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ОЦЕНКА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ В МОНГОЛИИ
Оюунцэрэн Нямсурэн
Монгольский государственный сельскохозяйственный университет, Агроэкологический институт, 17024, Монголия, Улаанбаатар, Зайсан, район-Хан-Уул ХААИС, доцент, доктор наук, директор Агроэкологического института, тел. +976-11-341753, моб. тел. +976-11-95952526, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Оюунбилэг Цэнд
Монгольский государственный, сельскохозяйственный университет, Агроэкологический институт, 17024, Монголия, Улаанбаатар, Зайсан, район-Хан-Уул. ХААИС, старший преподаватель кафедры земельного менежмента, тел. +976-11-342410, моб. тел. 976-11-99133000, e-mail: [email protected]
В статье дается анализ и положение нынешной ситуации сельскохзяйственных земель.
Ключевые слова: земледелие, земельная стоимость, базовая стоимость, качество, Монголия.
THE ISSUES OF CROPLANDS EVALUATION IN MONGOLIA
Oyuntseren Nyamsuren
Mongolian University of Life Sciences, 17024, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan, Khan-Uul district, 11th horoo, Main bld., Director of the Institute of Agroecology, Doctor of Science, Associate Professor, tel. +976-11-341753, mob. tel. 976-11-95952526, e-mail: [email protected]
Oyunbileg Tsend
Mongolian University of Life Sciences, 17024, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Zaisan, Khan-Uul district, 11th horoo, Main bld., Institute of Agroecology, Department of Land Management, Doctor of Science, tel. +976-11-342410, mob. tel. 976-11-99133000, e-mail: [email protected]
The analysis and today situation concerning croplands in Mongolia are discussed.
Key words: agriculture, land evaluation, base value, Mongolia.
Mongolia's land is perhaps its most valuable resource. Mongolia covers a vast and diverse territory of more than 156 million hectares. Total Agricultural land is112.7 million ha. Pasture land comprises the great majority of Mongolia's territory (about 126 million hectares), while arable land is about 1.200 million hectares and urban and settlement areas comprise a very small fraction of total land areas.
With the purpose to reveal the suitable area for the cropland, V.F. Shubin established the special commission in cooperation with the government of Autonomic Mongolia and conducted the detailed survey in 1915-1916 on the territories of the khoshuus (soums) that have the future for developing the agriculture.
During the 1960s when the fallow lands were owned and had been actively conducting the agricultural production, the lands were divided into 1-4 levels of agroproduction at first time according to the suitability for the agriculture.
In 1975-1977, the basis for giving the evaluations on the croplands that were divided into 4 groups of the agro-production was developed at first time.
Government of Mongolia realized to started new policy of land affairs from transition period for market economy in 1992. Mongolian history has not information that Mongolian citizen owned the urban land, appraised land and taxation for ownership land until 1992. Since the newly structure of land affairs in urban land was created to started by Constitution which is published in 1992.
In1993, sub-project implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Land Policy Institute for giving the evaluations for the agricultural tenure land:
- Developed the methodology for the soil quality evaluation of Mongolia. It includes: general principle of the soil quality evaluation, sequences for making the soil quality evaluation, methodology of the scales for evaluations
- Determined the economic basic indices for the agricultural tenure land, the scales for the evaluations of the crop land's soil quality, and the scales of the nutritive quality of the pasture land of Mongolia
The Land Fee law and No. 152 of regulation of Government which is to do some action for charging Land Fee law were published in 1997 and it was to regulate affairs of land fee and land basic value.
The No. 152 of regulation of Government is fundamental legal act in Mongolia.
It is:
- Defined the amount of the basic land evaluation of the major classifications according to the zones.
- Determined the capacity of the lands according to the amount of harvests to be taken from one hectares of land.
- Worked out the first version for defining the basic fees and payments per one hectares of land.
The basic value was made to base population volume in urban area and specialists given to be same basic value for cities with nearly population. For example: Mongolian all big city's land basic value are same 40.0 million.tug square meter. But, cities are very different situations for economy, society and location.
There are 329 soums (sub province), 21 provinces in Mongolia. But these soums divided into only 4 value zones in agricultural land. Also, these soums' development of location, society and economy are very different.
Table 1
Basic value and land fee range of urban area of the Mongolia
Urban Land fee range (thousand. tugrug)
Sub classification Population(thou sand.people) Name of City Base value (million.tug) minimum maximum
City Capital Ulaanbaatar 440.0 440.0 4,400.0
Big city in country 50.0-500.0 Darkhan 300.0 300.0 900.0
Erdenet 200.0 200.0 600.0
Choibalsan 120.0 120.0 360.0
Big city in province 30.0-50.0 Uliastai Ulgii Murun Tsetserleg Khovd Ulaangom Sukhbaatar 50.0 50.0 100.0
15.0-30.0 Bayankhongor 40.0 40.0 80.0
Undurkhaan Zuunmod Baruun-Urt Sainshand Dalanzadgad Arvaikheer Mandalgovi Altai Zuunkharaa Bulgan Tosontsengel Choir
Town Town and soum centre 0.5-15.0 Soum centre 8.0 8.0
Other 0.5 Other town 5.0 5.0
town
Table 2
Basic value and land fee range of agricultural land of the Mongolia
Index of land value zone Pasture Crop Hay land
Basic value (Thousand tugrug/ hectare) In land for per one sheep Minimum land fee in ha (tugrug) Minimum fee in one sheep (tugrug) hectare Classification hectare
size, ha Basic value (thousan d tugtug) Basic value (thousa nd tugrug) Minimu m land fee (tugrug) Basic value (thousan d tugrug) Minimu m land fee (tugrug)
ХУ 548,2 1,4 767,5 55 77 3859,0 386 Meadow of mountain 2478,3 248
АУ 202,9 2,3 466,7 20 47 2253,0 225 Steppe of mountain 2027,6 203
Pr 208,6 2,2 458,9 21 46 1738,0 174 Steppe 912,2 91
Т 381,7 1,5 572,6 38 57 3843,4 384 River valley 2090,9 209
Meadow in plain 2675,3 267
Percentage for calculating the cropland fees
- The land fees for one hectare of the croplands for the wheat that are owned and used shall be calculated at 0.03 percent of the basic land fees.
- The land fees for the croplands for the vegetables and fruits shall be calculated at 0.1 percent of the basic land fees.
Payment for the cropland:
Land fees are: in accordance with the resolution No. 152 of the government passed in 1997
- In the central zone of the cropland - 386-1158 tugrogs/hec.
- In the open steppe zone - 384-1152 tugrogs/hec.
- Mountainous zone of Altai - 225-675 tugrogs/hec.
- Concaves and depressions of the gobi and grand lakes - 174-522 tugrogs/hec.
Evaluation of the cropland quality:
Formula to determine cropland quality:
Cq =S2 Cr
Where Cq = evaluation of the Cropland Quality S2 - Score of the soil quality evaluation Cr - Climatic ratio
Basic indices to be influenced in the cropland quality evaluation:
Thickness of the layer with humification, content of the humification, mechanical contents, sum of the basis to be absorbed, soil acidity and alkalic environment, amount of the cation of calcium, sodium and carbonate
Other factors: Soil erosions and degradations,slope of the area, barriers of the area, stones of the area, waste plants, influences of the harmful rodents and irrigation condition
Economic evaluation of the cropland.
1. Qualitative evaluation - To be determined by the physical indices and/or one hectares.
2. Quantitative evaluation- determining the basic fees for the land:
Factors influence to the economic evaluations of the cropland.
Harvest and gasoline transporting distance, distance between the areas in the barnyards,
slope of the area, barriers and obstacles in the area, peculiarity of the shapes of the area and irrigation condition.
The Government of Mongolia regards reforming land law and policy for all categories of land as a major development priority in order to create incentives for socially equitable and environmentally sustainable economic growth. Especially, for last few years, Government has been focusing land valuation and land economy.
In the modern land evaluation practices, the trend has been aiming at determining how the certain land is suitable for using in the defined purposes. The class of the
land suitability should determine the suitability rating. The methods used today are for instance, approach for agricultural land suitability evaluation invented by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Organization, and Multi criteria evaluation and GIS approach.
The aim of this research was comparison of the land qualitative suitability of results with the use of FAO method and Automated Land Evaluation System or ALES method for major crops in Sardasht of Behbahan in Iran. The study area covers 6000 hectares.
The aim of this study was Comparison of the Land qualitative suitability with the use of FAO method and ALES model for major crops in Sardasht of Behbahan.
Three main crops include wheat, barley and rice was selected for evaluation. The climatic classes in FAO method obtain suitable (S1) for wheat and barley, moderately (S2) and marginally suitable (S3) for rice.
The results of qualitative land suitability classification showed that most areas in all methods fall under moderately suitable class (S2) for wheat and barley and severe suitability class (S3) for rice, although due to soil limitations they vary from S2 to N.
The result showed that ALES model and square roots can identify suitability class more precisely than stories and limitation method. Land suitability map were also prepared through ILWIS software.
The aim of this study is to determine physical land suitability for wheat crop using a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) & GIS approach and to compare present land use vs. potential land use. The aim in integrating Multi-Criteria Evaluation with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is to provide more flexible and more accurate decisions to the decision makers in order to evaluate the effective factors. Relevant biophysical variables of soil and topography were considered for suitability analysis. All data were stored in Arc GIS 9.0 environment and the factor maps were generated. For Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), Pair wise Comparison Matrix known as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied and the suitable areas for wheat crop were identified. To generate present land use/cover map, Terra/ASTER22 March2003 satellite image was classified using ERDAS Imagine 8.7 by means of supervised classification.
Conclusion:
1. One major issue of land reforms policy and urbanization is exactly land evaluation. In our case, we need to solve issues of land evaluation which are land acquisition, land redevelopment, compensation, court auction, taxation, research and other land appraisal purposes.
2. The event of selecting the suitable lands for the major crops for Mongolia that are important in selecting the cropland correctly, increasing the crop production and improving the food supply. In order to achieve this result, we are required to introduce the two methods - FAO and ALES Approaches and Multicriteria Analysis Approach in the surveys for cropland qualitative evaluations.
REFERENCES
1. The Mongolian Land law, 2002
2. The Mongolian Land Fee Law, 1997
3. The No. 152 of regulation of Government of the Mongolia
4. O.Nyamsuren, lecture notes for land evaluation"UB,2011
5. O.Nyamsuren, Cadastral valuation for urban land, UB, 2012
6. Galmandakh Boldbaatar, Addressing land valuation challenges in Mongolia
7. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) "Guidelines: land evaluation for rainfed agriculture", United Nations,Rome,1983
8. A.Farshad "Land Evaluation toward quantification", ITC,1997
9. W.Siderius "Soil derived land qualities'TTC, 1992
10. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),"Land evaluation for development"United Na-tions,Rome,1980
11. C.A.van Diepen, H.van Keulen, J.Wolf,and J.A.A.A. Berkhout, Advances in Soil Science, Volume 15, 1991
12. Hermsn Huizing,A.Farshad, Kees de Bie, "Land evaluation" Lecture notes for LELUP module, ITC,1995
13. David G. Rossiter "Ales: a framework for land evaluation using a micricomputer", Soil use and management,Volume 6,November1,march, 1990
14. Saheb Khordebin, A. Landi "Comparison of the Land Qualitative Suitability with the Use of FAO Method and Ales Model for Major Crops in Sardasht of Behbahan Khuzestan Province, Iran" 1Department of Range Management, Behbahan Khatemolanbia Technology University, Behbahan, Iran,2011
© Oyuntseren Nyamsuren, Oyunbileg Tsend, 2015
