CC BY
100
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2019-11.21
OPTIMIZATION OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME PYROLYSIS FROM WHITE CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION OF WASTED OIL PALM SHELL AND ACACIA BARK
WITH RSM METHOD
Kurniawan Edy Wibowo*, Amirta Rudianto
Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Samarinda, Indonesia
Budiarso Edy, Arung Enos Tangke
Faculty of Forestry, University of Mulawarman, Indonesia
*E-mail: edy wibowosmd@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The potential of palm oil shell waste reaches 37.6% (14.9 million tons / year) with a total energy potential of 54.8 Giga Joules / year. This study aims to determine optimization the temperature and time of pyrolysis of white charcoal production from palm oil shell waste and acacia bark waste with surface response method (rSm). The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage is the production of oil palm shell briquettes. Palm shells are reduced in size to 60 mesh mixed with 7% tar, then pressured (200 kg / cm2). The next step is pyrolysis at 600 ° C, 700 ° C, 800 ° C for 2, 4 and 6 hours. White charcoal briquette products are analyzed by calculating fixed carbon content, water content, volatile matter content, ash content, and calorific value. Then an optimization is carried out with the surface response method (RSM) in order to obtain optimal conditions for the production of white charcoal briquettes from palm oil shell waste and acacia bark. The results showed that the optimal production of the pyrolysis conditions of oil palm shell briquettes was at 780.8 ° C for 5.25 hours. White charcoal briquettes that are produced under optimal conditions have characteristics of 81.57% fixed carbon content, 2.78% volatile matter content, 1.7% moisture content, 13.73% ash content, and calories value 7190.99 KCal / kg.
KEY WORDS
Pirolysis optimization, white charcoal, oil palm shell, acacia bark.
Indonesia is one of the world's leading producers of oil palm. It is estimated that the area of oil palm plantation is about 14,6 million ha (Pertanian, 2018), producing 42,8 million tons of palm oil by 2020 (Miettinen et al, 2012).
Industries of pulp and wood chip discard waste as bark. Acacia bark (Acacia mangium) has not been yet properly utilized. The potential of producing bark is 10% to 20% from the trunk. Bark waste can be used in the form of tannins that contain in acacia bark. Tannins, according to some studies, are useful for gluing. Based on the results of acacia bark extract, it contains 40% (Batubara et al, 2005) or 37.9% of tannin (Santoso, 2005) (Feng et al, 2013).
Currently, oil palm biomass is converted into various value-added products through various technologies. The oil palm mill generally used 98.4% of mesokarp fiber/ MF and 62.4% of palm kernel shell/ PKS as a boiler fuel source to generate electricity and steam for palm oil extraction, and a portion of MF (1.6%) and PKS (37.6%) are going to be commercialized. Oil palm shells are potential biomass products because of high value of calorific (17-19 GJ/ton) (Kong et al, 2014). Moreover, the oil palm mill leaves 37.6% of the oil palm shell that can be used as a renewable energy resource.
Utilization of oil palm shells waste into renewable energy sources in the form of white charcoal briquette is one of the alternatives of oil palm kernel waste utilization. However, the use of tapioca adhesive in the manufacture of briquettes, which is not resistant to high temperatures results in the adhesive function on white charcoal briquettes destruction (Kurniawan, 2010). Therefore, acacia bark can be alternative as adhesive matter (Feng et al., 2013) (Santoso, 2005) (Subyakto, 2003).
The waste of oil palm shells contains large amounts of lignin (50.7%) (Kong et al., 2014) as well as acacia bark which has 14.7% of lignin content. High lignin content at high temperature of pyrolysis decomposes and increases the carbon content bounded in the briquette (Hoong et al, 2011). The content of tannins contained in the acacia bark is able to act as adhesive matter. This is caused by the polyphenolic structure of the condensed tannins explains its reactivity as the basic of resins and high carbon content. Tannin-based thermoset resins indeed do not melt when it is heated. The materials shrink during pyrolysis, and resulted in cellular carbons with bulk densities and porous structures identical to those of their organic recovered precursors. Therefore, tannin is able to function as a heat-resistant adhesive, which transforming more of porous briquette structure. This is a common characteristic of charcoal and briquette (Celzard et al., 2015).
This study aims to determine the effect of optimum temperature and time on white charcoal briquette produce from oil palm shell waste and acacia bark with surface surface method (RSM).
Basic materials of this study are oil palm shell and acacia bark. Another material in the produce of briquettes are tars, chemicals components for the producing of briquettes and chemical analysis. High temperature of pyrolysis equipment like muffle furnace, hammer mill, briquette molding are used, and tools for analyzing physical properties, such as bomb calorimeter and glassware for chemical properties analysis.
The first phase of white charcoal briquettes is produced from oil palm shells waste and acacia bark. Oil palm shell waste and acacia bark are reduced to 60 mesh then mixed with 7% of pitch (from the weight of charcoal) (Kurniawan et al, 2017). Then, it is proceeded with briquette molding of 200 kg/cm2.
The next phase of the white charcoal briquette produce is pirolysized at high temperature (600, 700, 800 °C) for 2, 4, 6 hours. The obtained white charcoal was analyzed in fixed carbon content, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, and caloric value. The data is optimized with response surface method (RSM) to obtain optimum condition to produce white charcoal briquette from oil palm shell waste and acacia bark.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The fixed carbon content is used as the main parameter of a briquette or charcoal, reflecting its calorific value. The value fixed carbon content of white charcoal is shown on Table 1.
Table 1 - Value fixed carbon content of white charcoal (%)
Temperature (°C) Time of pyrolysis (hour)
2 4 6
600 72,04 79,08 76,38
700 74,99 80,17 80,82
800 76,11 81,57 78,08
The results of the research continued with optimization of white charcoal production process with maximum fixed carbon content by Statistica 6.0 and Mathlab 7.0. Figure 1 shows the measurement of optimum condition.
Figure 1 presents white charcoal briquette production with maximum fixed carbon of 81,57% from pyrolysis at 780,8 °C for 5,25 hours. Eigen point results are A1 = -3,9176 and À2 = -1,4158. Negative value of eigen indicates the maximum level of optimum point.
The fixed carbon content of charcoal and charcoal briquettes ranges from 50% to 95%. Fixed carbon is the most important constituent of charcoal and or charcoal briquettes. This is due to reduced iron oxide to iron from charcoal in the metallurgical industry. Regarding its function as fuel, any bonded carbon will change its form to carbon dioxide by releasing energy (Grover and Mishra, 1996).
The measured fixed carbon content of 81.57%, the white charcoal briquette produced in this study approached the traditional white charcoal fixed carbon value of 89.83%
(Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, 1983). In addition, it includes high quality charcoal with minimum carbon content requirement, which is 75% (Grover and Mishra, 1996).
The difference in yields, especially the fixed carbon content, is due to different base materials. In traditional white charcoal production used whole wood, usually from oak wood, which is very hard. Very hard wood contains many lignin, and when it is pirolysized at 350500 °C, it results in lignin decomposition into tar. This tar wraps the charcoal so that the contact of oxygen will be minimize. When in high temperature, oxygen on pyrolysis will burn the charcoal and produce ash so that the fixed carbon content is low (Duc et al, 2013) (Chia et al., 2014) (Kurniawan et al., 2017).
Surface and contour plot for fixed carbon maximum Y = 81.2511+1.3783*x+2.025*y-1.4517*x*x-0.595*x*y-3.8817*y*y
Temperature -1 (600 °C); 0 (700 °C); 1 (800 °C) Time -1 (2 hours); 0 (4 hours); 1 (6 hours)
I I 80
I I 78
I I 76
I I 74
I I 72
I I 70
Figure 1 - Surface and contour plot for fixed carbon maximum
According to Gua and Lua (Guo and Lua, 2000), as the pyrolysis temperature increases, the volatile material in the pore structure of the carbon can be removed from materials of low molecular weight to high. The removal of this material will increase the carbon content per unit of dry weight. Similarly, the longer the pyrolysis time, will provide an opportunity for the heat penetrate the inside part of material. Consequently, it can remove more volatile substances. This de-volatilization process will increase the fixed carbon content in charcoal per unit weight (Kurniawan, 2010).
White charcoal product at optimum condition at temperature 780,8 °C for 5,25 hours with fixed carbon content 81,57%. Other parameters such as volatile matter content, moisture content, ash content and caloric value under optimum conditions are calculated by entering the optimum temperature and time in the Y canonical equation of each parameter obtained from the calculation by response surface method. The canonical equation:
a. Fixed carbon
b. Moisture content
c. Volatil substance
d. Ash content
e. Caloric point
Y = 80.31+2.02*x+1.38*y-0.59*x*x-3.23*x*y-0.81*y*y
Y = 1.4167+0.1173*x-0.1965*y+1.4609*x*x-0.1235*x*y+0.5954*y*y
Y = 2.5044-1.405*x+0.6433*y+4.3383*x*x-1.15*x*y+0.9133*y*y
Y = 14.8277-0.0907*x-2.4718*y-4.3475*x*x+1.8684*x*y+2.3729*y*y
Y = 6556.64+2.144*x+.041*y-7.37E-004*x*x -0.17425*x*y-2.52E-005*y*y
Therefore, another parameter value for white charcoal result of research at optimum condition is obtained: fixed carbon content (81.57%), volatile matter content (2.78%), moisture content (1.7%), ash content (13.73%), calorific value (7190.99 KCal/kg).
The white charcoal volatile matter content required in trading was 5.21% (Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, 1983) so that white charcoal produce in this research is below that value, which is 2.78%. With these low volatile substances, it will produce clean runing gas or very little smoke.
The moisture content white charcoal required in trading is 2.31%. Therefore, white charcoal products in this study still meet the standard, which is 1.7% (Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, 1983).
The ash content white charcoal required in trading is 1.82%, while white charcoal product in this research above the standard (14.23%). According to Guo and Lua (Guo and Lua, 2000), the level of charcoal from palm shells ranged from 9.1 to 19.5% so that the white charcoal product in this study, although far from the trade standard, is still within the range of ash content of oil palm kernel.
A B
Figure 2 - (A) SEM images acquired from a typical white charcoal briquette particle;
(B) A high magnification secondary electron image of the white charcoal's briquette binding at
magnification 20 ^m
Figure 2 shows a series of SEM images obtained from white charcoal briquette particles. High magnification secondary electron images (20^m) reveal the structure of white charcoal particles with pores appearing parallel to all parts and bonds of the briquette of the tannin-lignin system making briquettes able to remain strongly bonded even though they are hydrolyzed at high temperatures. Thus, the lignin derived from palm shell waste is strongly bound to tannins from acacia bark waste, as in Fig. 2 (Subyakto, 2003; Wang and Bai, 2014).
CONCLUSION
Temperature and pyrolysis time on white charcoal briquette production is optimum at 780.8°C for 5,25 hours. Characteristic of white charcoal at optimum condition with fixed carbon content 81.57%, volatile matter content 2.78%, moisture content 1.7%, ash content 13.73%, and caloric value 7190.99 KCal/kg.
It is suggested to design a pyrolysis tool that can withstand up to very high temperatures, e.g. over 1000°C, with tightly sealed. Further research is needed on the mechanism of tannin-lignin bonding of white charcoal briquettes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to thank DRPM Kemenristek Dikti for giving financial support to this research, with an agreement number of 049/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2018.
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