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DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.23670/IRJ.2017.65.037 Истомина Е.Е.1, Куранов М.Н.2
1ORCID:0000-0002-1243-4434, кандидат химических наук,
2ORCID: 0000-0003-4910-6239, индивидуальный предприниматель, 1 Педагогический институт Иркутского государственного университета
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ФЕРМЕРСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА И ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ
КАЧЕСТВА МЯСО-МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются результаты исследования организации фермерского хозяйства крупного рогатого скота и обеспечения качества мяса и молочной продукции. Представлена производственная программа.
Приведены капитальные затраты на оборудование и материалы на организацию фермерского хозяйства. В статье выполнен расчет технико-экономических показателей производственной программы и приведены показатели безопасности молочной и мясной продукции, а также разработаны мероприятия по обеспечению качества мясной и молочной продукции.
Ключевые слова: организация, фермерское хозяйство, крупный рогатый скот, обеспечение качества, мясная продукция, молочная продукция.
Istomina E.E.1, Kuranov M.N.2
1ORCID: 0000-0002-1243-4434, PhD in Chemistry, 2ORCID: 0000-0003-4910-6239, Private entrepreneur, Pedagogical Institute of Irkutsk State University ORGANIZATION OF LARGE CATTLE FARMING AND ENSURING QUALITY OF MEAT-DAIRY PRODUCTS
Abstract
The paper examines the results of the study on a cattle farming organization and ensuring the quality of meat and dairy products, the production program is presented as well. The capital costs for equipment and materials for the organization of the farm are presented, in the paper, the calculation of technical and economic indicators of the production program is performed and the safety indicators for dairy and meat products are listed, the measures ensuring the quality of meat and dairy products are developed as well.
Keywords: organization, farming, cattle, quality assurance, meat products, dairy products.
Introduction. According to «Soyuzmoloko» in 2016, Russia's level of self-sufficiency in dairy products amounted to 8 1.5%. By 2020, according to the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, this standard should be 90%. The production of commercial milk amounted to 20.7 million tons and increased by 2.8%. Milk productivity of cows increased by 2.1%. Milk processing and finished goods production grew by 1%. The organization of the farming economy of cattle contributes to the implementation of this Doctrine [1. p. 11]. Agriculture in the Irkutsk region is engaged in 190 agricultural organizations, 3,3 thousand farms, 349 thousand personal subsidiary farms, 120 cooperatives [2. p. 40]. The purpose of the study is to organize a farmer economy to produce high-quality meat products and milk products, with the next retail sale in the Irkutsk region market.
Material and methods. This article discusses the results of a study of the organization of a farm economy and ensuring the quality of meat and milk products. The method of the study is the evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects, carried out according to the Methodological recommendations for the evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects [3. p. 3].
Results and discussion.
The goal of the project is to generate profit through the production of meat and milk products. The main activities of the company are: breeding cattle and retail sale of dairy products; cattle breeding and retail sale of meat products.
Stakeholders of the project: individual entrepreneur, sales manager of LLC «UNIC» in Irkutsk, head of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Irkutsk region, consumers of Irkutsk region, we are suppliers of feed and veterinary products.
Type of project - capital investments in fixed assets and circulating assets of agricultural production. Acquisition of agricultural machinery: (table 1).
Table 1 - Capital investment (CI)
Agricultural machinery Quantity, units Price, thousand rub. Value, thousand rub. Provider
MTZ-82.1 tractor 1 1380.0 1380.0 «UNIC», Irkutsk
Press-picker PRT-F-145. 1 500.0 500.0 «UNIC», Irkutsk
Total 1880.0
The project also plans fattening for meat 7 bulls, 7 cows for lactation of milk, and also sowing wheat and oats on an area of 51.5 hectares for growing cattle feed.
Table 2 - Profession of farm
Professions lQ lY 2Q lY lQ 2Y lQ 3Y 3Q 4Y 3Q 3Y
Farmer l l l l l l
Herdsman / Shepherd 0 l l l l l
Dairymaid 0 0 0 l l l
Machinist of tractor 0 0 0 0 l l
Total l 2 2 3 4 4
In the farm, agricultural products will be produced: drinking milk - 5.2 tons/month; soured cream - 4.25; cottage cheese -2.3; and beef - 8.25 tons/year.
_Table 3 - Holstein breed [4, C. 366; 5]_
Index Value Note
Species Holstein breed «-»
Slaughter yield of meat 30-60%
Average weight of a bull 800-900 Kg
Average weight of cows 330-360 Kg
Average weight of a calf 15-16 months 420-480 Kg
Productivity maximize 3300-3300 Kg
Mass fraction of protein 3,0-3,2%
Fat content of milk 3,7-3,9%
Stern
Hay 3,3 kg Per 100 kg of net weight
Succulent feed (potato, silo) 2-3 kg Per 1 kg of milk
Concentrated feed (bran, oil cake) l00-200 g Per 1 kg of milk
Sodium chloride 3-8 g Per 100 kg of net weight
For 4 years it is planned to increase the head of cattle and 14 to 56 cows.
Table 4 - Livestock project
Indicator Number of goals
Cattle. Total l4
Cows 3
Bull 1-3 years 3
Heifer 1-3 years 4
A significant part of the agricultural produce produced will be sold on the food markets of the Irkutsk region. The farmer to ensure the demand for milk and meat products, regulates quality, by composing the optimal formulations. The quality of
products is formed through the control of raw materials and the provision of storage and transportation factors for finished products in accordance with regulatory documents. The trade mark-up for each product is formed taking into account the demand in the market.
Table 5 - Technical conditions
Product Standard Technical conditions
Net weight. Gram Acidity. °Т Fat mass fraction. % Protein mass fraction. %
Drinking milk GOST 31450-2013 [6] 1000 20 4.7 3.0
Cottage cheese GOST 31453-2013 [7] 180 210 18.0 14.0
Soured cream GOST 31452-2012 [8] 500 70 37.0 2.0
Product Standard Thickness of Muscle eye Color of muscle Color of
subcutaneous area, sm2 tissue in cross subcutaneous
fat.sm section fat
Meat. High quality GOST R 55445- < 2.0 >70-80 «A», «E», «B», «K», «fi», «M»
beef 2013 [9] «r»
Примечание: 1 Klass 1;2;3;4; Category «В»; «К»; «Г».
As part of fixed assets are farm, cowshed, truck, bulls, land. In the composition of working capital are food, equipment, lining.
Project analysis. The planning of the production of peasant farms is based on production capacity. Production capacities are limited by labor resources, production areas, natural components. The general management of the peasant farm will be carried out by the entrepreneur. The working staff will consist of 3 replaceable basic workers. The salary at the enterprise is time-based. The sales plan is calculated on the fact of receipt of proceeds from the sale of products. The farm will start farming activities from the 1Y. The sales plan is presented in Table 6.
Calculation of depreciation is carried out proceeding from the fact that the service life of a barn and a tractor is 10 years. Depreciation is accrued on a straight-line basis. Depreciation charges amount to 188 000 rubles in year.
Table 6 - Plan of revenus
Product Revenus.kg Revenust.thousand rubles
1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y
Drinking milk 66100 66100 85930 111709 2314 2314 3008 3909
Cottage cheese 5825 5825 7689 9007 495 495 653,6 766
Soured cream 3146 3146 3657 3883 283 283 329 350
Meat. High quality beef. 1238 1238 1856 2784 223 223 334 501
Total 76309 76309 99132 127383 3315 3315 4325 5526
The cost of production includes conditionally variable and conditionally fixed costs. Commercial expenses are represented by expenses for the purchase of fuels and lubricants (fuels and lubricants), which are accounted for at constant costs, and management costs in the management salaries.
Formation of the price for production of Individual Entrepreneur. The farmer is based on a costly and market approach. The price covers the costs of production, but does not exceed the price of competitors. Production indicators according to the plan of the economy: indicator milk yield from 1 cow per year - 4400 kg. Conditional variable costs include animal feed. The amount of feed intake is affected by the age of the animals, lactation and weight. The variable costs in accordance with the production plan are presented in Table 7.
Table 7 - Cash-flow. thousand rubles
Indicator 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y
Proceeds 3173.5 3314.9 4324.7 5525.5
Production cost 2019.5 2142.8 2418.8 2765.6
Gross profit 1154.0 1172.1 1905.9 2759.9
Commercial and administrative expenses 12.0 13.8 15.8 15.8
Depreciation 118.0 118.0 118.0 118.0
Revenue from sales 954.0 970.3 1702.1 2556.1
Profit before tax 954.0 970.3 1702.1 2556.1
Unified agricultural tax (6%) 57.2 58.2 102.1 153.4
EBIT 896.8 912.1 1600.0 2402.7
The cost of purchasing food increases in accordance with the increase in the herd number from 15 to 56 head of cattle. The farmer sells livestock products. Farmer activity is a profitable type of business, as evidenced by statistics on the breeding of cattle in the Irkutsk region.
The products are fully sold in the agricultural markets of the Irkutsk region. Cattle breeding refers to agricultural activities, so the calculation uses a single agricultural tax (6%), in addition to which mandatory contributions to the pension fund of the Russian Federation and the social insurance fund (30%) are paid. These taxes are included in fixed costs. The need for non-current assets arises in the first year. They are related to the acquisition of agricultural machinery. The total need for non-current assets will amount to 1 880 000 rubles, including: grant funds - 1 500 000 rubles. And own means of the farmer - 380 000 rubles.
In Tables 7-8, reflecting costs, revenue and net profit. According to calculated data, it is clear that from 3Q 1Y to 2Q 2Y, the net profit is negative for months.
Table 8 - Estimation of economic efficiency, thousand rubles
Indicator 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y
EBIT 896.8 912.1 1600.0 2402.7
Depreciation 188 188 188 188
EBITDA 1324.4 1214.6 1726.5 1831.5
Capital investment (CI) -1880 0 0 0
Discount rate 0.8475 0.7182 0.6086 0.5158
Discounted cash flow (DCF) 919.4 790.1 1088.2 1336.3
Net present value (NPV) -960.6 -170.5 917.6 2253.9
Profitability of invested capital, % 28.3 27.5 37.0 43.5
Breakeven pint 1485.0 3278.1 2777.2 2644.9
Discounted payback period (DPP), years 2.2
Profitability index (PI) 1.12
Internal rate of return (IRR) 0.1855
Thus, the amount of this profit and will be a need for current assets in 1Y.
The need for current assets of the project will be 340 500 rubles. As a result of unfavorable weather conditions, about 70% of the losses in the national economy fall on agricultural production [10. р. 94]. When analyzing risks, it was revealed that many factors influence the efficiency of work. One of the most important is the incidence of bull-calves, which can lead to the death of animals. The main obstacles that can place project implementation are poor climatic conditions - low yields resulting in a shortage of feed.
Conclusion. The project is based on the organization of peasant farming of cattle and ensuring the quality of meat and milk products. The production program is presented. The project of cattle farm cost-effective and practical to implement.
Список литературы / References
1. Инкижинова С. Просто люди у нас бедные [Электронный ресурс] / С. Инкижинова // Эксперт - 2017 - №34. - C. 11-14. URL.: http://expert.ru /expert/2017/34/ prosto-lyudi-u-nas-bednyie (дата обращения: 02.10.2017)
2. Истомина Е.Е. Применение инноваций при реконструкции и модернизации тепличного хозяйства Иркутской области / Е.Е. Истомина // Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. - 2016. - №4(46). - C. 40-43.
3. Российская Федерация. Методические рекомендации по оценке эффективности инвестиционных проектов. [утв. Минэкономики РФ, Минфином РФ и ГС РФ от 21.06.1999 ВК477]. - [2 ред.]. - М.: Экономика, 2000. - 421 с.
4. Щеглов Е. В. Голштинская порода. Гермафродит — Григорьев. В 4 т. / Е. В. Щеглов - М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2007. - С. 366.
5. Черно-пестрая порода КРС. [Электронный ресурс] // Сельский эксперт - 2017. URL.: https://selo-exp.com/korovy/cherno-pestraya-poroda-krs.html (дата обращения: 02.10.2017)
6. ГОСТ 31450-2013. Молоко питьевое. Технические условия. - Введ. 2014-07-01. - М.: Изд-во стандартов, 2013. -11 с.
7. ГОСТ 31453-2013. Творог. Технические условия. - Введ. 2014-07-01. - М.: Изд-во стандартов, 2013. - 12 с.
8. ГОСТ 31452-2012. Сметана. Технические условия. - Введ. 2013-07-01. - М.: Изд-во стандартов, 2013. - 11 с.
9. ГОСТ Р 55445-2013. Мясо. Говядина высококачественная. Технические условия. - Введ. 2014-07-01. - М.: Изд-во стандартов, 2013. - 14 с.
10. Истомина Е.Е. Производственная программа системы автоматического полива растений «Умный сад» / Е.Е. Истомина, М.Н. Куранов. // МНИЖ. - 2016. - №2(44). - C. 94-97. DOI: 10.18454/IRJ.2016.44.099
Список литературы на английском языке / References in English
1.Inkijinova S. Prosto ludi u nas bednie [Just we are poor people] / S. Inkijinova // Expert - 2017 - №34. - p. 11-14. -URL.: http://expert.ru /expert/2017/34/prosto-lyudi-u-nas-bednyie (accessed: 02.10.2017). [in Russian]
2. Istomina E.E. Primenenie innovacii' pri reconstrukcii I modernizacii teplichnogo hozaistva Irkutskoy oblasti. [The process of innovation in the reconstruction and modernization of greenhouse Irkutsk region] / E.E. Istomina. // International Research Journal. - 2016. - №4(46). - р. 40-43. [In Russian] doi: 10.18454/IRJ.2016.46.247
3. Rossijskaja Federacija. Metodicheskie rekomendacii po ocenke effektivnosti investicionoy proectov. [Russian Federation. Methodological recommendations for the evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects] : [accepted by Minekonomika RF, Minfin RF, GS RF. on June 6, 1999. №VK477]. - [2 ed.]. - M. : Ekonomika. - 2000. - 421 p. [in Russian]
4. Sc'eglov E. V. Golshtinskay poroda.V 4 t. [Holstein breed] / E. V. Sc'eglov. - M. Bolshaja Rossijskaja enciklopedia. -2007. - 366 р. [in Russian]
5. Cherno-pestraya poroda KRS. [Cherno-pestraya breed cattle] // Rural Expert - 2017 - URL.: https://selo-exp.com/korovy/cherno-pestraya-poroda-krs.html (дата обращения: 02.10.2017) [in Russian]
6. GOST 31450-2013. Moloko pit'evoe. TU [Drinking milk. Specifications]. - Vved. 2014-07-01. - M.: Izd-vo standartov. - 2013. - 11 p. [in Russian]
7. GOST 31453-2013. Tvorog. Tehnicheskie uslovia [Cottage cheese. Specifications]. - Vved. 2014-07-01. - M.: I. Standartov. - 2013. - 12 p. [in Russian]
8. GOST 31452-2012. Smetana. Tehnicheskie uslovia [Soured cream. Specifications]. - Vved.2013-07-01.-M.: Izd-vo standartov. - 2012. - 11 p. [in Russian]
9. GOST R 55445-2013. Myaso. Govyadina visokokachestvenaya. Tehnicheskie uslovia [Meat. High quality beef. Specification]. - Vved. 2014-07-01. - M.: Izd-vo standartov. - 2013. - 14 p. [in Russian]
10. Istomina E.E. Proizvodstvenaja programma sistemi avtomaticheskogo poliva rastenii' «Umni'y sad» [The production program of an automatic plant waterling systems «Smart garden»] / E.E. Istomina, M.N. Kuranov. // International Research Journal. - 2016. - №2(44). - р. 94-97. doi: 10.18454/IRJ.2016.44.099 [in Russian]
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2017.65.014 Конова А.М.1, Гаврилова А.Ю.2 1 Кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, 2аспирант, Смоленский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства в г. Смоленске ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ПОЧВЕ С РАЗЛИЧНОЙ
ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬЮ ПОДВИЖНЫМ ФОСФОРОМ ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ
Аннотация
В полевом опыте, в условиях Смоленской области, на дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой почве с различной обеспеченностью подвижным фосфором, изучали действие доз минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество зерна озимой пшеницы сорта «Московская 39». Наиболее рационально представленные в настоящей статье системы минеральных удобрений применять на фосфатных фонах Рф600 и Рф]200ь созданных посредством внесения фосфоритной муки. На этих фонах были получены наибольшая урожайность и показатели качества зерна при совместном внесении азотно-калийных удобрений с суперфосфатом. Однако наблюдалась тенденция к снижению сырого белка и клейковины в зерне озимой пшеницы при повышении дозы фосфорных удобрений.
Ключевые слова: озимая пшеница, минеральные удобрения, фосфоритная мука, урожайность, качество.
Konova A.M.1, Gavrilova A.Yu.2
1PhD in Agriculture, 2Postgraduate student, Smolensk Research Institute of Agriculture, Smolensk STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS USE ON THE SOIL WITH VARIOUS PROVISION OF MOBILE PHOSPHORUS WHEN WINTER WHEAT GROWING
Abstract
The effect of doses of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of winter wheat of the "Moscow 39 " variety was studied in the field experiment in the Smolensk region on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil with varying availability of mobile phosphorus. Mineral fertilizer systems, presented in this article, are the most rationally to use on phosphate phone of Rf600 and Rf1200, created by applying phosphate flour. The highest yields and grain quality indicators on these phones were obtained with the joint application of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers with superphosphate. However, there was a tendency to reduce the crude protein and gluten in the grain of winter wheat with an increase in the dose ofphosphorus fertilizers.
Keywords: winter wheat, mineral fertilizers, phosphorite flour, yield, quality.
Во многих регионах России фосфор лимитирует рост продуктивности земледелия. В этой связи необходимым у словием его повышения является создание в почвах оптимального фосфатного уровня [1, С. 31], [2, С. 28], [3, С. 166]. В условиях дефицита фосфора в нашей стране представляют интерес исследования наиболее эффективного использования фосфоритной муки, как самого дешёвого, низкозатратного, технологически очень простого фосфорного удобрения, которое по своей эффективности близко к действию суперфосфата на урожай сельскохозяйственных культур [4, С. 88], [5, С. 99], [6, С. 31].
Длительное применение фосфоритной муки приводит к существенным изменениям в почвенном поглощающем комплексе, следствием чего является обогащение почвы подвижными формами фосфора и питательными веществами, в частности обменным кальцием и магнием, а также кремнием, натрием и микроэлементами [7, С. 57], [8, С. 25]. Несмотря на исключительную актуальность процесс формирования фосфатного уровня почв до настоящего времени пока ещё мало изучен и требует дальнейшего уточнения.
Цель работы. Разработать систему наиболее эффективного применения разных видов фосфорных удобрений на почвах с различным уровнем содержания подвижных фосфатов для условий Центрального района Нечернозёмной зоны.
Методика исследований. Научные исследования в данном направлении ведутся с 1992 года в лаборатории комплексного применения агрохимических средств ФГБНУ Смоленского НИИСХ в многофакторном стационарном полевом опыте [9, С. 104]. Изучение эффективности разных доз и соотношений азотных и фосфорных удобрений проводилось на оптимальном калийном фоне на 4-х фосфорных фонах: естественном фоне (Р0) и трех искусственных (Рф300, Рф600, Рф1200) - созданных посредством внесения фосфоритной муки Полпинского месторождения Брянской области в количестве 300, 600 и 1200 кг Р2О5 на гектар.
