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16Orientalist and the Book: Reflections on Changing Role of Libraries in the Information Field of the 21st Century
Abstract: scholars have special almost humane relations with professional literature that they collect for their studies. After decades of academic work their personal libraries may become a source of valuable information about their owners and their respective fields of study. Spheres of interest, book marks, epigraphy, textual study, - all this becomes a debating matter and a stock for further research in memorial libraries of prominent Orientalists that had donated their valuable personal pin-pointed book collections to the Institute of Oriental studies or to other institutions they had worked in. Researchers that work on tenure with their books gain a lot of insights and can substantially advance very special historical attributions and discoveries. These written sources stimulate knowledge transfer and give special flavor to the school of Russian Oriental studies. Dialoguing both with written sources, within and between generations stimulates talented research. This has become the rationale for setting an international study platform "Diaversity" that promotes rapid feedback in specialized knowledge transfer. This seems important in the time of Russian academic reform that deals with tangible and intangible capital. And libraries in social sciences encounter a number of threats: shortage of free space and financing, mortal danger of fire and water leakage. But they also offer scholars luxury of personal communication with history and this gives us a promising chance for leapfrog development.
Key words: historical science, Orientalists, library science, personal book collections, written sources, advanced knowledge transfer, "Diaversity".
Discourse on the role of library books in academic research work has been due for quite a long while, though for professional scholars it seems, at first glance, self-evident. "Naturally, libraries are very important. What can be said here? I use them all the time". Yet, today the issue is not trivial. I would like to outline my vision of the current place of libraries in academic research, to talk on the opportunities and dangers that await this social institution. Let me start with a succinct metaphor: professional library for a traveler in the ocean of human culture is like Captain Nemo's submarine from "Mysterious Island" by Jules Verne. I say this from experience, having worked for four decades in the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Arriving in Germany in 1993 for the second time (after participating in the XXXII Congress of Asia and North Africa Studies in Hamburg) - to work in the interdisciplinary study group dealing with the structure, logic and function
* Dr. Victor Nemchinov is Senior research fellow, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
of historical consciousness, which took place in the "youngest" German university - in Bielefeld, I found myself on board of "Nautilus". Designed by prominent education sociologist Helmut Schelsky especially as a University of the latest modification, Bielefeld has a unique library, which occupies the entire space of the 1st floor cutting across departments and faculties. Once on the "deck", you immediately find yourself in a modern book depot and have the right to be in it daily from eight in the morning until the midnight. Take the books that interest you and work with them on one condition of leaving them on the reading tables, not placing them back on the shelves. Return - is the prerogative of librarians. This team of professionals knows how to maintain perfect order, and at the same time leaves you full freedom to work with any desired book.
Dr. Lubov Goryaeva told me about a similar impression made on her by the free access to the bookshelves in the library in the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur. But when one digs in the rich library collection with at least an age long tradition, the relics of personal book collections encapsulated in such libraries would represent gems of written sources and textology. Imagine what means for the historian of thought, say, a collection of 3,500 books accumulated by John Bastin which in fact is now a single oriental complex - an invaluable source of information. Individual book collections within the life span of a few generations turn into archeological treasures, which are important even in the smallest details - from book signs and marks on the margins to the linguistic peculiarities of the time and knowledge structures. Thus the professionalism of book gatherers turns their collections into written monuments. They come alive through the ages and again become acclaimed by new generations of professional researchers. That's why, in our computer age with all the newest electronic thematic search engines, databases, and digitized texts the printed book not only retains its content value, but allowing a ready possibility of repeated direct visual and tactile contact a paper book remains both an absolute must, and a super comfortable luxury for the researcher.
Scholars, researchers, and general readers accustomed to the important role of books in their daily lives, are well aware that such level of comfort is possible only in your own personal library. For the connoisseur, intellectual and sybarite this palpably distinct advantage of a printed book over the e-books conveniently and tightly packed for travel is quite apparent, though one does not exclude (and today definitely requires) the other. And yet to leave open several books, to get back to the familiar bookmarks, to review your pencil marks, to compare several texts and various definitions, to go to another bookshelf and pick up another familiar volume, to get distracted anticipating an easy come back, to get to the place in a text where your thought bounced to a new twist, and finally to allow yourself a little nap with a book... What can be compared to that intellectual luxury? Your opened books would stay like that as loyal friends, waiting not in the electronic sleep mode, but instantly ready
for dialogue until you return. It is this invaluable comfort and almost an addict need of intellectually controlled communication with the print media that a personal library provides you with. As succinctly was formulated in one of our conversations by Dr. Bagrat Seyranian: "You know how I imagine the paradise. This is - an infinite library with an unlimited number of books at your service". And in how many cases scholars professionally studying the East (linguists, historians, economists, art historians, literary critics) just technologically can not normally engage in their academic work, not having a bunch of necessary editions right at hand! Computer screen, even two or three paralleled monitors would not provide a scholar with the proper disposition for comparative study. To actively involve psychomotor potential a scholar really needs large book filled information space. For instance, lexicologist Dr. Anna Belova, conducting comparative etymological analysis of the pre-Islamic Arab languages simultaneously works with dozen of dictionaries and with several parallel texts contrasting and comparing various shades of meaning. Physical space required for such a study includes a place for several opened manuscripts from her personal collection, various textual sources in different languages and dialects at hand, dictionaries in rare languages (Accadian, Aramaic, Berber, Meroitic, Nubian, etc) for comparing definitions, books from library of the Institute of Oriental Studies collections, and Juri Zavadovskiy's selected materials on structural and morphological analysis of Arabic and Berber dialects.
Professor Zavadovskiy's rich memorial library on Middle East, Maghreb and Central Asia had a dramatically short life-span. It had been opened by his followers for the students and researchers in the University of Dushanbe, "to which Yuri Nikolaevich often traveled from Moscow to give lectures on Arabic literature. His memorial room stored a large number of dictionaries and books from his personal library. The fate of this room was sad: in the 90s during the fighting in Tajikistan, it was destroyed, as they say, by a direct bomb hit " [Unknown Pages of Russian Oriental Studies, 1997, pp 33-34]. In the heart of peaceful Moscow another valuable private library collected by academician Bobojan Gafurov, while he was director of the Institute of Oriental Studies, - a collection representing an important cross-cut of the mid-20th century literature about the East had perished being flooded during a water-supply breakdown.
I compare personal library of researcher with a bathyscaph well equipped and carefully prepared for autonomous scholarly "navigation". Such lab apart from being a written source of collected information permits palpable perception, stimulates memory, research incite and profound academic vision. Physical contact with the wealth of printed thought advances a dialogue, gives space to intuition, opens up a passage to different cultures and allows corporeal, intellectual and at the same time spiritual travel across time and into the new worlds. The books, which pile at your working table, lay at your bedside, books that are picked up from the shelves, give you a sense of communion with the author, provide you with the clues to understanding specific thought process -
and bestow the reader with a special rich feeling of having a full living. Thus the accumulated books that are collected in your library over the years become part of the biography of its owner. As noted by Dr. Svetlana Prozhogina (also in private conversation), "your library is like an opportunity of having a rich well-selected wardrobe: you then simply do not depend on the weather." Suitcases full of books brought by scholars from their foreign trips, books "excavated" in the second-hand bookshops, books donated by friends, presented by colleagues with the author's dedications and autographs, piles of printed papers, photographs, tracings, ethnographic materials - all this necessary and excessive wealth, which represents inviolable baggage of a scholar is constantly forcing him out of his apartment. Hence, is my metaphor of comparing the library to a submarine.
Three similar problems facing libraries as well as submarines, hang over them like the sword of Damocles: first, is an acute shortage of space; second, preservation of assets and their replenishing with the fresh stock of supply (scientific libraries, currently set into a long autonomous floating, are on extremely meager rations) and finally, comes the issue of survivability. The common irreplaceable fatal danger - is the fire on board, followed by the drowning in bids to extinguish the fire and (equivalent in catastrophic consequences) the risk of puncture in the heating water systems. Many of us still feel the drama of a February 1988 night when Library of the Academy of sciences (BAN) with its unique book and periodical funds went on fire1. Let alone the most recent two and a half million library entries burned and/or damaged in 2014 during the three days of extinguishing the library fire by pouring water in the premises of the INION library funds (Institute of Scientific Information in Social Sciences, RAS), which stays as a gaping open wound inflicted to the national and world culture. Such a loss does not fit into humane consciousness. One can only ponder what danger may loom next when moratorium on academic property rights will be lifted.
Entering my Institute of Oriental Studies, you almost automatically turn your head to the right, where a sad rack with a shelf for flowers is located and, if there is no vase with traditional carnations, you just calmly proceed to your office.
1 As witnessed by Dr. Tatyana Vinogradova: " after two transfers from temporary storage and drying process all [Oriental] newspapers got mixed up and for a long while it was necessary first to sort them by language (particularly the not filed, broken sets, odd and single copies) then to array them by titles and sort by chronological dates. In this recover process early last century Chinese newspapers were found that were originally collected by V. Alekseev and donated by him to the Asiatic museum. Evidently, there is no guarantee that collection remained intact. Some things could have perished, some items could get lost amidst the thick files of newspaper sets. Old catalogue cards that had survived show that actually, there were more newspapers in stock in the past. Yet I found an unopened envelope dated 1912 with two newspapers sent to the name of V. Alekseev". [Society and State in China. Vol. XILIII, part I. M.: IVRAN, 2013, p.556]
With the demise of our irreplaceable colleagues we are increasingly losing their most loyal silent friends (in the words of Semen Makarenko, "the books are just bound people"). Is that a shortage of available dwelling space or just mere human ignorance that has to be blamed, I hesitate to say, but with the immediate sale of Dr. A. Litman apartment by his departing children the rich library on Indian philosophy collected over the years in Litman's home was simply thrown out into the nearest dustbin. A little more "lucky" were the books of Dr. G. Kotov-sky: the heir to his apartment had traded his rich and carefully collected library at retail. Though several volumes from the collection have enriched the library of IAAS, the Centre for Indian Studies, which was headed by Dr. G. Kotovsky for many years, could get for its professional Indological library only the unclaimed and unsold old statistical reference books on Indian agriculture. Absolutely slurred remains the fate of a very rich personal library with books on Eastern art that Dr. Tatiana Grigorieva, for lack of space, had to keep in her unguarded summer country cottage house (dacha).
Visiting the library in the Institute of Oriental Studies, our indispensable scientific library, that organizationally falls under the management by INION, RAS, I asked the librarians if they can recall when personal libraries of our scholars were accepted as donations to their funds. The answer was: "Never" -although in 2014 the library has started processing of about 3000 volumes that Prof. L. Kontsevich, the developer of transliteration system from Korean Hangeul characters to the Cyrillic alphabet, had insisted to be preserved in the Institute. This complex work is nearing its completion. Yet transferring a personal library to the public or to a specialized library is a burdensome gift both for the donor and the recipient. Gifts and donations by law are subjected to paying a very substantial tax that encroaches on the already very meager sums currently allotted to the public and professional libraries. And how under such conditions can they replenish the ever-growing book losses? In the IOS library I was shown a debt box full of claim cards for the books that had been issued to the readers and that were never returned. With the demise of a reader the borrowed library books invariably disappear. Thus in response to librarian requests for the return of borrowed literature the relatives almost always gave the answer: "Ah, you know, we threw all that away instantly."
However, there are scientific departments, which have been lucky enough to continue the posthumous dialogue with a scholar. The most recent example - several hundred books related to the East donated to the Center for Arab and Islamic Studies, IOS by the family of academician Eu. Primakov in 2015. I had a chance of closely working with him when as director of the IOS he was co-chairing the annual Soviet-American conferences on Problems of modern Asia that were alternately held in the USA and the USSR. I was a contributor on South Asia and India discussions and also translated to Eu. Primakov, providing simultaneous interpretation. We knew each other pretty well. But having recently studied in his personal book collection, I saw him in quite
a new light. Hundreds of impressive dedicatory inscriptions from the authors and dozens of book-autographs, have revealed the hitherto little-known aspects in the life of this outstanding man.
The IOS department of Written Monuments of Eastern Peoples is located in the M.N.O. Osmanov Memorial library on Iranian literature, which largely predetermines the nature and the style of the daily work in this department. It is interesting to note that this compact, perfectly chosen collection of valuable books, numbering about 1,000 volumes, actually performs the function of materialized emanation of the scholar's thought. Direct access to his thematic selection of Oriental written sources and to professional literature collected by Prof. Osmanov enables scholars, employees and graduate students to educate themselves, to check their thoughts in an array of representative information and to get a needed pin-pointed input even without the physical presence of the mentor who had collected this priceless library. It may be appropriate to recall here a statement by academician Natalia Bechtereva that not only the thought, but consciousness as well can exist apart from the brain, because a concept is not a letter, but rather the spirit, concealed in a scholar's library2. The accumulated knowledge gets reborn each time anew through the understanding, based on the feeling, will and the interest of new experts. Young researchers independently studying in such highly specialized personal collections of the outstanding scholars are privileged to have at hand not only a ready-made extensive bibliographic review, but they also get access to the source material for their own first discoveries; while the experienced researchers of the Middle Eastern verbal culture can plunge into vast information fields, encompassing data sources in Oriental chronology, epigraphy, folklore, paleography, archaegraphy, onomastics, anthroponymics codicology, sphragis-tics, heraldry and numismatics. The value of complementing and contrasting several research fields is particularly noticeable during the divisional meetings and academic seminars, where the library, in fact, serves as an equal participant in the discussions. Right during the debates, scholars do find a needed clarification, a required reference or quotation just by taking an appropriate book from the shelf and, having quoted a well-conceived idea they can instantly reconfirm the subject-thematic attribution or can rely on already tried and tested method of investigation of the written monument under discussion. Thus such valuable book collections open up the consciousness of researchers to academic self-identification with the studied heritage in a refined and intellectually rich professional environment.
Similar research opportunities for historians, archeologists, and Egyptologists are provided by Prof. V. Avdiyev's memorial room and library belonging to the Department of ancient history of the East, where over 2300 rare books in various languages are carefully preserved. The library, located in a separate room, re-
like A. Losev library in his house in Arbat street, 33 in Moscow.
mains for several decades the favorite gathering place of informal communication between different generations of scholars that share similar research interests. Currently this collection receives personal library of Ja. Cher, an expert on petroglyphs of Middle and Central Asia (that contains over 20 boxes of books on primitive art, on typological methods in archeology and in study of historical artifacts). Tatyana Stepugina wants to make available her rare books to the department. Academician Natalia Nikolaeva, who had never worked in the Institute of Oriental Studies, considered it very important to transfer her books and albums on the art of Japan to IOS. The late Alexander Petrov, chief of economic history sector, did much to preserve the books on economic history, econometrics and modern economy that belonged to economists Glery Shirokov and Vladimir Yashkin. Such examples will make a long list if we visit all research departments of the Institute. These vivid examples of personal selflessness, are an important indicator of the expressed social desire to preserve the scholarly continuity in the unique academic school of Russian Oriental Studies, that holds a place of prominence on the forefront of world science.
Let us continue our tour of the IOS. Two personal libraries (Yuri N. Roerich and Prof. V. Gordlevsky) are included as structural units in the Institute of Oriental Studies in the form of memorial libraries by special decisions of RAS Presidium. Five thousand carefully selected rare scientific books in French, English and Eastern languages accompanied by the sources on Tibetology which for several decades were collected in India and had been brought to the IOS in 1960 by an outstanding Orientalist Yuri Roerich open up treasures of Indian civilization. This is not only a valuable humanitarian fund, but also an amazing spiritual monument, an evidence of the selfless devotion to scientific quest by the whole Roerich family. "Memorial library also contains over 250 rare Tibetan monastic woodcuts and a number of works (sumbums) in Tibetan languages collected by Roerich. The entire fund is represented I alphabetical and systematic catalogues, as well as in the general catalogue of the IOS library"3. The sources and philological materials of the library helped to accomplish the monumental research of Yuri Roerich. His thesaurus was compiled and published under the title of "Tibetan-Russian-English Dictionary with Sanskrit parallels". Memorial Library helped to shape up a public study community. Annual "Roerich Readings" -- that in 2016 have gathered for the 53rd time a variety of experts and enthusiasts from Russia and from abroad - are held here under the aegis of the Memorial library.
Academician V.A. Gordlevsky, who headed until his last days Sector of Turkey, had bequeathed his brilliant specialized library to the Institute Oriental Studies. "The Memorial Library funds contain ten thousand units of storage. This is mainly literature on the history Russian oriental studies, philology, ethnography
Guide to the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies (reader's note) Comp. A.I. Bendix. Moscow: Nauka, 1970. p. 25.
of Turkey and of the Turk speaking peoples. In addition to books, magazines, articles, the library contains photo albums, geographic atlases, reprints of scientific articles and a small ethnographic collection. The exposition comprises ethnographic and religious artifacts collected by V. Gordlevsky during his travels to the East. In addition to the scientific library there is also a section with fiction"4 Sector of Turkey has been located in the premises occupied by the V. Gordlevsky's Memorial Cabinet-Library, since 1958. The fact that the work of the scholarly department has been conducted for decades inside the personal library of their mentor, teacher and leader had set up a very special atmosphere of academic rigueur, regional professionalism and strict adherence to area study specifics. The Sector was welcoming only narrow professional-Turkologists, "people accustomed to excessive politicization had no chance of taking root there"; "There was no competition in the Sector. The prevailing mood was that there are very few of us, experts, and the subject of our mutual interests -history, economy, culture of Turkey, is so vast, that there would be enough work for everyone. Newspapers and books coming from Turkey, were in a large deficit, so that book exchange and just the exchange of information about what is happening in the country, has always been in the Sector in the order of things"5.
Having left the Roerich's and Gordlevsky's libraries on the third floor, we find ourselves in the premises of the alphabetic and systematic catalogs of the IOS library, where the on-duty bibliographers will always come to your assistance. Nearby - is the library subscription. Once, when the Institute and the library were in the old building of the Lazarevsky Institute in the Armenian side-street, researchers regularly lined up for subscription. Today, more than 1,000 regular readers can freely order books from library funds with over 600,000 books and 300,000 oriental publications, which are transferred on loan for long-term usage. About 500 students from the Institute of Eastern Countries (ISAA), Moscow State Lomonosov University, from Institute of Practical Oriental Studies and form other universities, together with over 100 post-graduate students working on Oriental topics, as well as 150 nonresident readers accepted on requests from other scientific and educational institutions of the country were regularly joining the IOS permanent readers-researchers. In the last two years there was a growing stream of new readers who had previously applied to the currently closed INION library. Since 1969 IOS library (perhaps the largest and diversified in the system of social sciences with about 30 specialized research libraries) has been structurally subordinated to INION RAS.
After the terrible February fire in the main building of INION, not only books and periodicals had perished, the fire had ruined the bulk of book processing facilities where the main work on registration and cataloging the new
4 Lee Yu.A., Oreshkova S. F. Sector of Turkey, Institute of Oriental Studies (to a half-century history of existence). Moscow: IOS RAS, 2009. p. 73
5 Ibid. p. 31
acquisitions was done. Currently this activity has practically stopped. With the loss of card processing equipment, special software programs do not work. In the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS at best, one card arrives with great delay, whereas previously the library would get with the book at least a dozen of them. The cards are manually filled and punched with a hole puncher by bibliographers, buying with their own money the thick paper to replenish the card index, transliterating data in Oriental languages that they manage to translate with the help of expert readers. Who will appreciate their dedication, their honest, everyday struggle with the growing information entropy? To understand the scale of what is due to be done, I will simply list the languages of publications with which the IOS library operates: Arabic, Aramaic, Assam, Assyrian, Baloch, Bengali, Burmese, Braj, Vietnamese, Gujarati, Dari, Yiddish, Hebrew, Indonesian, Kannada, Kashmiri, Chinese, Korean, Kurdish, Khmer, Laotian, Malay, Malayalam, Manipuri, Mongolian (including in Latin script), Nepali, Oriyan, Punjabi, Persian, Prakrit, Pashto, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Swahili, Sundan, Tagalok (Philippines), Tibetan, Turkish, Tuigur, Urdu, Farsi, Hindi, Van, Japanese; Altai, Abazin, Abkhaz, Avar, Adzharian, Adyghian, Azerbaijani, Balkarian, Bashkiri, Byelorussian, Buryat, Buryat-Mongolian, Gagauz, Georgian, Dagestani, Dargin, Dungan, Ingush, Kabardino-Cherkessian, Kabardin, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Karakalpak, Karachayevsky, Kirghiz, Crimean-Tatar, Kumyk, Kurdish, Lakh, Lezghin, Mari, Moldovan, Mordovian, Nogai, Ossetian, Tajik, Tatar, Tuvan, Turkmen, Turkic, Uzbek, Uyghur, Ukrainian, Khakassian, Chechen, Chuvash and Yakut languages.
"We are yours" says Rimma Zharyokhina, director of the library and head of Library and Bibliographic Services Department subordinated to INION. At present INION is headed by a former employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies. We wish him to find the proper solutions necessary for the development of the IOS library and the Oriental studies.
Meanwhile, both scholars and librarians selflessly seek their own means to the salvage of the "Nautilus". Where to begin this endeavor? With information and communication free unhampered flow of "containers of knowledge and storages of thought" into the seeking hands of professionals and general readers. For instance, it is necessary to find direct ways to the transfer of duplicates and already processed scientific editions that could free the scarce storage space. Excessive copies shall find those to whom they are interesting and needed. And already at the Institute of Russian History I see a table where researchers and employees leave the books with which they will no longer work. At the Institute of Europe, RAS I see the same book-release table, In the Institute of Philosophy there is a stand where books are offered to colleagues for free. In the Institute of Oriental Studies, about a hundred of such books are stored at subscription counter. In the pedagogical Ushinsky library, in Bogolubov public library you can get to the book-crossing shelves. Many other libraries follow the suit. There are now other places in town allotted for free book exchange. Such a
voluntary transfer of books to the new addressees is practiced not only by libraries and by individual book owners. Racks for free book access have been installed in Gorky recreation and Culture Park. Short stories of classics and contemporary writers, published in small book format can not only be easily read but also immediately discussed and returned for other users.
I see here a good prospect for the much needed off-line communication, for benevolent mentorship and for the accelerated personal development. As had said Fazil Iskander in his interview to the readers: "Life is like a ping-pong: you must constantly beat off someone else's idea, so that your own thought could be born." What is needed and is still lacking in the academic life - a quick almost instant feedback between the authors and their fellow researchers. Open pier reviews not in the form of the current pre-publication filter, but in the form of preprints and rapid new ideas exchange, some kind of press releases. In 1979, I launched in the IOS a photocopied feedback research journal "Abstracts" that would release in small-circulation new ideas in condensed form. Readers were asked to leave notes on the broad margins, and, having handed over such a feed-back product to the editors, they would immediately receive an additional free copy from the publisher. Now, after several decades of experience, this method of intensive dialogue is employed in a new interactive international study and educational platform "Diaversity". The mission of this "university of dialogue" is to foster and acknowledge individual talent by helping each time to actively recreate the mechanisms of culture. "And there are no mechanisms that by themselves would have ensured that beauty lasts, that freedom lasts, etc. Every time we should reproduce [them] with our own strenuous effort and at ones own risk. But there is an instrument that helps a person in this effort. Such help in an effort to be humane is the text (in the broadest sense of the word)"6 Diaversity project participants are encouraged to put a new book a week for discussion, by highlighting those ideas that they may consider important to be discussed. After that, the dialogue includes a feedback by experienced professionals, major specialists who understand the importance of maintaining academic continuity and of the step by step uplift of complex scholarly research.
In live, direct communication with the texts, stored by libraries, in the necessary of dialogical mediations for any person, particularly - for the researcher-historian, we can hold on to the guiding thread conducive to an advanced new knowledge. It is important to upkeep a dialogue between the narrator and the reader, between the comprehended narrative and the researcher's further quest. Such dialogue inspires. It gives uplift to the wings of consciousness and the flight of scientific thought can get far beyond the routine communication.
6 Mamardashvili M.K. Psychological topology of the path. M. Proust. "In search of lost time." St. Petersburg: Neva, 1997. p120
Bibliography
Zavadovskaya S.Yu. Yury Nikolaevich Zavadovsky (1909-1979). Biographical notes // Unknown pages of Russian Oriental studies. Issue. II. Moscow: Vost. Lit., 2004. 511 p.
Vinogradova T.I. Chinese illustrated newspapers from the collection of Academician V.M. Alekseeva // Society and the state in China. T. XILIII, ch. I. M .: IW RAS, 2013. 684 p.
Guide to the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies (reader's note) / Comp. A.I. Bendix. Moscow: Nauka, 1970. 54 pp.
Lee Yu.A., Oreshkova SF Sector Turkey Institute of Oriental Studies (to a half-century history of existence). Moscow: IG RAS, 2009. 95 p.
Mamardashvili M.K. Psychological topology of the path. M. Proust. "In search of lost time." St. Petersburg: Neva, 1997. 570 p.
