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12Секция 3. Комитет по правам ребенка: «Мир, в котором верят в самостоятельность, защиту и потенциал ребенка»
Для цитирования: Погребняк Н.Н., Айвазова Э.Р. ОСОБЕННОСТИ H ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО БИЛЛЯ О ПРАВАХ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В КОНСТИТУЦИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ = ТЛЕ FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION THE PROVISIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONSTITUTION RUSSIAN FEDERATION / Крымский филиал ФГБОУВО «РГУП» // Океанский менеджмент. - 2024. - № 1С(23). - С.58-60.
Погребняк Н.Н.,
профессор кафедры иностранных языков Крымского филиала ФГБОУВО «РГУП», д.п.н, профессор
Айвазова Э.Р.,
доцент кафедры иностранных языков Крымского филиала ФГБОУВО «РГУП», к.ф.н., доцент
ОСОБЕННОСТИ Н ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО БИЛЛЯ О ПРАВАХ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В КОНСТИТУЦИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Аннотация. Наиболее важные международно-правовые принципы и нормы сформулированы в декларациях и конвенциях, входящих в правовые акты ООН. Одним из них, несомненно, является Международный Билль о правах человека. В статье рассмотрены особенности и правовые проблемы реализации положений Международного Билля о правах в Конституции Российской Федерации. Цель статьи - привести законодательство Российской Федерации в соответствие с положениями Международного билля о правах посредством законной трансформации Конституции России.
Ключевые слова: Международный Билль о правах человека, Конституция Российской Федерации, международно-правовые принципы и нормы, международное право, международные правовые акты, права и свободы человека.
THE FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION THE PROVISIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONSTITUTION RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Abstract. The most important international legal principles and standards set forth in declarations and conventions within the UN legal acts. One of them is the International Bill of Human Rights. The article considers the features and problems legal matters of implementation of the provisions of the International Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to bring the legislation of the Russian Federation in accordance with the provisions of the International Bill of Rights through the legitimate transformation of the Russian Constitution.
Keywords: the International Bill of Human Rights, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international legal principles and norms, international law, international legal acts, human rights and freedoms.
The International Bill of Human Rights represents a milestone in the history of human rights, Magna Carta marking mankind's arrival at a vitally important phase: the conscious acquisition of human dignity and values human life.
The International Bill of Human Rights is a complex of international legal acts, which includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The Declaration, setting most important the human rights and fundamental freedoms, consists of a preamble and 30 articles [7, c. 304]. Since 1948 it has been rightly continuing to be the most important, far-reaching and perspective of all United Nations declarations and a fundamental source of inspiration for national and international efforts. It also protects human rights and declared freedoms and has set the direction for all subsequent work in the field of human rights and has provided the basic philosophy for many legally binding international legal acts designed to protect the rights and freedoms which it proclaims.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were adopted by the General Assembly by its resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966.
The first Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights includes the Human Rights Committee, created by that Covenant with the aim of receiving and considering appeals from persons, whose set in the Covenant rights were violated. The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights set the goal to abolish the death penalty.
The International Bill of Human Rights had a strong influence on the basis for the preparation of many new national constitutions and national laws.
On September 18, 1973 the Soviet Union ratified the Covenants, which became international treaties and binding. Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union has taken the responsibility for the implementation of international human rights and international obligations of the USSR. Therefore, the Russian Constitution, precisely Article 15, Paragraph 4 and Article 17, Paragraph 1 (in the Russian Federation rights and freedoms of man and citizen are guaranteed and declared according to principles and norms of international law and present Constitution) [1] obliges/made the state to comply with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, which means that the International Bill of Human Rights is a part of our legal system.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1993, is the first legal act in our country's history that calls rights and freedoms the highest value and entust the state recognition, observance and protection citizen's rights and freedoms. «Man, his rights and freedoms are the supreme value. Acceptance, respect and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen - is an obligation of the State» [1] (Article 2 Constitution RF). That is the spirit of the Constitution declared the Russian Federation as a democratic and legal state.
A whole chapter is dedicated to the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which is the most volume in its composition. Russia constitutionalized rights and freedoms provided by the legal norms of international law in order to fulfil obligations, provided by Bill.
Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states says: «Everyone has the right to that standard of living, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, which is essential for the health and well-being of itself and family» [4], and Article 1, Paragraph 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights instates «the right of everyone to an sufficient level of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, as well as the continuous improvement of living conditions» [2]. This right does not exist in the Russian Constitution or in sectoral legislation. It can be stated that Russia has not fulfilled this obligations in part under the international treatment.
At the same time, the Russian Constitution, in its first, but not in its second chapter, contains the Paragraph 1 of Article 7, which says that «the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions for a worthy life and the unhindered development of man» [1]. The similarity between this paragraph of the Constitution and provisions of the International Bill of Human Rights is only that they refer to a decent life and human development. But the human right enshrined in the Basic Law and the general direction of policy - completely different concepts [6, c. 13].
Alongside with the provisions of the Bill, which were not included in the Constitution of the country, we can also note several words of limitation of the Constitution, compared with the International Bill of Rights.
The Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation claims, that «citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to address personally, as well as to submit individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local self-government bodies» [1].
In other words, based on a literal interpretation, such a right guaranteed only to the citizens of the our state. But the International Bill of Human Rights, precisely the Article 2 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights strictly implies granting such rights to all population categories: «The state shall respect and ensure the rights recognized in the present Covenant to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction, without any distinction, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status» [3].
At the same time again it must be noted that according to the sectoral legislation not only the citizens of Russia, but also foreign citizens have the right to ask for help from law enforcement authorities or courts of the country or to write to the Russian President or to the Chairman of the Government.
Therefore, phrase in Article 33 of the Constitution, on the one hand, is inconsistent with the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. On the other hand - it is inconsistent with the rest of the Russian law and practice of the country [6, c. 16].
It follows that the words of limitation in Article 33 of the Constitution does not indicate that the Russian Federation has not fulfilled its obligations according to international treaties. But due to obligations on the International Bill of Rights, the article of the Russian Constitution requires a clarification.
In addition, the following should be noted: in some cases Russia goes beyond the requirements of the minimum standards of human rights and freedoms which are enshrined in international legal acts. These provisions include, for example, the right to education [6, c. 16]. The Article 43, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution RF that everyone is «guaranteed to be provided for general access to and free pre-school, secondary and higher vocational education in state or municipal educational establishments and at enterprises» [1].
At the same time, according to Article 26, Paragraph 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the state must provide only primary and basic education.
Article 13, Paragraph 2a of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires: «Primary education shall be compulsory and free to all». The same Article, Paragraph 2b: «Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be public and available to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education» [2].
This situation is understandable, because the International Bill of Human Rights defines only the minimum standards in this area.
It will be observed to the fact that in Chapter 2 of the Russian Constitution enshrined the rights and freedoms that are not formalized in the International Bill of Rights. The fact is that the Bill can't include in its composition all recognized rights and freedoms in every state [6, c.17]. For instance. Article 38, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: «Able-bodied children over 18 years of age shall take care of disabled parents» [1]. At this paragraph, it comes to a child responsibility to take care of parents, as well as the right of parents not to be abandoned by their own children.
It must be confessed that there is no such a necessary right to take care of own close relatives in the International Bill of Rights. We don't propose to amend the Bill, we only pay attention on fact that the Constitution of the Russian Federation has established rights and freedoms not less important than generally accepted, which have the right to exist, including as a part of the International Bill of Human Rights.
Thus, the Declaration, and at a later stage the Covenants, exercised a profound influence on the thoughts and actions of individuals and their Governments in all parts of the world. The International Bill of Human Rights as no other international legal document represents the rights and freedoms recognized in the world.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (and partially the Russian sectoral legislation) sets the basic rights and freedoms, set out in the International Bill of Human Rights, but not all.
Formulations of provisions that narrowly interpret the rights and freedoms under the International Bill of Rights should be reviewed and amended accordingly. Not founded rights in the Constitution must necessarily occur in it.
Provisions of the Russian Constitution conceding peoples rights and freedoms of the country to a greater extent than is required by the Covenants or having no analogues in the Bill should be left unchanged.
Reference bibliographic list:
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (passed by nation-wide voting of December 12, 1993) // Access from the reference legal system «ConsultantPlus».
2. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (New York, December 19, 1966) //Access from the reference legal system «ConsultantPlus».
3. The International Covenant on December 16, 1966 «On Civil and Political Rights» // Access from the reference legal system «ConsultantPlus».
4. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948) // Access from the reference legal system «Consultant Plus».
5. Лазарев K.C. Реализация положений Международного Билля о правах человека в Конституции России. Вопросы российского и международного права. 2013. № 2. С. 10-27.
6. Наумова Н. В. Всеобщая декларация прав человека и её действие в Российской Федерации // Молодой ученый. — 2017. — №5.—С. 304-306.
7. Чиркин В.Е. Социальное государство: юридические индикаторы // Российский юридический журнал. - 2007. -№ 4. - С. 52-59.
Для цитирования: Алиева Ф.А. МИР, В КОТОРОМ ВЕРЯТ В САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ, ЗАЩИТУ И ПОТЕНЦИАЛ РЕБЕНКА: ПОЗИЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН = А WORLD WHERE PEOPLE BELIEVE IN THE INDEPENDENCE, PROTECTION AND POTENTIAL OF THE CHILD: THE POSITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN / Научн. рук. д.п.н, доцент М.Р. Скоробогатова, доцент кафедры педагогики ФЕАОУ ВО «КФУ им. В.И. Вернадского» // Океанский менеджмент. - 2024. - № 1С(23). - С.60-63.
Алиева Ф.А.
аспирант 1 года обучения ФГАОУВО «КФУmt. В.И. Вернадского»
Научный руководитель: Скоробогатова М.Р., доцент кафедры педагогики ФГАОУВО «КФУим. B.II. Вернадского», д.п.н., доцент
МИР, В КОТОРОМ ВЕРЯТ В САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ, ЗАЩИТУ И ПОТЕНЦИАЛ РЕБЕНКА:
ПОЗИЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН
Аннотация. В статье автор анализирует и систематизирует современное осуществление защиты прав ребенка в Узбекистане. Особое внимание уделяется ряду позитивных обязательств государства по обеспечению эффективной реализации права на образование в сфере прав детей. Акцентируется внимание на реализации положения Конвенции о правах ребенка и рекомендаций Комитета ООН по правам ребенка в Узбекистане.
Ключевые слова: права детей, политика Узбекистана, Комитет по правам ребенка, Президент Узбекистана, Национальный план действий
