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23УДК: 378
Ekeyeva G.
Lecturer, Language learning department Oguz Han Engineering and technology university of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat
FEATURES OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Abstract: This article examines the process of interaction between people from different cultures. It involves the exchange of information, ideas and values between people who have different cultural backgrounds.
Intercultural communication is an important part of the modern world, where people increasingly interact with people from other cultures. It is essential for effective communication and collaboration in areas such as business, education, healthcare and international relations.
Keywords: philology, culture, languages, intercultural communication
In the process of communication, messages are exchanged, i.e. information is transferred from one participant to another. Since people do not know how to communicate directly - say, with the help of electrical impulses sent from one brain to another - information is encoded using a certain symbolic system, transmitted and then decoded, or - more generally - interpreted by the recipient of the message. Communication always takes place when some behavior or its result is assigned some meaning and they act as signs or symbols. Of all the types of sign (symbolic) behavior in the human community, the most important are the use of language (verbal communication) and the accompanying non-verbal behavior (nonverbal communication). Together they form sign communication, or communication in the narrow sense.
Thus, communication is a complex, symbolic, personal, transactional, and often unconscious process that is necessarily imprecise. Communication allows participants
to express some information external to the participants themselves, an internal emotional state, as well as the status roles in which they occupy relative to each other.
Natural language is an ambiguous symbolic system, and yet its implementation in communicative events usually leads to mutual agreement between communicants about the interpretation of linguistic meanings. This is facilitated by culturally determined communicative competence - several types of general knowledge shared by communicants. Firstly, this is knowledge of the symbolic system itself, in terms of which communication occurs, and, secondly, knowledge about the structure of the external world. Knowledge about the external world consists of the individual's personal experience; basic, fundamental knowledge about the world that all people have; and all other knowledge that we possess as a result of our belonging to various national, ethnic, social, religious, professional and other groups.
Differences in individual experience underlie the statement about the uniqueness of each communicative event, as well as the fundamental ambiguity of language that arises in the generation and interpretation of messages in a communicative act.
The commonality of basic knowledge about the world explains the fundamental translatability of messages from one language to another and the possibility of understanding between members of the same language community using the same symbol system.
Knowledge that is more specific, but common to a particular group of people, provides support for the generation and interpretation of messages. This group or "cultural" knowledge categorically determines how information coming to an individual is interpreted and how the speech impulse is formed when a message is generated.
In theoretical works, culture is compared either with a program embedded in a person's head, or with a screen standing between him and the world, or with a tool in his hands. One thing is clear: the world is given to us not in sensations at all, but in complexly organized interpretations of these sensations. The interpretive model is culture.
Intercultural communication as a social phenomenon was brought to life by the practical needs of the post-war world, supported ideologically by the interest that, from
the beginning of the 20th century. was formed in the scientific community and in the public consciousness in relation to the so-called "exotic" cultures and languages.
These practical needs were supported by changes in public consciousness and, above all, by the postmodern rejection of Eurocentric approaches in the humanities and social sciences. Recognition of the absolute value of the diversity of world cultures, the rejection of colonialist cultural policies, the awareness of the fragility of existence and the threat of destruction of the vast majority of traditional cultures and languages led to the fact that the relevant disciplines began to develop rapidly, relying on a new phenomenon in the history of mankind of interest of the peoples of the Earth to each other . Among the many, many anthropologists , ethnographers, linguists , cultural scientists, whose works on the description of traditional societies, cultures and languages contributed to the emergence of the idea of a multipolar human community.
As an academic discipline, intercultural communication primarily uses the achievements of cultural anthropology and studies of communication processes in society. The most significant contributions to the study of communication come from cognitive and social psychology, sociology, cognitive linguistics and language typology. Such a variety of methods is not surprising when we are talking about such a multifaceted, continuous and endless, invariably human activity as communication.
Communication can be characterized by what type of communicative competence is conventionally involved in a communicative event. For social communication, these are patterns and scenarios of behavior in relevant everyday situations; for professional communication, it is the area of knowledge related to professional activities in the workplace. Unlike these types of communication, interpersonal communication is based on individual experience and is possible only with a certain degree of commonality among the participants in communication. Based on this, we can talk about different functional areas of intercultural communication: interpersonal, social, public, intergroup, professional, mass communication and communication within small groups.
It is clear that when discussing intercultural communicative differences it is necessary to resort to a high degree of generalization, since the individual characteristics of a particular speaker or a particular communicative situation may not fit into the cultural stereotype. This is reflected in research methods, which require reliance on a
large body of data and careful statistical analysis to obtain reliable results. Statements have to be formulated in terms of a "standard" case or "tendencies."
Uncertainty avoidance. The degree to which members of a society feel insecure in uncertain, unstructured situations and try to avoid them by developing rules, formulas and rituals and refusing to tolerate behavior that deviates from the standard. Societies with a high degree of uncertainty avoidance fear innovation and welcome the search for absolute truth. In production and in the educational process, representatives of such societies prefer well-structured situations.
In the research of intercultural communication, psychological, sociological and linguistic directions can be distinguished. This division depends both on the object of study and on the methods used.
Sociologists working in the field of intercultural communication use traditional methods for this science of questioning specifically selected groups of respondents. Their questionnaires are aimed at identifying values and stereotypes manifested in people's behavior. Focuses on behavior in the workplace, business interactions and business. This is due to the fact that sociological research finds its practical application, first of all, in modern transnational corporations. Based on the generalizations obtained by sociologists about the types of behavior characteristic and preferred for a particular cultural group, appropriate practical recommendations are formulated, which are implemented in the form of special intercultural trainings.
More general sociological problems are related to the social adaptation of migrants, the preservation or loss of traditional cultures among national minorities, etc.
Psychologists in the field of intercultural communication are primarily interested in the influence of cultural differences on the processes of interpretation and categorization, as well as the nature of the corresponding behavioral stereotypes. Since the 1970s, important concepts of anxiety, uncertainty, the potential scope of categories, features of intergroup categorization, and many others have been studied using the methods of social psychology.
When it comes to communication, especially intercultural communication, it can be very difficult to draw the line between sociological and psychological research conducted in the field of social psychology. Both of them deal with complex categories
that arise in the process of communication or are transmitted through it - values, motives, attitudes, stereotypes and prejudices. The task of both is to identify the observed phenomenon (perhaps linking it with others) and to show the differences from similar reactions and attitudes in a situation of intra-group rather than intercultural interaction.
The second important direction of linguistic research is associated with the rapid development in recent decades of the study of discourse as an integral process central to communicative activity. The complexity and versatility of such a phenomenon as discourse, and attempts to identify the main factors influencing its forms, quite quickly led to the development of a number of directions that study non-linguistic (in addition to grammar and vocabulary) factors in the existence of discourse. Within the framework of pragmatic factors of discourse, factors of a cultural nature were identified. Discourse on the same - even very strictly defined (for example, a business letter, an expression of condolences, a speech at a meeting, an apology for being late, etc., not to mention traditional genres such as fairy tales or ritual formulas) - is very different in terms of the actual discursive rules (the macro- and microstructures used) depending on the culture of the group within which this discourse is formed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Artemyeva, O. A. Methodology for organizing professional training of a specialist on the basis of intercultural communication / O. A. Artemyeva, M. N. Makeeva, R. P. Milrud // Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state technical University, 2005 -160 p.
2. Obraztsov P.I., Ivanova O.Yu. Professionally oriented foreign language teaching at non-linguistic faculties of universities: Textbook / Ed. P.I. Obraztsova. Orel, 2005.
Экеева Г.
Преподаватель,
Инженерно-технологический университет Туркменистана им. Огузхана
Туркменистан, г. Ашхабад
ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
Abstract: В данной статье рассматривается процесс взаимодействия людей разных культур. Он предполагает обмен информацией, идеями и ценностями между людьми разного культурного происхождения.
Межкультурная коммуникация является важной частью современного мира, где люди все чаще взаимодействуют с представителями других культур. Это важно для эффективного общения и сотрудничества в таких областях, как бизнес, образование, здравоохранение и международные отношения.
Ключевые слова: филология, культура, языки, межкультурная коммуникация
