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30УДК 347.9:343.13
FEATURES OF INSTITUTE OF RECONCILIATION IN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Kurmanova Aigul Kuanyshevna
Associate professor of the Aktobe Regional State University after K. Zhubanov, c.l.d.; e-mail: [email protected]
Ismagulov Kairat Eslyamkalievich
Senior researcher of the department of criminal, criminal-processual, criminal - law en cementand forensic of the Legislation Institute of the Republic of Kazakhstan, c.l.d.; Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan; e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: conciliation; mediation; settlement agreement; Participatory procedure; civil procedure; criminal procedure.
Abstract. In this article the authors considers the peculiarities of the reconciliation institute in civil and criminal proceedings, as well as the use in mediation procedures in civil and criminal cases by the court.
Institute of reconciliation of the parties, in practice there is a long time, it is not new for Kazakhstan. But the changes and innovations introduced in the legislation for its development, are a consequence of the implementation of the State program of legal reform, approved by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1994), one of which was the development by Shaikenov N.A., a prominent scientist, talented and extraordinary lawyer. The program of legal reform has made a series of measures designed to increase the role of law in society, the establishment of the necessary legislative framework and enforcement of the reforms.
Reconciliation of the parties must be regarded as a legal institution, which has the same meaning in the civil and criminal proceedings.
Reconciliation in criminal proceedings has the content, subject structure andproceduralform. The content of the reconciliation of the parties is a set of actions of participants of the conflict, i.e., directly to the procedure of reconciliation and the subsequent actions taken after reaching an agreement. Subject composition reconciliation form the main participants (with one hand -Face has committed a crime, and on the other - the victim) and optional (judge, magistrate, prosecutor, investigator and mediator, advocate and representatives of the parties).
Procedural form is expressed in the consolidation of the results of the conciliation procedure in the form of a settlement agreement.
Reconciliation of the parties shall be in the form of a settlement agreement. The settlement agreement is determined by the procedural position of the parties, the terms of reconciliation and redress, execution time. The settlement agreement must be certified by an authorized person in charge of the criminal proceedings and it is binding on the parties reconciliation.
According to the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides three types of conciliation procedures in the new edition - the first is the «settlement agreement» as a classic example of a voluntary settlement of the dispute between the parties; second, it emerged as an institution in Kazakhstan recently, in 2011, the «mediation» and the third «Participatoryprocedure» with the obligatory participation of lawyers.
АЗАМАТТЬЩ ЖЭНЕ ЦЫЛМЫСТЬЩ 1С ЖУРГ1ЗУДЕ ТАТУЛАСУ ИНСТИТУТЫНЬЩ ЕРЕКШЕЛ1КТЕР1
Ай^л Цуаныш^ызы Цвдманова
Ц. Жубанов атындагы Ацтвбе вщрлж мемлекетткуниверситеттщ доцентi, з.г.к.; e-mail: [email protected]
Исмагулов Цайрат Еслям^али^лы
Цазацстан Республикасы Зацнама институты цылмыстыц, цылмыстьщ iс ЖYргiзу, цылмыстыц атцару зацнамасы жэне сот сараптамасы бвлiмiнiц жетекшi гылыми цызметкерi, з.г.к.; Астана ц., Цазацстан Республикасы; e-mail: [email protected]
TyMh свздер: татуласу; медиация; татулау келiсiмi; партисипативтж рэЫм; азаматтыц w ЖYргiзу; цылмыстыц w ЖYргiзу.
Аннотация. Бул мацалада авторлар азаматтыц жэне цылмыстыц ic журггзуде тату-ласу институтыныц ерекшелттерт жэне сотпен азаматтыц жэне цылмыстыц icmepdi царау барысында татуласу рэЫмт колдануы царастырылган.
Тэжiрибеде татуласу институты узац уацыт цолданыста, К,азацстанга да жаца емес. Бiрац оны дамыту Yшiн зацнамага енгiзiлген езгер^тер мен жацартулар Казацстан Республикасыныц (1994) президентi бекткен цуцыцтыц реформа Мемлекеттт багдарламасын icm асыру салдары болып табылады. Осы багдарламаныц эзiрлеушiлерiнiц бiреуi кернектi галым, талантты зацгер Шайкенов Н.А. болды. Куцыцтыц реформа багдарламасыныц барысында цажеттi зацнамалыц жэне цуцыц цолдану базаны цуру, цогамда зац релт арттыру Yшiн эзiрленген ic-шаралар кешент ЖYзеге асырды.
Тараптардыц татуласуын азаматтыц жэне цылмыстыц процесстерде бурдей магынасы бап цуцыцтыц институт реттде царастыру керек.
Кылмыстыц процесте татуласудыц мазмуны, субъекттт цурамы жэне процесстт нысаны бар. Тараптардыц татуласу мазмунын дау цатысушыларыныц ic эрекеттертщ жиынтыгы цурайды, ягни татуласу рэciмi мен келшмге келгеннен кейт содан rnrnmi ic эрекеттер. Татуласудыц субъекттт цурамын негiзгi (бгр жагынан - цылмыс жасаган тулга, ал екiншi жацтан - зардап шеккен тулга) и факультативтт (сот, элемдт сот, прокурор, тергеушi, жэне делдал, цоргаушы жэне тараптардыц екыдерi).
Процестт нысаны татуласу келiciмi тYрiнде татуласу процедурасыныц нэтижест белгiлеудi бiлдiредi.
Тараптардыц татуласуы татуласу келiciмi тYрiнде рэciмделуi тшс. Татуласу келшмтде тараптардыц процесстт мэртебеЫ, татуласу талаптары мен зиянды етеу, орындау мерзiмi аныцталады. Татуласу келiciмi ендiрiciндегi цылмыстыц ic бой-ынша уэкiлеттi тулгамен куэландырылган болуы тшс жэне ол татуласу тараптарына мiндеттi кYшi бар..
Казацстан Республикасыныц Азаматтыц процестт кодекЫ бойынша жаца басы-лымда татуласу рэciмiнiц Yш тyрi царастырылган - бiрiншi, бул «элемдiк келiciмi», тараптардыц арасындагы дауды ерiктi шешу тYрiнде классикалыцмысалреттде; екiншi, Казацстанда институт реттде пайда болганы узац емес, 2011 жылы, «медиация» жэне Yшiншi «партисипативттрэciмi» адвокаттардыц мiндеттi цатысумен.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИНСТИТУТА ПРИМИРЕНИЯ В ГРАЖДАНСКОМ И УГОЛОВНОМ СУДОПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ
Курманова Айгуль Куанышевна
Доцент Актюбинского регионального государственного университета имени К. Жубанова, к.ю.н.; e-mail: [email protected]
Исмагулов Кайрат Еслямкалиевич
Ведущий научный сотрудник отдела уголовного, уголовно-процессуального, уголовно-исполнительного законодательства и судебной экспертизы Института законодательства Республики Казахстан, к.ю.н.; г. Астана, Республика Казахстан; e-mail: [email protected]
Ключевые слова: примирение, медиация, мировое соглашение, партисипативная процедура, гражданское судопроизводство, уголовное судопроизводство.
Аннотация. В данной статье авторы рассматривают особенности института примирения в гражданском и уголовном судопроизводстве, а также применение в примирительных процедур при рассмотрении гражданских и уголовных дел судом.
Институт примирения сторон на практике существует давно, не нов он и для Казахстана. Но изменения и новшества, вносимые в законодательство для его развития, являются следствием реализации Государственной программы правовой реформы, утвержденной постановлением Президента Республики Казахстан (1994), одним из разработчиков которого являлся Шайкенов Н.А., крупный ученый, талантливый и неординарный юрист. В рамках программы правовой реформы предпринимал комплекс мер, направленных на возрастание роли права в обществе, создание необходимой законодательной и правоприменительной базы осуществляемых реформ.
Примирение сторон необходимо рассматривать как правовой институт, который имеет аналогичное значение в гражданском и уголовном процессах.
Примирение в уголовном процессе имеет содержание, субъектный состав и процес-
суальную форму. Содержанием примирения сторон является совокупность действий участников конфликта, т.е. непосредственно сама процедура примирения и последующие действия, осуществляемые после достижения согласия. Субъектный состав примирения образуют участники основные (с одной стороны -лицо, совершившее преступление, а с другой - потерпевший) и факультативные (судья, мировой судья, прокурор, следователь, дознаватель, а также посредник, защитники представители сторон).
Процессуальная форма выражается в закреплении результатов проведения примирительной процедуры в форме мирового соглашения.
Примирение сторон должно быть оформлено в виде мирового соглашения. В мировом соглашении определяется процессуальное положение сторон, условия примирения и возмещения вреда, срок исполнения. Мировое соглашение должно быть заверено уполномоченным лицом, в производстве которого находится уголовное дело и оно имеет обязательную силу для участников примирения.
Согласно Гражданскому процессуальному кодексу Республики Казахстан в новой редакции предусмотрено три вида примирительных процедур - первая, это «мировое соглашение», как классический пример добровольного урегулирования спора между сторонами; вторая, это возникшая как институт в Казахстане недавно, с 2011 года, «медиация» и третья - «партисипативная процедура» с обязательным участием адвокатов.
Institute of reconciliation of the parties, in practice there is a long time, it is not new for Kazakhstan. Reconciliation of the parties must be regarded as a legal institution, which has the same meaning in the civil and criminal proceedings.
From the 1 of January 1998, since the enactment of the Criminal Code, the institute of reconciliation of the parties, used in cases of crimes small and medium severity crimes, as well as in cases of serious crimes, if they are not associated with causing death or grievous bodily harm, and for the first time committed by minors. And it is possible not only in cases of private prosecution, but also private and public, where pre-trial procedural proceedings carried out by the bodies of criminal prosecution.
As part of the ongoing work carried out in the country to improve legislation, improve the efficiency of the authorized state bodies, the introduction of mediation organically «fit» into the overall legal policy as an effective alternative means of resolving civil disputes and criminal law conflicts.
As stated in the law, mediation (the procedure for resolving the dispute (conflict) between the parties with the assistance of a mediator in order to achieve their mutually acceptable solution, implemented by voluntary agreement of the parties) can be used for disputes arising from civil, labor, family and other relations with the participation of individuals and (or) legal entities, as well as in the course of criminal proceedings in cases small and average weight of crimes [1; 35].
However, the law prohibits the use of mediation in disputes, if they affect or may affect the interests of third parties not involved in the mediation procedure, persons found incompetent by a court, in cases where one of the parties is a public authority, as well as
criminal cases of corruption crimes and other crimes against interests of public service and public administration.
Reconciliation with the victim is legally meaningful agreement in the criminal law and criminal procedure, the best way to resolve criminal conflicts.
Reconciliation in criminal proceedings has the content, a subject structure and procedural form. The content of the parties reconciliation is a set of conflict of participants actions, i.e., directly to the procedure of reconciliation and the subsequent actions taken after reaching an agreement. Subject composition reconciliation form the main participants (with one hand -Face has committed a crime, and on the other - the victim) and optional (judge, magistrate, prosecutor, investigator and mediator, advocate and representatives of the parties).
Reconciliation with the victim in cases of private-public and public prosecution has discretionary-mandatory charactor. Dispositive nature of the criminal legal relationship with the reconciliation of the perpetrator, the victim in cases of private charge points to be bound by the termination of the criminal case by Judge, in exceptional cases, if there are sufficient grounds for doing so.
The termination of the criminal proceedings and the release of a person from criminal liability is permitted only under the criminal law and criminal procedure and conditions of compulsory grounds - reconciliation without intermediaries.
Procedural form is expressed in the consolidation of the results of the conciliation procedure in the form of a settlement agreement.
Reconciliation of the parties shall be in the form of a settlement agreement. The settlement agreement is determined by the procedural position of the parties, the terms of reconciliation and redress, execution time.
The settlement agreement must be certified by an authorized person in charge of the criminal proceedings and it is binding on the parties reconciliation.
Reconciliation of the parties in cases of all forms of prosecution is a procedural matter only when it occurred not later than the removal of the court to the deliberation room for discussing.
Termination of proceedings of private-public and public prosecution on the basis of reconciliation with the victims should be based on the norms of peremptory character.
In the case of the criminal proceedings termination and exemption from criminal responsibility from a person who has the first criminal prosecution, should be established a probation period and take into account the involvement of the facts before the person to criminal responsibility, but of liberation from it, as well as the facts of the crime is committed outside of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
When considering the categories of crimes as a condition for the termination of the case, be aware that a criminal infringement should be directed solely to private interests of the individual, because the other solution would be contrary to the public principles of criminal procedure.
The form and procedure for damage reparation are determined by the victim and the accused, together with the agreement. It is allowed to redress and reparation of damages based on tort (non-contractual) and contractual obligations between the main actors of reconciliation. In the case of settlement agreement ignor regarding compensation to the victim, it is should be allowed the resumption of criminal proceedings.
The offer to turn to mediation can be made at the request of the other party, the court or the prosecuting authority, whose production is a criminal case. Conducting the mediation carried out by mutual agreement of the parties and at the conclusion of the mediation between the contract.
The choice of a mediator (or more, at the request of the parties) is also carried out by mutual agreement ofthe parties, at the same time, the organization of mediators may recommend the candidature of a mediator (mediators), if the parties are directed to the specified organization of appropriate treatment.
Dates of the mediation are determined by the contract on mediation.
Mediation in a civil proceeding
In civil proceedings, mediation can be initiated as a pre-trial stage and during the proceedings. Conclusion of the agreement by the parties on the conduct of mediation is the basis for the suspension of civil proceedings1.
At the same time, the law stipulates that mediation in civil cases must be completed no later than 30 calendar days from the date of conclusion of the mediation agreement.
When the application request for mediation by the j udge of the first instance or appellate court may suspend the proceedings, in accordance to a period not exceeding ten working days. For mediation in the trial court a case is transferred to another judge. At the request of the parties, mediation can be done by the judge in charge of the case. For mediation in the appeal instance court case is transferred, as a rule, one of the judges of the collective composition of the court.
There are features of the application of mediation in criminal proceedings.
Peculiarities of applying mediation in a criminal proceeding
The Law introduces amendments to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to which a person who has committed a crime of minor or moderate severity (except for corruption and other crimes against interests of public service and public administration), shall be released from criminal liability or may be released from criminal liability if he reconciled with the victim, including by way of mediation and to make amends for the harm to the victim1.
As the provisions of the law, the application of mediation procedure is possible only for criminal cases at the pre-trial stage or in the trial stages.
However, an agreement on mediation does not suspend the criminal proceedings and mediation must be made within the criminal procedure law, pretrial and trial proceedings. We believe it is right, as a preventive measure to the accused may be elected to the arrest and suspension of criminal proceedings on the basis of the mediation procedure can complicate and extend the arrest.
Norms of Criminal - Procedural Code of the rights of suspects, defendants, victims are supplemented by the right to reconciliation in
1 Code of the Republic ofKazakhstan dated October 31, 2015 № 377-V «Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan» article 179
1 Code ofthe Republic of Kazakhstan from July 3, 2014 № 226-V «Criminal Code ofthe Republic of Kazakhstan» part 1, 2 article 67
the order of mediation in cases established by law2.
Conclusion the parties to the agreement on the settlement of the conflict in order mediation is the ground for termination of the criminal case by the agency conducting the criminal proceedings3.
Upon termination of the mediation carried out in the framework of civil and criminal proceedings, the parties must immediately send an agreement to the court or the prosecution authority: in the case of signing an agreement on a conflict, in other cases - a written notice of termination of mediation specifying the grounds provided by law.
Settlement procedures in a civil proceeding
According to the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are three types of conciliation procedures in the new edition - the first is the «settlement agreement» as a classic example of a voluntary settlement of the dispute between the parties; second, it emerged as an institution in Kazakhstan recently, in 2011, the «mediation» and the third «Participatory procedure» with the obligatory participation of lawyers4 .
The settlement agreement as an institution of dispute settlement in civil proceedings has been known since time immemorial and there is no doubt about its necessity for the participants in the process, especially when the case of the parties are persons who of relative relationships, friendly relations (to the dispute), or in a business partnership, and legal claims could be met voluntarily. In the conclusion of a settlement agreement involved: directly by the parties themselves and their representatives, as well as the judge who after clarifying the procedural rights, can offer to the claimant and the defendant to settle a dispute in the process of reviewing claims by entering into a settlement agreement under certain conditions, not contradicting the current legislation. In this case, if the parties agree, the court examines the nature of a settlement agreement on the subject of legality and validity in order to avoid the legal rights of each party have been violated, as well as third parties, and it is a prerequisite for approval of the settlement agreement by a court decision. It is important to note two points:
first, that at the conclusion of the settlement agreement the parties may not change the subject and the bottom of the dispute (stated claims), which is possible in the mediation procedure, and second, that the settlement agreement may be concluded only in the framework of civil procedure, i.e. after filing a claim in court and payment of the state duty in accordance with the law way and size.
Mediation Institute in the civil process is much wider than the usual reconciliation. Classical mediation procedure is conducted with the participation of the parties to the dispute (or conflict) by the mediator, that is, a disinterested third person to be charged with the hope of resolving the situation. In this case the parties can not only discuss some issues not related to the subject matter, but also include items that go beyond the requirements mentioned in the text of the settlement agreement in order mediation. Thus, the parties have the right to change the subject and cause of action in the conciliation procedure in order mediation. This is the privilege of a given category of reconciliation in civil proceedings [2].
The mediator as a third independent person who can settle a dispute or a conflict situation between the parties to the lawsuit with the help of professional tool, when in private (confidential) talk with each party finds these or other circumstances affecting the way out of difficult situations. In this case, the mediator does not take any decisions regarding the situation with respect to the parties; being completely impartial and neutral, does not give direct advice to settle the dispute but helps the parties to find their own way out of this situation through the art of special tools (skills) or of mediation competences by properly asking questions, where each side has itself voiced his solution to the problem [3; 26].
Mediation can be applied both before filing a claim in the courts, and after the issuance and entry into force of the court, including the stage of execution of judicial acts1 This is another additional plus and advantage of mediation before the settlement agreement. Nature mediation allows you to apply it to different areas and the areas of our lives, and it may not necessarily be a legal dispute, and any conflict or a difficult situation for the parties [4; 163]. As a rule, any legal dispute - is the unwillingness of the parties to approach the
2 Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan from July 3, 2014 № 226-V «Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan» article 68, 69, 75
3 Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan from July 3, 2014 № 226-V «Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan» article 51, 269, 307
4 Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 31, 2015 № 377-V «Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan» article 181
subject of the dispute with the understanding and sound logic: the one who initiates a lawsuit - it's either desperate actions (or inaction) on the other hand, or someone who pursues the aim of revenge and unwillingness to lead a normal dialogue with the opponent, that is always in any legal dispute, there are moral and psychological aspects, such as the refusal (rightly or wrongly) the fulfillment of the obligation, a desire for revenge or the lack of real opportunities to negotiate with the other party. Mediation may not always exhaust the civil dispute. So the mediator (or conciliator), which has no legal training, aimed to reconcile the parties, may miss important aspect - the legal side of the dispute. In such situations, the conclusion of an agreement on the settlement of the dispute by way of mediation may not be approved by the court as irrelevant to the current legislation or violates the interests of third parties[5; 67]. Invalid identified by the mediator a true interests of the parties and non-observed by mediator performance a mediation agreement risks may lead, at best way, to the non-fulfillment of the undertaken obligations by the parties, and at worst, a new suit that might discredit as well as the institute of mediation in general, and the reputation of the mediator. Thus, mediation can be much wider than the civil process as a whole, since it does not actually clearly defined boundaries and stipulates the procedure required the conclusion of a written agreement between the disputing or conflict on the settlement of the conflict (the parties may undergo mediation procedure, but not to conclude an agreement). Mediation is applicable if the party is not sure he can get whatever he wants, or knows that there are certain circumstances that may prevent this [6]. If a party knows that he can in court to recover (get) accruing, if is naturally there is no alternative questions can be arisen. In such cases, you must always take into account the interests of the parties, that is, all the pros and cons of the situation. This factor plays an important role in cases where the parties have deliberately refuse mediation or settlement agreement, so we are sure that they are right and are awaiting a judgment in their favor. Mediation should be the procedure of plastic (i.e., not limited by strict rules and conventions), inexpensive in comparison with court costs, and fast, unlike the procedural terms of consideration of civil action. Only when the totality of all these components, it will be attractive to the parties to the dispute[7]. At present, legislation provides for the rule of law, according to which a judge may conduct mediation, respectively, for the parties free of charge. At the same time, the law provides for an alternative in choosing a mediator, that is, if the parties consider that mediation must hold
a professional mediator, that they are willing to pay, the court will give them some time for this[8].
The main differences are the use of participatory procedures in procedural law as follows:
- the first, talks in a participatory process can be carried out between the parties with the mandatory participation of lawyers, ensuring the validity of all claims of a possible agreement on the settlement of the dispute;
- second, the whole procedure takes place without the participation of the judge hearing the civil case, and without outside influence anyone to make a decision by the parties to conclude an agreement by way of negotiations between lawyers as the representatives of the plaintiff and the defendant, or the dispute between them with respect to any law;
- third, and most importantly, Participatory procedure can be used by lawyers outside the court, after organizing civil dispute, that is, without bringing an action in the courts without payment of state fees and such analog methods has not be applied before in the practice of Kazakhstan's legislation was not earlier.
Conducting participatory procedures attorneys in the interests of principals without bringing an action in court, that is, without paying the state fee, no longer walking on the courts, without tremendously wasted time and nerves, without loss of trust and broken kinship, friendship and business relationship between the parties to the dispute as the opponents. It must be a powerful tool in the arsenal of lawyers for alternative settlement of civil disputes. If the signatories of the agreement in order participatory procedures will not fulfill its obligations, the law provides the procedure as enforcement and summary (written) production (without calling the parties to the court with a reduced period of up to one month of the application), which is a guarantee of performance made by the parties on the commitments that have been achieved as a result of negotiations between lawyers.
During the conciliation proceedings in criminal and civil proceedings it must be guided not by avoiding from the responsibility of guilty or the opposite side, but for the injured party, or the extent to which the victim will feel safe in this country. Perhaps it makes sense to introduce a special conciliation procedure in criminal proceedings with the obligatory participation of the lawyers, similar participatory procedure in civil proceedings (or provide conducting participatory procedures - negotiations between the lawyers in criminal proceedings in a criminal case) with the establishment of special procedural term for the procedure. For example, if a lawyer representing the interests
of the injured party, insists on the inevitability of punishment, the lawyer of the suspect (or accused) person will insist on the innocence of his client. Here is a conflict of interest between the two lawyers. We need to focus on the narrative (recovery) approach in criminal proceedings, where the main actor is the victim, not a suspect (accused), the social significance
of such an approach would lead to the fact that each of the lawyers will think: what is more important to his client (the victim on case) - the punishment of the suspect (the accused) or the possibility of repentance and compensation, and most importantly, safety and absence of the element of revenge and aggression in the relationship between criminal actors.
Литература
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