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Аль Шаили Мохаммед Хуссейн Хамис. Особенности и функции исламских банков // Региональное развитие: электронный научно-практический журнал. 2016. № 1(13). URL: https://regrazvitie.ru/features-and-functions-of-islamic-banks/
УДК 336.71
Особенности и функции исламских банков © 2015 Аль Шаили Мохаммед Хуссейн Хамис 1
E-mail: mohamadwasity@yahoo.com
В данной статье, написанной на английском языке, рассмотрены вопросы деятельности исламских банков. Показаны преимущества в деятельности исламских банков. Выявлены и обоснованы основные функции исламских банков. Особое внимание обращается на разницу между исламскими банками и традиционными банками. Исламские банки предоставляют беспроцентные кредиты и социальные выплаты бедным семьям, студентам, организациям, которые оказывают помощь нуждающимся. Автор указывает, что исламские банки, заинтересованы в решении проблем мелкого предпринимательства. В результате анализа автор показывает реальные возможности в деятельности исламских банков. В статье внимание уделяется вопросам социального обслуживания клиентов исламских банков. Исламские банки инвестируют часть средств в общественные, социальные проекты. Деятельность исламских банков основана на честности и толерантности, а также на основах исламских банковских ценностей.
Ключевые слова: Islamic banks, conventional banks, deposit, profit possible, investment, trader.
Features and functions of Islamic banks
© 2015 Al-Shael Mohammed Hussein
E-mail: mohamadwasity@yahoo.com
This article, written in English, addressed issues of IP-Islamic banks. The advantages in the activities of Islamic banks. Identified and justified by the basic functions of Islamic banks. Particular attention is drawn to the difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks. Islamic banks offer interest-free loans and social benefits to poor families, students, and organizations that provide assistance to the needy. The author points out that Islamic banks The interested in solving the problems of small businesses. The analysis shows the author's real opportunities in the activities of Islamic banks. The article focuses on the issues of social services for customers of Islamic banks. Islamic banks to invest part of the funds to public and social projects. The activity of Islamic banks is based on honesty and tolerance, as well as on the principles of Islamic banking values.
Keywords: Islamic banks, conventional banks, deposit, profit possible, investment, trader.
The emergence of banks Islamic. First beginnings go back to the emergence of Islamic banks to 1940 when the funds originated in Malaysia to save work without interest. In 1950, methodical thinking organized shows in Pakistan is committed to the development of methods of fund-
1 Аль Шаили Мохаммед Хуссейн Хамис - магистрант ФГБОУ ВПО «Мордовский государственный университет им. Н.П. Огарева» (430005, Российская Федерация, Республика Мордовия, г. Саранск, ул. Большевистская, д. 68).
Al-Shael Mohammed Hussein - undergraduate of Ogarev Mordovia State University (430005, Russian Federation, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, ul. Bolshevik, d. 68).
ing the provisions of Islamic law began. But the serious attempts in modern times to get rid of usury banking began in 1963 when it established the local savings banks in Dakahlia in Egypt, it serves as a savings fund for the small farmers and then followed by the establishment of Nasser Social Bank in 1971 in Cairo for the purpose of the collection and disbursement of Zakat and loan Hassan, followed by attempts many of them in Pakistan and the Islamic Bank of Saudi Arabia came in 1974, followed by Dubai Islamic Bank in 1975 and Faysal Bank (Sudan) in 1977 and then Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan etc ... and after the banks spread Islamic all over the world, so that conventional banks have opened windows, branches or Islamist such as Citibank, Lloyds and other banks.
The difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks.
1 - The Islamic bank on ideological grounds; as those in charge of Islamic banks is and clients believe that usury Muharram, also feel that the money belongs to God Almighty and must comply with and apply the rules and provisions legislated by the author of this money. While the traditional banks to take interest system as most of the transactions include ambiguity and ignorance and gamble. For example, the money of people gathered in the form of deposits, and give them the benefit of, and then re-lend the money back to others at the price of higher interest which is so deal with riba, taking and giving.
2 - The Islamic bank on honesty and tolerance while traditional bank is interested in the physical aspects; where workers in the Islamic banking values, ideals and morality committed, and good behavior good, and in order to achieve the message of the Islamic bank emanating from the message of Islam, and this morality are evident in Islamic banking transactions For example tolerate Islamic bank with customers in the event of insolvency and failure to fulfill their part of obligations in the agreed schedule pursuant to the words of God, «albeit in a hard outlook tends to soft and believe it is better for you if you know», and the commissions and expenses of the eighth Islamic banking services less than their counterparts in conventional banks.
While traditional banks do not care ethics in their dealings if they conflicted with the basic purpose, which is to achieve the maximum profit possible, for example if the debtor delayed repayment of loans on time specified are to sue him, and upload the benefits of delay, and in most cases, the imprisonment of the insolvent, and the declaration of bankruptcy, and grab everything you have until supplies home.
3 - The Islamic Bank on a social basis of conventional banks and is based on achieving the maximum profit possible; where the Islamic bank on a social basis, it is the most fundamental purposes of contributing to the social development of Islamic society, and this is visible in the social services provided by the bank, for example, that : interest-free loans and social advances, and disbursement of part of the proceeds of alms to the poor families, students of science and the building of mosques, and charities that feed and clothe and treat the poor, as well as the care of memorizing the Quran and Islamic education, as Islamic banks allocate part of the funds to invest in public utility social projects
It is noted that Islamic banks balance between social development, economic development and profitability so that one is not superior to the other.
These social feature almost non-existent in conventional banks, they do not give good Fraudha, nor are projects of investment to serve the poor class of people. For example, we have not heard from the riba-based bank established a cooperative housing, or gave good loans, or pay alms, or feet educational grants for students of poor science, or an Islamic cooperative established abattoirs, or helped charities.
4 - Islamic banks dealing in the area of good things while conventional banks dealing in all evils sometimes do not employ the Islamic bank funds in areas sanctity of Islamic law but choose investment projects that contribute to the achievement of social and economic development, and to achieve a satisfactory profit to the owners of the funds rate.
On Altakiad of that, we find that traditional banks rely on their activities to collect deposits and on-lending to investors, and benefit differences between both rates, though his investment activity Vdial, and is committed to Sharia and Social Development, it has lend depositors in interest-based bank's money to business owners who may Aozvunha in the prohibited investment projects such as the role of fun and debauchery and the cigarette industry projects, and pig breeding, and half there are some conventional banks lend some industrial and service companies, and has a role in the field of traditional economic development.
5 - Islamic banks rely on the basis of participation and interaction of capital with labor, while traditional banks rely on borrowing and traditional lending; where most of the Islamic banking activities in the field of business on the basis of engagement with the work, or with the owner of capital, according to the system of speculative or participate or contribute, thus reacts capital and labor, and this has a social and human investment and good benefits, also has economic benefits; it leads to sharing basis and allowing free move money between different projects, and urged people to work resulting in economic activity.
And Ali Altakiad of the principle of participation conventional banks based in the area of operation of the funds to re-lend to others at an interest rate on deposits, and in so many disadvantages, including accustom deposit holders on the negative and lazing, and the threat of human energies, or channeling funds to investment is beneficial Muslim community projects.
6 - Islamic banks interested in dealing with the professions and crafts and small traders, while conventional banks focus to deal with major customers; where the Islamic banking activities to customers who deal with them to include self-employed, and artisans, small traders Gaza base, and recent graduates from universities, and so help They are all in their energy development, and to overcome the financial and technical difficulties and obstacles in front of them.
In contrast to the foregoing, we find that most traditional banks focus on giving loans to major customers, and who can provide real estate collateral or in-kind, and then deprive the small businessmen and artisans of bank services.
7 - Islamic banks focused on the control and rationalization of expenditures while conventional banks deal with riba This leads to inflate costs and high prices; where the Islamic banks and different economic institutions on the base excluding interest on all transactions, and therefore not considered the costs borne by the consumer in the end elements, this lead to a lack of cost inflation, including profits and realistic end to an economic boom.
In contrast to the quite conventional banks lend economic institutions interest rate, and that you add to production costs, and this leads to a contraction of profits or higher prices, and this ends up either to monetary inflation, or deflation, and this clearly shows when comparing two identical, then the first funding Using self-funds, and the other by borrowing at an interest rate of 10%.
8 - of the responsibilities of the Islamic Bank of the Islamic Dawa, traditional banks do not heed to the responsibility, is located on the Islamic bank Islamic responsibilities is the translation of Islamic economic thought into reality highlighting that Islam is a religion and state, and worship and transactions. For example, the bank collects alms and disbursement to the beneficiaries , as the development of Islamic awareness through what issued from magazines and brochures, and organized seminars and lectures, it is also concerned with the help of researchers and scholars in the field
of Islamic culture through what devote money to help those, also pays attention to the problems of the Islamic economic nature, and offers alternative solutions her, in addition to this and that has a role in helping the Mujahideen against the enemies of Islam, such as the Mujahideen of Afghanistan, Palestine and Eritrea by connecting them donations.
On the other hand, we find that the issue of the Islamic Dawa not included at all in the traditional banking activities, because of the absence of ideological values and because it deals in riba, taking and giving.
The unique features of the conventional banking and Islamic banking are shown in terms of a box diagram as shown below:
Таблица 1 - Comparison of conventional and Islamic banks
Conventional Banks Islamic Banks
1. The functions and operating modes of conventional banks are based on fully man-made principles. 1. The functions and operating modes of Islamic banks are based on the principles of IslamicShariah.
2. The investor is assured of a predetermined rate of interest. 2. In contrast, it promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur).
3. It aims at maximizing profit without any restriction. 3. It also aims at maximizing profit but subject to Shariah restrictions.
4. It does not deal with Zakat. 4. In the modern Islamic banking system, it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the Islamic banks to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat.
5. Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function of the conventional banks. 5. Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function of the Islamic banks. So we have to understand our customer's business very well.
6. It can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters. 6. The Islamic banks have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters. Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity. Rebates are give for early settlement at the Bank's discretion.
7. Very often it results in the bank's own interest becoming prominent. It makes no effort to ensure growth with equity. 7. It gives due importance to the public interest. Its ultimate aim is to ensure growth with equity.
8. For interest-based commercial banks, borrowing from the money market is relatively easier. 8. For the Islamic banks, it must be based on a Shariah approved underlying transaction.
9. Since income from the advances is fixed, it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations. 9. Since it shares profit and loss, the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations.
10. The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients. 10. The Islamic banks, on the other hand, give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects.
11. The status of a conventional bank, in relation to its clients, is that of creditor and debtors. 11. The status of Islamic bank in relation to its clients is that of partners, investors and trader, buyer and seller.
12. A conventional bank has to guarantee all its deposits. 12. Islamic bank can only guarantee deposits for deposit account, which is based on the principle of al-wadiah, thus the depositors are guaranteed repayment of their funds, however if the account is based on the mudarabah concept, client have to share in a loss position...
References
1. Hanif, M. & Iqbal, A., 2010. Islamic Financing and Business Framework: A Survey. European Journal of Social Sciences 15:4 pages 475-489.
2. International Financial Services Limited Research on Islamic Finance// January, 2010.
3. KMI-Broacher 2008. Available at KSE.com accessed on 14/10/2010.
4. Introduction to Islamic Finance/ Muhammad Taqi Usmani, M., Islamic book, 2013.
5. http ://www. dubaicity/com/dubai-islamic-bank/
