CC BY
10
УДК 687-123
Umirzokov R R. senior lecturer
Department of Informatics and Management, NIAD
Mambetov R. M. assistant lecturer Department of Educational and Economic Sciences
Almalyk branch of TSTU ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS Abstract: This article discusses the emergence, development, stages of development, problems of computer graphics.
Keywords: computer graphics, textbook, business graphics, programmer, computer game
Computer graphics (computer graphics, digital graphics) is an area of activity in which computers are used as a tool for creating images, as well as for processing visual information received from the real world. Also called computer graphics is the result of this activity.
The first computers did not have special tools for working with graphics, but were already used to obtain and process images. By programming the memory of the first electronic machines, based on a matrix of lamps, it was possible to obtain patterns. In 1961, programmer S. Russell led the project to create the first computer game with graphics. Spacewar was created on a PDP-1 machine. In 1963, the American scientist Ivan Sutherland created the Sketchpad software and hardware complex, which made it possible to draw points, lines and circles on a tube with a digital pen (a light pen (English light rep) is one of the tools for entering graphic data into a computer, a type of manipulator). Basic actions with primitives were supported - moving, copying, etc. In essence, this was the first vector editor implemented on a computer. The program can also be called the first graphical interface, and it was such even before the term itself appeared. In the mid-1960s Developments appeared in industrial applications of computer graphics. Thus, under the leadership of T. Mofett and N. Taylor, Itek developed a digital electronic drawing machine. In 1964, General Motors introduced the DAC-1 computer-aided design system, developed jointly with IBM.In 1964, a group led by II. II. Konstantinov created a computer mathematical model of the movement of the cat. The BESM-4 machine, executing the written program for solving differential equations, painted the cartoon "Kitty", which for its time was a breakthrough. For visualization, an alphanumeric printer was used. In 1968, computer graphics achieved significant progress with the advent of the ability to remember images and display them on a computer display, cathode ray tube. graphics - the first computers were used only to solve scientific and production problems. In order to better present the results obtained, they were graphically processed, graphs, charts, and drawings of the calculated structures were built. The first graphics on the machine were received in symbol print mode.
"Мировая наука" №10(31) 2019 science-j.com
Then special devices appeared - plotters (plotters) for drawing drawings and graphs with an ink pen on paper. Modern scientific computer graphics make it possible to conduct computational experiments with a visual representation of their results. Business Graphics is a field of computer graphics designed to provide a visual representation of various performance indicators of institutions. Planned indicators, reporting documentation, statistical summaries - illustrative materials are created for them using computer graphics. Business graphics software is included in the spreadsheet. Design graphics are used in the work of design engineers, architects, inventors of new technology. This type of computer graphics is an essential element of CAD (design automation systems). Using design graphics, you can get both flat images (projections, sections), and spatial three-dimensional images. Illustrative graphics - drawing, plotting, modeling on a computer screen. Illustrative graphics packages are for general purpose application software. Illustrative graphics software tools are called graphic editors. Art and advertising graphics are popular largely due to the development of photography, advertising and television. Using a computer, printed materials, various kinds of advertising products, cartoons, computer games, interactive and video lessons, slide and video presentations are created. In addition to graphic editors, graphic packages are used for these purposes, requiring large computer resources for speed and memory. A distinctive feature of these graphics packages is the ability to create realistic images and moving pictures. Obtaining drawings of three-dimensional objects, their rotation, approximation, removal, deformation are associated with a large amount of computation. The transmission of the illumination of an object depending on the position of the light source, the location of the shadows, the surface texture requires calculations that take into account the laws of optics.
Computer animation - the creation of moving images. The artist creates onscreen drawings of the initial and final positions of moving objects, all intermediate states are calculated and displayed by a computer, performing calculations based on a mathematical description of this type of movement. The resulting drawings, displayed sequentially on the screen with a certain frequency, create the illusion of movement. Multimedia - combining high-quality images on a computer screen with sound. The most widely used multimedia systems are in the fields of training, advertising, and entertainment. Computer graphics is also one of the areas of scientific activity. In the field of computer graphics, dissertations are defended, and various conferences are held. At the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (VMiK) Moscow State University MV Lomonosov operates a computer graphics laboratory.
Used source:
1. Kurushin V.D. Graphic design and advertising. - M.: DMK - Press, 2001.272p.
2. Mesheshvili N. Express means of written communication Institute of Linguistics, USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.: 2006
"Мировая наука" №10(31) 2019
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