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4САЛМОРБЕКОВА Рита Бобуевна,
доктор социологических наук, профессор, Национальная академия наук Кыргызской Республики,
е-mail: r.salmorbekova@mail.ru
АСАНБЕКОВ Жаныбек Асанбекович,
аспирант Института философии и права Национальной академии наук Кыргызской Республики, е-mail: zasanbekov166@gmail.com
ЖАКШЫЛЫКОВА Тинатин Азисовна,
заведующая кафедрой психологии Международного университета Ала-Тоо, Кыргызская Республика,
е-mail: r.salmorbekova@mail.ru
ОСНОВНЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОЙ МЕСТНОСТИ В КЫРГЫЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ
Аннотация. Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме сельской местности. Исследование проводилось с целью изучения источников финансирования сельской местности. Проанализировать влияние источников дохода в сельской местности на уровень и качество жизни населения. Авторы констатируют, что проблема безработицы естественным образом породила миграцию и нехватку источников дохода. В статье рассматриваются проблемы развития села, возможности его финансово-кредитной поддержки, источники финансирования. Основное внимание уделяется источнику доходов сельского населения, банковскому кредитованию. В связи с этим необходимо было провести социологическое исследование в сельской местности. В данной статье используется качественный метод социологии как индивидуального интервью, так и фокус-группы. Для определения поставленной задачи в 2018 - 2019 гг. было проведено исследование в сельской местности. Полевое исследование охватило 14 сел по всей республике. Исследование проводилось по инициативе аспирантов для написания диссертации об уровне и качестве жизни в сельской местности. Осенью с помощью независимых социологов с октября по ноябрь 2019 г. было проведено 18 фокус-групп, и 84 респондента приняли участие в индивидуальных интервью. Согласно результатам исследования, проблемы жителей сельской местности являются однородными, точнее, типичными проблемами. Соответственно результатам исследования, основной проблемой является злоупотребление кредитом в сельской местности.
Ключевые слова: банк, доход, источник финансирования, кредитование, микрофинансовые организации, сельская местность, финансово-кредитная поддержка, фокус-группа.
SALMORBEKOVA Rita Bobuyevna,
Doctor of Sociology, Professor, National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic
ASANBEKOV Zhanybek Asanbekovich,
Postgraduate student of the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic
ZHAKSHYLYKOVA Tinatin Azisovna,
Head of the Psychology Department of Ala-Too International University, Kyrgyz Republic
MAIN SOURCES OF RURAL FINANCING LOCATIONS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Annotation. The article is devoted to the topical problem of rural areas. The research was carried out to study the sources of financing in rural areas. Analyze the impact of sources of income in rural areas on the level and quality of life of the population. The problem of unemployment natural-
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ И ПРАВО № 12 • 2021
DOI: 10.24412/2076-1503-2021-12-274-280 NIION: 2018-0076-12/21-418 MOSURED: 77/27-023-2021-12-617
ly gave rise to migration and a lack of sources of income. The article examines the problems of rural development, the possibilities of its financial and credit support, sources of financing. The main attention is paid to the source of income of the rural population, bank lending. In this regard, it was necessary to conduct a sociological study in rural areas. This article uses the qualitative method of sociology, both individual interviews and focus groups. To determine the set task in 2018-2019, a study was carried out in rural areas. The field study covered 14 villages throughout the republic. The research was carried out at the initiative of graduate students to write a dissertation on the level and quality of life in rural areas. In autumn, with the help of independent sociologists, from October to November 2019, 18 focus groups were conducted and 84 respondents took part in individual interviews. According to the survey results, the main problem is the abuse of credit in rural areas.
Key words: bank, income, source of financing, lending, microfinance organizations, rural areas, financial and credit support, focus group.
INTRODUCTION
After gaining independence from the Kyrgyz Republic, much attention is paid to the formation of local income and the implementation of effective approaches to the development of rural areas, which have undergone significant changes during the period of independence. Currently, Kyrgyzstan has developed and is applying a set of administrative, economic, legal, and other reforms aimed at the development of rural areas. A number of ministries and departments are involved in the development and implementation of strategies and programs for rural development. With the active participation of agrarian and regional administrations, representatives of the private sector and the rural population, which until now has not yielded tangible development results. The relevance ofthis topic is the ineffectiveness of agricultural policy, the lack of social spending in the country's budget, not fruitful management in rural areas led to the collapse of modern villages. A narrow-sectoral approach to the functioning of the village, the weakness of rural self-government, limited access to services for the rural population, material, technical, financial and information resources are the main problems of rural areas. There is a migration of the rural population (mainly young people) to cities and, as a result, the desolation of villages. In addition, rural areas are not yet coping with their main function -providing food to the population. In this regard, there is a need to search for new ways of rural development.
Despite the large number of works devoted to the study of the organization and functioning of rural infrastructure, many problems and prospects for its development in a systemic mode remain poorly studied. The main reasons for the negative dynamics of infrastructure provision were: a) transfer of infrastructure to the municipal level and financial collapse of agricultural producers; b) lack of a multichannel financing system for the development of infrastructure adequate to the market; (c) the lack of a single integrated rural system; provision of infrastructure, taking into account the characteristics of rural development; d) imperfection of the system of scientific, methodological and regulatory framework,
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which solves the problems of integrated development of rural infrastructure [13].
The socio-economic development of rural areas is rather difficult to measure, since it is influenced by a number of factors. Most authors distinguish internal and external factors. Internal factors depend on the activities of local authorities, business entities operating in the territory of the municipality. External factors do not directly depend on the activities of entrepreneurs and local management structures, but they have a direct and/or indirect impact on the development of the territory. At the same time, there is a contradiction in the assignment of certain factors to groups of influence. The socioeconomic development of rural areas is rather difficult to measure, since it is influenced by a number of factors. Most authors distinguish internal and external factors. Internal factors depend on the activities of local authorities, business entities operating in the territory of the municipality. External factors do not directly depend on the activities of entrepreneurs and local management structures, but they have a direct and/or indirect impact on the development of the territory. At the same time, there is a contradiction in the assignment of certain factors to groups of influence. The socio-economic development of rural areas is rather difficult to measure, since it is influenced by a number of factors. Most authors distinguish internal and external factors. Internal factors depend on the activities of local authorities, business entities operating in the territory of the municipality. External factors do not directly depend on the activities of entrepreneurs and local management structures, but they have a direct and/or indirect impact on the development of the territory. At the same time, there is a contradiction in the assignment of certain factors to groups of influence. The socio-economic development of rural areas is rather difficult to measure, since it is influenced by a number of factors. Most authors distinguish internal and external factors. Internal factors depend on the activities of local authorities, business entities operating in the territory of the municipality. External factors do not directly
depend on the activities of entrepreneurs and local management structures, but they have a direct and/or indirect impact on the development of the territory. At the same time, there is a contradiction in the assignment of certain factors to groups of influence.
For example, M.M.Voytyuk [1], O.V.Gordyachkova, D.K. Kanazarov[2], B.S. Dzhamankulov[3], I.V. Mishchenko
[4],Yu.R.Naaber,O.L.Akchurina, E.S. Ostrovskaya [6],A.O. Okenova, B.K. Turkbaev [7],V.N.Papelo, B.A. Kovtun, A.I.Ternovoy [8], N.R. Parpieva, T.B.Ashymbaeva[9],N.V. Chepurnykh, A.V.Merzlov [12] and others investigate the development of rural areas. However, the problems of the development of rural areas of the Kyrgyz Republic, taking into account the socio-economic development in the field of agricultural production to overcome the barriers to sustainable development, remain insufficiently studied.
We wondered if the pandemic had an impact on lending purposes and compared the figures for 2019 and 2020.
The largest share in the total volume of loans issued for 2019-2020 and for January-May 2021, loans for trade and commercial operations accounted for an average of 26% and loans for agriculture - 19%. The smallest share is loans for the communications industry - 0.2%. And the share of consumer loans, mortgages, loans for industry, construction and other loans is from 8 to 11% in the total volume for each industry on average.
The largest share in the total volume of loans issued for 2019-2020 was:
- loans for trade and commercial operations -25-26%;
- loans for agriculture - 19%.
The smallest share, were:
- loans for the communications industry -
0.2%.
In 2019, the average interest on short-term loans was 21.57%, in the pandemic 2020, the percentage was slightly reduced - to 20.2%. In foreign currency, Kyrgyzstanis paid 8.55% in 2019 and 8.85% in 2020. In 2019, the average interest on short-term loans was 21.57%, in the pandemic 2020, the percentage was slightly reduced - to 20.2%. In foreign currency, Kyrgyzstanis paid 8.55% in 2019 and 8.85% in 2020.
In the Kyrgyz Republic today, 32 administrative-territorial units have the status of a village. According to the statistics committee, 64% of the population lives in rural areas. The socio-economic crisis in rural areas has led to a decrease in funding for existing facilities and programs for the development of the social sphere of the village. An increase in unemployment, a decrease in the level of culture,
difficulties in maintaining a family and children, the uncertainty of a significant part of the rural population in the future, a lack of spiritual ideals and values, leads to a decrease in cultural the level of the rural population.Agencies associated much government with government agencies, for example, the district state administration, the district police department, the tax office and others. In addition, villagers work in schools and medical organizations.
To identify the source of the population's income, we had to conduct research. This study was carry out in 2018-2019in rural areas; the field study covered 14 villages throughout the republic. The research was carry out at the initiative of graduate students to write a dissertation on the problems of the level and quality of life in rural areas. In autumn, with the help of independent sociologists in the period October-November 2019, 18 focus groups were conduct and 84 respondents participated in individual interviews. The research was carry out in order to study the problem of rural areas.
METHODS
Three methods were we in this study:
1. Discussions with Key Informants (KIs);
2. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs).
A Key Informant is someone who is select to provide a quick and effective insight into our study issues. He or she will normally be someone who is in an important position (leaders) and/or someone who is particularly knowledgeable and willing to provide us with information (a schoolteacher, an elderly person, etc). Key informants should not be restricted to leaders or the wealthy. The key informants selected for the discussions should be a range of women and men from the site, who are respected and knowledgeable members of the community (village leaders, members of the village, elders, health workers, midwives, teachers, large and small farmers, traders or business people, women's group or youth group leaders).
This group may not be homogenous, that is, there may be clear differences in status and power between participants. The most experienced facilitators will be required for the Discussions with Key Informants, to try and get everyone's views and opinions.
A Focus Group is a small group of people, all of similar background, who are brought together to discuss their thoughts and feelings about a particular topic. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) work better when the group is homogenous, that is, when people have a lot in common and where there are no big differences in status and power.
We should make strong efforts to limit group discussion participants to eight people, with a minimum of five to carry out the discussion.
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FGDs can easily turn into a discussion between the most vocal and confident members of the group. Therefore, the facilitator must do his or her best to encourage everyone to speak, without pressuring anyone. Eye contact with all participants and making all participants feel part of the conversation is important. The facilitator should encourage people to sit in a circle, so that all members of the group can see each other, including the facilitator. The note-taker should sit somewhere nearby and should also be able to see all of the participants.
RESULTS
Access to financial services. This section is about how the villagers have experience and interest in using financial services. The villagers get loans from the following official sources: Mol-Bulak, Aiyl-Bank, Aman-Bank, RSK Bank, Companion and Finka. They get credits from 5.000 (58.8 $) to 100.000 (1176.6 $ )som. The villagers also get loans from unofficial sources such as relatives, friends and acquaintances. A participant of FGD said, "Good side of getting loan from relatives or friends is you can get money when you need it without preparing any documents".
Husbands and wives make joint decisions about loans. The men usually get loans for house renovation, for purchasing animals, car or for cultivating land. The women mostly get loans for buying clothes (fur coat, gold jewelry), house items, and furniture and so on. The men normally get credits in spring for cultivating land, buying seeds and buying animals. The women get money at any season, because they mostly spend money for the family expenses.
The FGD participants also shared their ideas about procedures of getting loans. One of them said, "It takes 2-3 days to prepare necessary documents". Another FGD participant added, "Those who have experience of getting loans already, may get loan in one day as well, they should just prepare documents showing their tax payment". Credit unions do not ask for collaterals. A FGD participant said, "Companion does not ask a house for collateral, but they just check house items or animals". Another FGD participant said, "It depends on the sum of loan you are getting, and Aiyl Bank may ask you to put collateral your house or land". One FGD participant said, "Dos Kredo Bank gives loan if you have connections and they also get shapka (literally 'cap' in Russian, additional money as bribe), for example if you get 50,000, they take your 5,000 som, and if you get 30,000 then they take away your 3,000 som".
There are both positive and negative sides of getting loans. The positive side is that "you get money when you really need it" said one FGD participant. Many negative sides of getting loans were listed as
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below: high interest rates and if one cannot pay then the rate grows, the interest rate does not increase if someone gets money several times, some credit unions give credit to groups only rather than individuals, some families lost their collaterals when they could not pay back the loan. A FGD participant said, "the bad side is that some people lose their houses if they cannot pay", but she could not give any example of the person who lost the house. One FGD participant said that she gave 3000 som bribe in order to get a loan from the bank about five years ago.
It is difficult to pay back loans on time. The villagers prefer to pay back loans on time so as to avoid the increase of interest rates. A FGD participant said, "If you cannot pay on time, then we get money from someone with high interest rate, or get loan from another bank, that is how we get money from someone in order to pay another one". Credit unions that give loans to the groups, tell to their clients to "appoint one person as your cashier and another as a leader, and when it is time to pay back, just collect the money to the cashier and he can come and pay on behalf of all". The villagers also do not have any problem with reaching the banks and credit unions to pay back because all of them are located in the centre of Kochkor. In the current global economic system, thanks to international trade, an industrial country specialization is formed on the basis of the type of "center-peripheral" relationship [11].
The annual interest rate varies from bank to bank (18% to 32%). A FGD participant said, "Companion's interest rate is 20-25%, Mol-Bulak's 27%, Finka's 27-35%, and Aiyl-Bank's 22%" [During last two years, Aiyl-Bank is also giving loans with 7-9% of interest rate supported by the government of Kyrgyzstan].
Banks and credit unions are keen to attract more clients and therefore, they want to establish very good relations with their clients. They are very polite and friendly with their clients as they compete with each other to attract more clients. A FGD participant said, "We get loans in groups of seven people, and we have very good relations among seven members of the group. If someone in the group cannot pay on time, then others must pay instead of him".
A FGD participant also observed that more villagers are getting loans lately because of their needs. She said, "They have no choice but get loans. Their money is not enough, therefore, they get loans". Another FGD participant also said, "The people are confident that they can pay back and therefore more people are getting loans".
The FGD participants were also asked if the financial crisis has affected the way people are getting
loans. One participant said, "Yes, everything is becoming very expensive and prices are getting higher and higher". Another FGD participant added, "There is a salary increase, but the prices are getting even higher". One more FGD participant said, "You cannot rely on credits, you never know what will happen tomorrow. If there's more inflation, then you end up being a loser again".
Savings. The participants of the FGD can earn 6.000 (70,5 $)som to 10.000 (117,6 $)som per month in average. In addition, some of them also get pensions, or their children get salary. When the FGD participants were asked how they keep their savings, the following were the responses. One of them said, "What can we do saving when we don't have any money". Another person said, "I tried to keep my money in the bank, but in three months if you keep 5,000-10,000 som, then you can make profit of 160 (1.8 $)som only. Then you worry all the time thinking what will happen to the bank, whether it won't be bankrupted. Thus, it is better to give money to someone with interest rate percentage (upto 20% per month)". Another person refuted, "Giving money to someone has also its own risk. If gave someone 150,000 (1764.7 $) som and another person 230.000 (2705.8 $)som, but I still cannot get that money back. I even gave some people to court (filed a court suit?)".
A FGD participant said, "Banks may be abolished, so we do saving by purchasing animals". One more participant said that she buys gold and another person said she buys goods for resale. There is no difference on how the men and women keep their savings and they keep savings together.
The villagers make more profit in autumn, but they also spend most money in autumn. A FGD participant said, "We spend money for children's study fees, clothes. Weddings are also held in autumn and we have to contribute with money if our relatives or friends have weddings". Another FGD participant also said, "In winter we spend money for coal, fodder and electricity. In spring, we spend much money for cultivating land and sowing seeds of crops. So, we can save some money in the summer".
Some villagers do savings by sherine and other group savings. One FGD participant said, "We have a jamaat (group) which has 14 members, and we provide money to the fellow villagers with low interest rate. We make some profit from interest rates, and soon we are going to have a celebration and slaughter animal". Another person said, "we play chernaiakassa (black cash-office), and each member gets the money in their turn, and with the sum of money one can purchase something big or use it according to our needs".
A FGD participant said that it is good to do savings by purchasing animal, but it is also risky
because animal may die of some disease and all the money is gone.
The FGD participants were also asked if the way how the villagers keep their savings has changed during last five years. One FGD participant said everything remained the same as before. Another FGD participant said, "Overall, the quality of people's life improved, we are buying cars and there are people who purchase house in Bishkek". Another person added, "Before some villagers did not have any bread to offer to guests, but now their dastorkon (table-cloth) is full". One more FGD participant commented, "Main thing is that the people are now realizing, if you work, then you will eat. So, people are feeding themselves (rather than relying fully on government as previously)".
Some individual interviewees also commented about the excessive expenses that the villagers spend during holidays and family events. A 51-year old woman said, "People are now organizing their family events in cafes but not at home". She thinks it is good for families to hold a wedding for example in a café rather than at home, because it could be economical to organize one time event in café, rather than receiving endless guests often visiting in small groups. She also explained that it is also good for young women in the family as they are not required to cook and serve if the wedding is held in the café, rather than home. The need to ensure the socioeconomic development of rural areas has long been discussed in the Kyrgyz Republic. This issue is directly related to the development of appropriate programs and targeted activities that create favorable conditions for rural residents and sustainable development of rural areas [10].
The interviewees however mentioned many negative sides of the large events. One is related to the fact that people want to show off their wealth and homes are small to entertain many people. More money is spent for various events and sometimes cafes are booked well ahead of time, especially in winter. For example nowadays people have weddings even on Mondays, while it was only Saturdays or Sundays in the past. Many cafes and restaurants make business these days. There are 5-6 cafes in villageKochkor but they are all occupied these days. We have economic difficulties these days, but we also see that people organize more functions and events in the restaurants nowadays". A 52-year old head of veterinarian station added, "Big family events are now held in café and restaurants. It is good on the one hand, but on the other, it is creating competition among the villagers. Some families are borrowing money and going indebt so that they could organize a feast comparable with others'. Especially in autumn, we spend all profits and savings for big family events. We could purchase useful home items instead".
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A 38-year old man also agreed, "Too much wastage is doing funerals or family feasts. Poor villagers want emulate and to show off like the rich villagers, and have a large feast in a café spending large sum of money. Also, there are cases when the families buy bride's clothes for 100,000 (1176,6 $) som and bride-groom's for 70,000 (823,5 $)".
CONCLUSIO
Based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn.
Firstly, lending operations are one of the most important and significant areas in financial activities in the whole country. Lending to rural areas is widespread, especially for consumer purposes. In addition, the bank's lending operations bring most of the profit, and are vital for the normal development and functioning of the entire economy of the country.
Secondly, when considering international experience, it can be noted that in recent years, foreign banks have sought to find all sorts of options for modifying traditional credit services and have created a whole range of new methods and methods of lending that meet the real requirements of the economy. In addition, foreign banks are constantly improving in order to keep up with others and to be able to exist in modern conditions oftough competition.
Thirdly, we can say that in the bank's lending activities, the existing legislative norms that regulate the correctness of the credit policy are of great importance. Also, commercial banks, based on the NBKR standards, should develop their own regulations and instructions for more effective implementation of credit policy. And in the course of time, each bank, including the National Bank, must improve the methodological tools for conducting credit policy in accordance with the changing conditions of the economy.
Credit acts as a support for the rural population, an integral element of economic development in villages. Despite the high interest rates, lending is used in rural areas as a source of income.Thus, it should be noted that special emphasis should be placed on maximum consideration of the interests of the local community, various social groups, and, in particular, socially vulnerable segments of the population [5].
In the current unstable financial environment, lending in rural areas plays an important role in solving existing problems. Based on this, consumers of loans in Kyrgyzstan ask banks to lower interest rates, 10-12% per annum. After all, this is precisely why the majority of citizens, and even ordinary enterprises, cannot take out a loan and establish their own business, precisely because of the high rates. On the other hand, the rate value directly depends on the inflation rate.
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ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ И ПРАВО № 12 • 2021
