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Секция 5. Лингвистика
Khamraeva Yorqinoy Nabizhanovna, Ph. D. in Philology, Karshy State University (Uzbekistan),
the Faculty of Philology E-mail: [email protected]
Paradigm of verbal synonyms in semantic field
Abstract: The main object of article is to show a paradigm of verbal synonyms in a semantic field. The author of article considers a verbal synonym from the point of view of semantic unity.
Keywords: semantic field, paradigmatic relations, personality, temporality, locality, the core and the periphery.
The semantic field on the part of scientists is treated differently. It should be noted that some concepts are very similar, while others contradict each other; the third differ from those and others. And here different points of view are observed in relation to the “field”. For example, if F. P. Filin names the field a semantic affinity and similarity of meanings, L. Weisgerber names it a certain part of linguistic meaning and its component part, and G. Ipsen and A. Jolles have seen in the “field” a semantic group in which words are connected with each other in meanings. A similar interpretation can be seen and in words of J. Trier who claimed that «the verbal field represents a group ofwords which are closely connected with each other in meaningful relations and, being interdependent, predetermine meanings of each other» [3, 23].
In “The Dictionary oflinguistic terms” by T. V Zhereb-ilo the following definition is given to this notion: “SEMANTIC FIELD is onomasiologic and a semantic grouping of words, their hierarchical organization incorporated by one hereditary meaning and representing a certain semantic sphere in language. Onomasiologic property of a semantic field is a presence of hereditary seme in its basis, or a hyper seme, designating a class of objects. Sema-siological property of a semantic field is a correlation of field members with each other to integral-differential attributes in their meanings...” [2, 267].
One may come to such a conclusion from aforesaid characteristics: all above-named scientists are unified with aspiration to scientific research of internal structure of language on the basis of lexical-semantic system, in fact system character of lexicon is found out in distribution of words incorporated by meanings in lexical-semantic paradigms.
It is necessary to note, that verbal lexemes carry out a special role in a semantic field. It is concerned with that, the verbs opposing to nouns always possess the greater stability in comparison with the last. The most part of verbs, keeping the conditional attributes, are frequently used in figurative meaning, so polysemy is a constant follower of verbal lexicon. For this reason the verb in the Uzbek
linguistics is one of deeply investigated and perfectly developed spheres in comparison with other parts ofspeech.
In opinion of Russian scientist L. M. Vasiliev at semantic classification of verbal lexicon it is necessary to take into account three principles: 1) denotative (or thematic); 2) paradigmatic and 3) syntagmatic [1, 39]. Let’s consider the given thesis by the example of a verbal lexeme "qaramoq” — “to look”.
1. At denotative the approach ontological division first of all such concepts, as a subject, a sign, a condition and action are observed. First of all denotative meanings of lexemes are taken into account with the purpose of allocation of semantic fields, when distributing words with common meanings, to lexical-semantic or to thematic groups in ideographic dictionaries. In this way semantic fields “Flora”, “Fauna”, “Person”, etc. are determined.
Association of lexemes into the certain conceptual classes occurs under requirements of the semantic field connected to the given concept. Such grouping doesn’t occur chaotically, but under the concrete plan. Otherwise, certain words on the basis of semantic affinity are distributed on the center and periphery of a semantic field. A set of usual relations makes this or that paradigm in lexicon and defines it’s functioning. Verbs in the Uzbek language as a significant part of speech in this respect are considered active and steady.
It is necessary to note, that the verbal lexeme qar-amoq is one of active units of a semantic field “Person”; 18 meanings of this word, and also more than 10 values in combination with other language units are given in an explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language [7, 243-244]. In connection with that the given lexeme is correlative with notion “eye”, sharply differs from lexemes eshitmoq — to hear, so'zlamoq — to speak, hidlamoq — to smell, yemoq — to eat, yurmoq — to go, and in any sense it’s even opposed to them. For example: Akbar derazadan kochaga qaradi. — Akbar has looked at street through the window (the executor of action is the subject); O'ng tarafdan qadam tovushi eshitildi. — The sounds of steps were heard on the right (action is irrelative to subject).
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2. In paradigmatic relations the verb qaramoq shows the following attributes:
a) Possesses synonymy: boqmoq — to glance., tikilm-oq — to stare, etc.
b) has an antonymous pair: koz yummoq [9] —
1. to close eyes. (It is necessary to note, that the given verb has also other semes: 2. “To die, “pass away", “to give soul”;
3. “not to take into account", “not to react”, “to be silent”. But with these meanings the word enters into other, separate semantic fields.
c) It is filled with a positive estimation: boqmoq — to glance, termilmoq — to stare, to look for a long time, nazar solmoq — to cast a glance at, to look for a moment, nazar tashlamoq — to take a glance, etc.; in a negative estimation: olaymoq — to stare wide-eyed, baqraymoq — to
g°gg^ etc.
3. In some cases interrelation or non interrelation of any word to a semantic field is defined on a degree of its coherence with the words which are in a nucleus. Hence, the special attention is demanded to syntagmatic relations of lexemes. For example, the word qaramoq considered by us has a neutral filling; therefore it can be used in a combination with many words ofthe given paradigm: koz qiri bilan qaramoq — to look of an eye edge, uyalib qaramoq — to look with hesitation, suq bilan qaramoq — to look with envy, qarab o'tmoq — to look over, etc. However the word baqraymoq (to stare) is impossible to use with words: uyalib (felling embarrassed), sevib (with love), etc.
It is known, that one of the most widespread relations in a verbal paradigm is a synonymy. This phenomenon is widely developed in the Uzbek linguistics; however it is not given a proper estimation from the point of view of a semantic field. Using only a theoretical approach to a semantic field it is possible to determine such phenomena as personality, temporality, locality in it [6], and to establish real verbal synonymy in close association with the given concepts. For example, S. Muhamedova when grouping words expressing direction ofmovement, at first separated them to verbs denoting statistical and dynamic movements. In turn she allocated verbs ofdynamic movement to: verbs ofobj ective movement and verbs of obj ect-free movements. The first group is divided into six, and the second one — into three subgroups [4].
In our opinion, it is not the final stage in studying verbal lexemes. The most part of object-free verbs of motion is correlative to a personal micro field. In these verbs alongside with expression of horizontal, vertical, circular, standing, rotating movements, also in each movement and a condition there are points ofthe beginning, continuation and the end. This variety forms verbal synonymy.
On presence of the basic parts of a body of the person, accordingly for each of them function the verbs expressing action and condition, and it’s not enough to give them a oneway estimation. So, let’s return to verbal lexemes with the meaning concerned with the movement ofan eye. Two synonymic lines with the notion “to see” are given in “The Explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Uzbek language”:
1. “QARAMOQ(to look), BOQMOQ(to glance). — To look at something or anywhere, to glance at. Boqmoq is used less often.
2. TERMILMOQ (to stare), TIKILMOQ (to
gaze intently), TO NMOQ(to glare, fix an eye on). There are positive shades in a word termilmoq, “to look with good intentions” [8, 126].
Features of the given paradigm do not come to the end with it. Z. Siddikov investigated 29 values of a verb qaramoq (to look), 15 values — boqmoq (to glance), 29 values — ko'rmoq (to see), such lexemes as moralamoq (to spy, peep) are added to the above-named paradigm still, kuzatmoq (to observe, watch), ko'zi tushmoq (to notice, drop an eye on), etc. [5].
In the Uzbek language this paradigm is considered as one of active ones. In order to define its specific character we need to reveal a leading word — a descriptor. In our opinion, this function is carried out by a word qaramoq:
1. ko'rmoq (to see); ko'zi tushmoq (to notice); kozyu-gurtirmoq — look through;
2. moralamoq (to peep at);poylamoq (to spy); kuzat-moq — to watch;
3. tikilmoq — to gaze at; termilmoq — to look (stare) with good intentions; tonmoq — to glare, fix an eye on; razm solmoq — to peer at, to examine;
4. boqmoq — to glance; nazar solmoq — to cast a glance at, nazar tashlamoq — to shoot a glance, nigoh tash-lamoq — to glance over;
5. javdiramoq — to look wit begging eyes; anqay-moq — to look in wide-eyed astonishment;
6. alanglamoq — to look round, alang-jalang qilmoq — to look perplexedly; olazarak bo'lmoq — to look round anxiously;
7. baqraymoq — to goggle at, olaymoq — to stare wide-eyed, chaqchaymoq — to gaze on, o'qraymoq — to frown at, etc.
If in the above we see a nucleus of a paradigm ofa verb “qaramoq”, in periphery there are verbs ochmoq — to open (eyes), yummoq — to close (eyes), etc. All these lexemes are incorporated around one archi-seme "ko'ruv” — “vision” into one semantic field, based on affinity on semantic structure. It’s necessary to note that verbs ofthe given paradigm are neutral in stylistic aspect first filled in a positive
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Секция 5. Лингвистика
shade, and then — in negative; and all of them are united in one paradigm with the common seme “to perceive by means of eyes”. A blind person cannot execute any of the mentioned actions.
It is necessary to note, that each word of a semantic field is united with the help of a common line with main leading lexeme on the basis of a common seme. For example, lexemes such as tush (dream), ko'rmoq (to see), ay-tmoq (to tell), aloq-chaloq (nightmares), ta’bir (interpretation), tun (night) are united in a uniform semantic field with the archi-seme uyqu (dream). In most cases in such fields verbs carry out the function of a leading lexeme. In formation of the given semantic field the verb uxlamoq (to sleep) plays a particular role.
This verb forms a synonymic line of graduonyms with following lexemes: mudramoq (to drowse; to nod), mizg'imoq (to take a nap), kozilintirmoq (fall asleep ‘short
time sleep’), dongqotmoq (to have a deep sleep). It should be taken into account that not any word which is behind a line has a relation to the given micro field. For example, the verb uyg'onmоq (to wake up) has no direct connection with a word tush (dream). But at the given lexical level in general, such relations of verbal lexemes are boundless and various.
Semantic fields in language are presented by uncountable sets; they are used in speech of a person with a certain objective. Exploration of such fields and their attributes and a detailed research of the information on semantic structure of each lexical unit will promote in improvement of mental activity of each person; as the language is a means of communication, it demands from the owners to follow the most acceptable kind at selection of this or that unit of a semantic field, and also true understanding of its significant components.
Reference:
1. Vasiliev L. M. Semantics of Russian verb. M.: High School, - 1981 p., - p. 184.
2. Zherebilo T. V. The dictionary of linguistic terms. Nazran: LLC «Pilgrim», - 2010, - p. 486.
3. Karaulov Yu. N. Common and Russian ideography. - M.: Nauka, - 1976, - p. 365.
4. Muhamedova S. Semantic and valency features of verbs of action in Uzbek language: abstract of PhD paper work. - Tashkent, - 2007, - p. 48.
5. Siddikov Z. Semantics of lexemes of vision in Uzbek and Turkey languages: abstract of paper of the candidate of philological sciences. - Tashkent, - 2000, - p. 24.
6. Theory of functional grammar. (Bondarko A. V and others.): Temporality. Modality. - L.: Nauka, - 1990, - p. 264.
7. The explanatory dictionary of Uzbek language. 5th volume, Tashkent: ‘National encyclopedia of Uzbekistan’ National scientific publishing, - 2008, - p. 592.
8. Khojiev A. The explanatory dictionary of Uzbek synonyms - Tashkent: Uqituvchi, - 1974, - p. 307.
9. The components of compound verbs in Uzbek made up of two root morphemes are not written together.
Shevchenko Alexander Ivanovich, Candidate of philological sciences, associate professor of the department of theory and practice of translation from the English language of Zaporozhye National University, Zaporozhye (Ukraine) E-mail: [email protected]
The semantic potential of the English language publicistic text in the paradigm of teleology
Abstract: Sense generation in publicistic discourse is postulated as a teleologically determined means of realisation of the semantic potential of the English language publicistic text. This process is viewed as correlated with the final goal signification, structuring and restructuring of the textually represented reality by means ofboth linear (language) and nonlinear (schematic) systems of representation. Language representations of facts of reality in publicistic discourse form semiotic monads epitomizing the symbiosis of language and cognitive mechanisms of realisation of the semantic potential of the text.
Keywords: semantic potential, teleology, goal, sense generation, publicistic text, discourse, schematic representation, semiotic monad.
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