CC BY
71Probl. Anal. Issues Anal. Vol. 8 (26), No 2, 2019, pp. 73-91 73
DOI: 10.15393/j3.art.2019.5910
UDC 517.28, 517.958, 517.23
V. SADHASIVAM, M. DEEPA
OSCILLATION CRITERIA FOR FRACTIONAL IMPULSIVE HYBRID PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Abstract. In this paper, we study the oscillatory behavior of the solutions of fractional-order nonlinear impulsive hybrid partial differential equations with the mixed boundary condition. By using the integral averaging method and the Riccati technique, we have obtained the oscillation criteria of all the solutions of the given system. An example is given to illustrate our main results.
Key words: Oscillation, Fractional partial differential equation, Hybrid differential equation, impulse.
2010 Mathematical Subject Classification: 34K34, 35B05, 35R11, 35R12.
1. Introduction In the last few decades, there has been a lot of interest in deriving sufficient conditions for the oscillation and nonoscilla-tion of solutions of classes of differential equations. The first investigation and publication of the oscillation theory of impulsive differential equations was in 1989 [9], and the first paper on impulsive partial differential equations was published in 1996 [2]. Its consequences were included in the book [15]. Chatzarakis et al. [3], Kalaimani et al. [13], Prakash et al. [20], Sadhasivam et al. [23,25] and Yang et al. [30] studied the impulsive partial differential equations. The study of impulsive partial differential equations is motivated by various applications in population models [2], single species growth [6], feedback control prey-predator model [12], and various scientific models [29,31].
Even though there is a countable number of papers on oscillatory solutions of fractional partial differential equations, refer [7,16,21,22,24], they have not dealt with the impulse effect. Many authors have investigated some of the areas of applications of fractional differential equations, like viscoelasticity, electrochemistry, signal processing and so on; in the last few decades, there have been several monographs of fractional derivatives
© Petrozavodsk State University, 2019
and integrals, see [1,4,14,18,26,33] and the references cited therein. In the recent years, there has been much research on hybrid differential equations that refer to various aspects of quadratic perturbations of nonlinear differential equations. The reason is that hybrid differential equations include several dynamic systems as special cases. There has been a significant amount of work on the theory of hybrid differential equations that can be referred in articles [10,27,28,32]. Applications with numerical solutions have been studied by several authors, see, for example, [11,19].
In a systematic review of the literature on hybrid differential equations, it is noted that Dhage and Lakshmikantham [5] scrutinized the existence of extremal solutions and a comparison result for first order hybrid differential equation with linear perturbations of the following type:
where f e C(J x R, R - {0}) and g e C(J x R, R). Ge et al. [8] analysed the existence of a mild solution for impulsive hybrid fractional differential equations:
u(t+) = u(t-) + Ik (u(t~k )), k = 1, 2,...,m u(0) = uo,
where cDq,t is the generalized Caputo fractional derivative of order q e (0,1) with the zero lower limit, f e C(J x R, R \ {0}) and g e C(J x R,R).
However, to the best of our knowledge, we understand that there has been no previous research made on the oscillation of nonlinear fractional impulsive hybrid partial differential equations. Hence, we believe that we are the first who initiate the oscillation criteria for fractional impulsive partial hybrid differential equations which had not been formerly studied. Motivated by the above observations, we propose the following model of
cDq __
0,iV f (t,u(t))
u(t)
g(t,u(t)), t e J := J \{ti,t2,...,tm}
the form
-Ar^DlAuu V ^ + q(x,t)g[Dltu(x,t)
d(r(t)D* ( u(x,t)
dt\r[)D+,\h(t,u(x,t))
t
= a(t)Au(x, t) - fit, (t - s)-au(x, s)ds) + F (x, t)
u(x,t+) = Yk (x,tk ,u(x,tk )),
ut(x,tl) = 5k (x,tk ,ut(x,tk )), k = 1, 2,..., (x,t) E Q x R+ = G.
where Q is a bounded domain in Rn with a piecewise smooth boundary dQ, a E (0,1) is a constant, D+ t is the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order a of u with respect to t, and A is the Laplacian operator in the
n d2u(x, t)
Euclidean n-space Rn, i.e., Au(x,t) = V]™, —— with the boundary
0x2
conditions
du(x,t + y(x,t)u(x,t) = 0, (x,t) E dQ x R+ (2)
and
drq
du(x, t) 3rq
0, (x,t) E dQ x R+, (3)
where n is the unit exterior normal vector to dQ and j(x,t) is a positive continuous function on dQ x R+.
Based on the following assumption:
(Ai) r(t) E C1(R+; R+), r (t) ^ 0, a(t) E PC(R+; R+); (A2) q(x,t) E C(G; R+) and q(t) = min q(x,t);
xen
g(u)
(A3) g E C(R; R) is convex in R+, ug(u) > 0 and - ^ ^ > 0
u
for u = 0, f (t,x(t)) E C([t0, to) x R,R), there exists a function
p(t) E C([to, to),R+) such that f (t,K) ^ p(t) for K = 0, t ^ to;
K
(A4) h E C(R x [t0, to); R — {0}) is convex in R+, there exists a function Z(t) E C([to, to),R+) such that h(t,u) ^ £(x)Z(t) > M((t), £(x) is not identically zero on [t0, to) and such that |£(x)| ^ M > 0 and D+ h(t,y) > 0;
(A5) F G C(G; R) such that / F(x,t)dx ^ 0;
n
(A6) u(x,t), ut(x,t) are piecewise continuous in t with discontinuities of the first kind at t = tk,k = 1, 2,..., and left continuous at t = tk, u(x,tk) = u(x,t-), ut(x,tk) = ut(x,t-),k = 1, 2,...; (A7) Yk(x,tk,u(x,tk)), 5k(x,tk,ut(x,tk)) GPC(HxR+ xR,R),k = 1, 2,... and there exist positive constants bk, b*k, ck, c*k with ck ^ bk such that
b* < Yk(x,tk,u{x,tk)) < < 4(x,tfc,ut{x,tk)) < k =1 2 u(x,tk) ^ ' Ut(x,tk) ^ ' ' '
By a solution of equation (1) and (2)-(3), we mean a nontrivial function u(x, t) G C 1+a(G,R+) with
t
J(t - s)-au(x,s)ds G C\G,R+), r(t)D+,^u (ux(xt)t)^ G C\G,R+), 0
that satisfies G and the boundary conditions (2)-(3). A solution of equations (1) and (2)-(3) is called oscillatory if it has arbitrarily large zeros in G, and is called nonoscillatory otherwise. Equations (1) and (2)-(3) are said to be oscillatory if all their solutions are oscillatory.
This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we present the relevant definitions and lemmas, and in Section 3 we discuss the oscillation problem of (1) subject to the boundary conditions (2)-(3). In Section 4 we present an example to illustrate our main results.
The results in this paper extend and improve numerous findings in the earlier publications that do not include the impulsive effect. We believe that this research work would enable further researchers on the fractional impulsive partial hybrid differential equations.
2. Preliminaries. In this section, we give the fundamental definitions of fractional derivatives and integrals. There are several kinds of definitions of fractional derivatives and integrals. In this paper, we use the Riemann-Liouville left-sided definition on the half-axis R+.
Definition 1. [14] The Riemann-Liouville fractional partial derivative of order 0 < а < 1 with respect to t of a function u(x, t) is given by
_1
dt Г(1 - а)
(D+ t y)(x,t) := -- I (t - v)-ay(x,v)dv
t
provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on R+, where r is the gamma function.
Definition 2. [14] The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order a > 0 of a function y : R+ ^ R on the half-axis R+ is given by
t
(I+ y)(t) := raj/(t - v)a-1y(v)dv for t> 0 (5) 0
provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on R+.
Definition 3. [14] The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order a > 0 of a function y : R+ ^ R on the half-axis R+ is given by
d^ / r i \
(D+ y)(t) := ^ (lia]~ay) (t) for t> 0 (6)
provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on R+, where [a] is the ceiling function of a.
Lemma 1. [14] Let y(t) be a solution of (1) and
t
E(t) = J(t - v)-ay(v)dv for a G (0,1) and t ^ 0. (7)
0
Then
E'(t) = r(1 - a)D+y(t). (8)
Theorem 1. [17] Let f (x), g(x), h(x) ^ 0 be continuous functions on [a, b] such that
^ - »w (m - Wi) s 0 (9)
Vh(y) h(x)
Then the inequality
J f (x)dx f f (x)g(x)dx
i-* i- (10)
J h(x)dx f h(x)g(x)dx
holds. If (9) reverses, then (10) reverses.
Corollary 1. Let g(x,t), u(x,t), f (t,u(x,t)) ^ 0 be continuous on Q and for any fixed t E R+ such that
(u(x,t) — u(y,t))( ^ — TTT^m) ^ 0. (11) \f(t,u(y,t)) f(t,u(x,t))J
Then the inequality
J g(x,t)dx J g(x,t)u(x,t)dx
n > -;-^-;- (12)
f f (t,u(x,t))dx J f (t,u(x,t))u(x,t)dx nn
holds. If (11) reverses, then (12) reverses. Proof. We have to prove that
J g(x,t)dx J f (t,u(x,t))u(x,t)dx ^ J f (t,u(x,t))dx J g(x,t)u(x,t)dx, n n n n
which is equivalent to
J g(x,t)dx j f (t,u(y,t))u(y,t)dy ^y f (t,u(x,t))dx j g(y. t)u(y. t)dy. n n n n
which implies
J J u(y,t)(g(x,t)f (t,u(y,t)) — g(y,t)f (t,u(x,t)))dxdy ^ 0.
nn Denote
1 11 u(y,t)(g(x,t)f (t,u(y,t)) — g(y,t)f (t,u(x,t)))dxdy.
nn
then
1 = J J u(x,t)(g(y,t)f (t,u(x,t)) — g(x,t)f (t,u(y,t)))dxdy.
nn
Hence
21 J J (u(x,t) —u(y,t))(9(v,t)f(t,u{x,t))-g(x,t)f(t,u{y,t)))dxdy = n n
= //f (t,u(x,t))f(t,u(y,t))(u(x,t) - u(y,t))x
n n
x ( f (tMy]t)) - f (tMx]t))) dxdy-
By (11), 21 ^ 0. □
Remark 1. In particular, replacing g(x,t) = 1 and f (t,u(x,t)) = = 1/f (t,u(x,t)) in the above Corollary 1 under the condition
(u(x, t) - u(y, t)) (f (t, u(y, t)) - f (t, u(x, t))) > 0, (13)
then
[ u(x,t) [ [ 1
M -t—^dx ^ u(x,t)dx —--—dx (14)
1 7 f(t,u(x,t)) 'J ( , ) J f(t,u(x,t)) [ J
n n n
holds. If (13) reverses, then (14) reverses.
Remark 2. It is well known that if f (x) is convex and 2f — f2 ^ 0 then 1/f (x) is convex.
3. Main Results. The following notation will be used for convenience:
V (t) = ^/ u(x,t)dx, = J dx. (15)
nn
Throughout the paper, let us assume that D+^V(t) > 0. We begin with the following theorem.
Theorem 2. If the fractional differential inequality
H + ßq(t)D«V(t) + f(t,E(t)) ^ 0, t = tk,
dt{r(t)D°{h(lv)t))]j '
* S * * VS * «,* =1,2,... (16)
has no eventually positive solution, then every solution of equation (1), (2) is oscillatory in G.
Proof. Assume, for the sake of contradiction, that there is a nonoscillatory solution u(x,t) of (1) and (2), which has a constant sign in the domain Q x [t0, With no loss of generality, we assume that u(x,t) > 0,
(x,t) E Q x [to, to ^ 0. Equation (1) is multiplied in both sides by
1/|Q| and integrated with respect to x over the domain Q; we get
n n
t
= J a(t)Au(x, t)dx — — J f ^t, J(t — s)-au(x, s)d^j dx+ n no
+ QJ F(x,t)dx. (17) n
From Green's formula and the Robin boundary condition (2), we get
J Au(x, t)dx = J du(x ^ dS = — J y(x, t)u(x, t)dS ^ 0, (18) n dn dn
where dS is the surface element on dQ. From (A2), (A3) and Jensen's inequality, we have
-Qlf q(x,t)g(Da+ tu(x,t))dx ^ q(t)yQj J g (D+^ufat)) dx ^ n n
> q(t)g (D+V(t)) > M(t)D+ V(t). (19)
Again applying Jensen's inequality and using Lemma 1,
t t
-^y f(t, J(t—s)-au(x,s)ds^dx ^ f(t,~^ J J(t—s)—au(x, s)dsdx^j
no no
t
= f (t,J (t — s)-aV (s)ds) = f (t,E (t)). (20) o
Now applying Remark 1 and 2,
NJ dt\KJ +'tVh(t,u(x,t))J J
dt\K"J + ' ^ h(t,u(x,t)). (f u(x,t)
H h(t,u(x,t))JJ dx ^ dtl'(t)D+'
^ d(r(t)D+ ^ dx, d (r(t)D+ ( ^ )) .
(21)
In view of (17)-(21) and (A4) yield
dt (r(i)Da(h(VVk))) + «V'(t) +f(tE(t))«t= ^
For t ^ t0, t = tk, k =1, 2,..., multiplying both sides of (1) by -^j and integrating with respect to x over the domain Q, we obtain
u(x, t+) < b c* < ut(x, t+) u(x,tk) ^ ' k ^ ut(x,tk)
According to (15), we get
b* < VM) < bk c* < Vl(ti) < ck k-12
bk < V (tk ) <bk ' Ck < V (tk ) <ck,k 2'...
Hence, V(t) is a positive solution of impulsive differential inequality (16). □ Theorem 3. If there exists a positive function < G C 1([0, œ); R+) and i
/JL (i)-^ - ^^i)-(22)
to
holds, then every solution of boundary value problem (1)-(2) is oscillatory in G.
Proof. Assume that there exists a nonoscillatory solution u(x,t) of (1)-(2) if the conditions of Theorem 3 hold. Suppose that V(t) > 0 is a solution of inequality (16) and D/V(t) > 0. By (A3), inequality (16) can be reduced to the following form
dit (r(t)D?(^)) + M(t)Da+V(t)+ p(t)E(t)) ^ 0,t = tk. (23)
Define
r(t)D+ ( hityit)) , , N
z(t) = -(t)-¿(t) , t ^ ti. (24)
Then Z(t) > 0, since E(t) > 0 for t ^ t1. Differentiating (24) and using (16) and Lemma 1, we have
Z(t) ^ -§z(t) — vq(t)mDEVtr — p(t)m — z(t)Et) ^ ^ -t)z(t)—p(t)m — z2(t)-E(t)f v)t) , ^
-(t) -(t)r(t)D% [h^
^ m z(t)—p(m) — T(1 — z (t).
By (A4), we get
^(t)^ , + ^f 1 ^ Z (t) ry2 t
z (t) < z(t) — p(t)-(t) — MT(1 — a)-t^-z2(t), -(t) -(t)r(t)
z(t+) ^ Ckz(tk). (25)
°k
Define
<w= n (CkY'z(t).
to4tk<t K k/
In fact, z(t) is continuous on each interval (tk,tk+1] and in consideration of (25). It follows that for t ^ to,
®(t+)= n (°k)-1z(t+) < n (°k)-1z(tk) = e(tk),
and for all t ^ to,
e(t-)= n (ck) 1z(t-) ^ n (Ck) 1z(tk)=®(tk),
tr,<t,<t,. , \ k / tr,<t.!<t.,. ^ k/
which implies that e(t) is continuous on [to, + œ).
^ + mr(1 - n (bk) + „U (bk) -1p(t»«t»-
*'(iW) = n (%)- z' (t) - n it)-1 ^eW+
^(t) w 11 ibk/ 11 \b*kJ 0(t)
' to<tk<t ^ k/ to<ti<tk y k/ rw
+ n (bk) n (ck)-2r(i - a) M+ n (b)-«
to<tk<t V k / to<tk<t^ k rw W to<ti<tk V k/
- n r
to<tkk
That is,
Z(t) - Z(t)+p(t)0(t)+Mr(1 - a)^^Z2(t)
< 0.
e'« < - a) f)
to < tk <t
ni t)
to <tfc<t v k
Then, using the inequality, AABA_1 — Ax ^ (A — 1)BA, A ^ 1, we have
e'(t) < - n
to<tk<t v k
i
p(t)0(t) -
1 (0'(t))2 r(t)
4Mr(1 - a) 0(t) Z(t) Integrating the last inequality from t0 to t, which yields
t 1
-lr 1 (0'(s))2 r(s)
e(t)<e(to)-/ n b
to<tk<s
ck
to
p(s)^(s) -
4Mr(1 - a) 0(s) Z(s)
ds.
Letting t ^ +œ, we get a contradiction to the hypothesis (22). □
Theorem 4. Assume that there exist functions <(t) and vp(t) G C 1([0,œ); (0, +œ)) in which <(t) is nondecreasing with respect to t and the functions H (t, s), h(t, s) G C 1(D, R) in which D = {(t,s)|t ^ s ^ to > 0}, such that
(Ti) H (t, t) = 0 for t ^ to and H (t, s) > 0 for t> s ^ to ; (T2) Ht(t,s) ^ 0, H(t,s) ^ 0;
(T3 ) h(t, s) = - №) - H (t, (s) - H (t, s)^(s) .
If
+
-î
Urnsup T[ i^) (p(s)0(s)H (t,s)^(s)-J t» <*,<\ bkJ \
t0 tû^tfc <s
bk
J_h2(t,s)^(s)
4Mr(Y—â) H(t,s)^(s)
ds = 00, (26)
0(s)r(s)
where ^(s) = —^r^—, then each solution of (1)-(2) is oscillatory in G.
Proof. We prove that the equation (26) has no eventually positive solutions if the conditions of Theorem 4 hold. As in the proof of Theorem 3, we obtain
e'(t) <- Mr(1 - a) n<( (i) &e2<t)-
-1 0' (t),
n ( D + ^
°
to^tk <t
Multiplying the above inequality by H(t,s)ip(s) for t ^ s ^ T and integrating from T to t, we have
t t 1
Jh(t,s)^(s)0'(s)ds 4 n (|) H(t,s№(s)p(s)-(s)ds—
T t to^tk <s
t
— Mr(1 — a) J n (f) H (t,s)^(s) -s)r}(7f2(s)ds+
T t0^tk<s t ,
+ J H(t,s)i>(s)-(s)e(s)ds.
T
Thus
t -1
f n (°k) H(t,s)^(s)p(s)-(s)ds 4 H(t,T)^(T)9(T) — T to 41k <A kJ
dH (t s) ^(s) - H (t, s)4 (s) - H (t, sMs) ^(s)
ds
T
4>(s)
ds
t
- Mr(1 - a)i n (bk) H(t,s)^(s)¿^^(s)^
J to<tk<s V kJ ) ( )
T
which implies that
T
n
to<tk<s
i
1
H(t, s)vp(s)p(s)<fr(s)ds-h2(t, s)4>(s)r(s)
4Mr(1 - a) Z(s)H(t,s)^(s) from (27), for t ^ T ^ t0, we have
ds < H(t,T)^(T)e(T), (27)
H (t,to) /J<^ ^
t t
to T
-i
H (t,s№(s)p(s)<ß(s)-
1 h2(t, s)4>(s)r(s) 4Mr(1 - a) Z(s)H(t,s)^(s)
ds =
H(t, to)
n
ck bî
-i
H (t,s)^(s)p(s)^(s)-
to<tk^ k
1 h2(t, s)4>(s)r(s) 4Mr(1 - a) Z(s)H(t,s)^(s)
ds <
T
<
to
to<tk<s
n (ck) *Ks)p(s)Hs)ds + vp(T )e(T ).
i
Letting t ^ we have
limsup H (t11 )
t^+œ H (t,to)
to
n
to<tkk
i
H (t,s№(s)p(s)$(s)-
h2(t,s)^(s)
4Mr(1 - a) H(t,s)4>(s)
ds <
t
t
t
1
t
1
t -1
^f n (%) s)p(s)0(s)ds + i>(T)e(T) < to,
l to <tk<s^ bkJ
which leads to a contradiction with (26). □
Remark 3. In Theorem 4, by choosing 0(t) = M(t) = 1, we have the following result.
Corollary 1. Assume that the conditions of Theorem 4 hold, and
l 1
f tt fck\ ( , WW v 1 h2(t,s)^(s)\ ,
J<AK) V(s)H(t,s) - H(rsm) ds=
0 (28)
dH(t, s)
where h(t,s) =--—, then each solution of (1), (2) is oscillatory.
Remark 4. All the above theorems and corollaries are true for the equation (1) with the boundary condition (3).
Remark 5. The results obtained in this paper can be extended for the more general differential equations having a damped term with a delay of the form
+ r (t)u(x, a(t)) + h (t - £)-au(x, £)d£) = a(t)Au(x, t) + F(x, t)
u(x,t+) = Yk (x,tk ,u(x,tk )),
ut(x,t+) = 5k (x,tk ,ut(x,tk )), k = 1, 2,..., (x,t) E Q x R+
t
4. Examples. In this section, we give examples to illustrate our main results.
Example 1. Consider the fractional nonlinear partial hybrid differen-
tial equations
V2d+tt( ) + D+, t u(x, t) = etAu(x, t)-
t1 1 f —
(t - s) 2u(x,s)ds + F(x,t),t = tk,
cos tC(x) + sin tS(x)) J
k 0 u(x, t+) = k+l(x,tk,u(x,tk)),
ut(x, t+) = Ut (x,tk ,ut(x,tk )), k = 1, 2,...,
(29)
for (x,t) G (0,n) x [0, + œ) = G, with the boundary condition
d d
—u(0, t) = ~—u(n, t) = 0. (30)
dx dx
Here a = 2, r(t) = V2, a(t) = et, h(t,u) = e-t, ((t) = e-t, q(t) = 1, bk = bk = 1, ck = ck = k/1, p(t) = 1/(V2n(costC(x) + sintS(x))) where C(x) and S(x) are the Fresnel integrals, namely
x x
C(x) = J cos nt^j dt, S(x) = J sin nt^j dt oo
with |C(x)| ^ n, |S(x)| ^ n, g(u) = u, ^ =1, M = 1 and
F(x, t) = cos x Ct( 1, —1,+ — 1 — cos x sin t,
where
t
a(2, —1,1) = r—) /s-1 cos(t — s)ds. 2 0
It is easy to see that D1 e-t = e-t(y^ — 1) > 0 if t < n.
If we take <(t) = 1 then <(t) = 0, since t0 = 1, tk = 2k. Consider
- ■ -1 / 1 ^2
/ n (c^) (p(s)^(s) -
1 (0'(s))2 r(s)\ ds
t0 Jt^Ab*kJ \ 4Mr(1 - a) 0(s) Z(s)
t
= lim II ----ds ^
^^J to¡¿<s k + 1 v/2n(cos sC(x) + sin sS(x))
> (2n) 3/ n r+Trk =
1 l<tfc <s
= W2 (/ n k+Tds + / n F+Tds +
V! 1<tfc + 1<tfc<s
t
. ,3 I 1 1 2 2 \ . . 3 2n
= (2n)2(T + T x 2 + t x 2 x 22 + -J = (2n)3£nrr = +^
v 7 n=0
Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 3 are satisfied. Hence, every solution of (29) and (30) is oscillatory. In fact, u(x,t) = cos x e-t cos t is one such solution of (29)-(30).
5. Conclusion. In this article, we have identified some new sufficient conditions for all solutions of fractional impulsive partial differential equations to be oscillatory, which has a scope beyond the available results in the existing literature. Required example has also been incorporated in the paper for the confirmation of the results.
References
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Received January 14, 2019.
In revised form, January 22, 2019.
Accepted June 10, 2019.
Published online June 15, 2019.
V. Sadhasivam
Post Graduate and Research Department of Mathematics, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts College (Affli. to Periyar University, Salem), Rasipuram - 637 401, Namakkal Dt., Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: [email protected]
M. Deepa
Department of Mathematics, Pavai Arts and Science College for Women, Anaipalayam, Rasipuram - 637401, Namakkal Dt., Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: [email protected]
