas;
2) Historical task - to determine the most important paradigmal concepts of the Russian bibliography science in the period of XIX - XX centuries and to follow their changes and succession;
3) Futurological task - to afford possible cutouts of that post-non-classical bibiliography-science paradigm which will be able to meet optimistic expectations.
All these problems have been solved: paradigmal approach entered the toolbox of bibliographical researches; paradigmal bibliography-science concepts have been revealed (book, document, asset), the analysis of their changes and succession and the
paradigms themselves have been correlated with different types of scientific rationality; the cutouts of future post-non-classical bibliography-science paradigm called anthrop-centrist.
The research hypothesis sounded like this: Bibliography Social Institute (BSI) while fulfilling humanistic mission had to deliver access to humanistic book resources as the most important heritage of human culture. But it hasn’t been confirmed. Neither the state authorities nor bibliography-scientists and bibliographers have realized that maintenance of BSI as information environment infrastructure will be vitally important for global informational society provided the humanistic mission of bibliography has been fulfilled. Vital priorities of the further bibliography branch development should include not only learning of utility and comfort of informatization but first of all of BSI humanization as one of the constituents of mankind protection universal potential.
Received 26.05.2014
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