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Typical interrogation functionality enables comparison of data sets both temporarily and spatially. Actually, defining ecological stress areas following ecological factors and monitoring environments are necessary:
• Air quality monitoring
• Soil monitoring
• Water quality monitoring
Air quality monitoring is performed using specialized equipment and analytical methods used to establish air pollutant concentrations. Actually, air monitors are operated by citizens, regulatory agencies and researchers that is investigated air quality and the effects of air pollution. Air dispersion models that combine topographic, emissions and meteorological data to predict air pollutant concentrations are often helpful in interpreting air-monitoring data.
Soil monitoring is the process of collection of soil and testing in laboratory by analytical methods. Soil samplings are of two types:
— Grab sampling: in this method, sample is collected randomly from field.
— Composite sampling: In this method, mixing of multiple sub samples for larger and non-uniform fields.
Water quality monitoring is of little use without a clear and unambiguous definition of the reasons for the monitoring and the objectives that it will satisfy. Almost all monitoring (except perhaps remote sensing) is in some part invasive of the environment under study and extensive and poorly planned monitoring carries a risk of damage to the environment. This may be a critical consideration in wilderness areas or when monitoring very rare organisms or those that are averse to human presence. Some monitoring techniques, such gill netting fish to estimate populations, can be very damaging, at least to the local population and can also degrade public trust in scientists carrying out the monitoring.
References:
1. Usmanov R. N. and others «Моделирования сложных процессов и управление ими в условиях нечёткой информации». T.: «Fan va texnologiya», - 2016, - 296 p.
2. Mandana Mokhtary, "Sensor Observation Service for Environmental Monitoring Data" School ofArchitecture and the Built Environment Royal Institute of Technology, - April - 2012, - 114 p.
3. Lingjun Zhao, Lajiao Chen, "Cluster Computing" - March - 2016, - Volume 19, Issue 1, - P. 139-152. Geographical information system parallelization for spatial big data processing.
4. Michael Kennedy, «Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ArcGIS: A Workbook Approach to Learning GIS», John Wiley & Sons, - Apr 13, - 2009 - Science - 571 p.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-220-223
Fatkhullaev Alisher Mirzatilloevich PhD in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher. Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration (TIIM) E-mail: [email protected] Arifjanov Aybek Muhamedjanovich, Doctor of technical sciences, professor, Head of the Department of Hydraulics Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration (TIIM)
E-mail: [email protected]
Optimization of hydraulic parameters of irrigation canals in earthen channel
Abstract: A review and analysis of the stock and the published materials devoted to the methods of calculating the parameters of irrigation canals. We consider the analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of the channels in earthen channel. It is shown
Solution of environmental monitoring is developing mathematical models of getting data from observation points. The mathematical model considers environmental monitoring tasks are non-linear partial differential equations that describe the processes occurring in the subsurface hydrosphere variations in temperature (ten-day, monthly, seasonal) of air.
Complex mathematical model of filtration of groundwater and migration of salts in the groundwater flow is represented as:
dh „2 d dh
^ = 1,=!(kh) + f - w (!)
dt dx. dx.
d(hc) dq, f
~ dc
q,=vc - d t dx (3)
where, h(xvx2,t)j = vc(xpx2,t) — groundwater salinity, k(X 1> X 2)> DD (X 1> X 2) — filter coefficients and diffusion salts, q. — salts coefficients.
The system (1) and (2) are implemented with the objectives of the relevant initial and boundary conditions, certain natural conditions [1]. Territorial distributed objects characterize the parameters of these models, so the implementation of such models is carried out based on modern GIS technology.
Summary: This paper details that clarifying the useful method that to get special data from observation points in ecological stress areas without human factors. In this case environmental monitoring can play more important role to get special data that water quality, water or grand soiling, air quality and others from observation points. We should create sensor network and share special data through servers to different kind of devices that computers or mobile devices.
that to determine the optimal parameters to minimize possible deformations necessary records kinematic parameters of the flow. The analysis of existing dependencies to determine the relative width of the irrigation canals in earthen channel. A new relation relative to the channel width, in view of the kinematics of the turbulent flow and flow channel interaction with the bed soil. Keywords: irrigation system, water, kinematics of stream turbulence of the flow channel cross-section, relative width.
Relevance of the topic. At the modern stage of development of water management of market relations and conditions for increasing domestic food shortages, raw materials, resources, occupy a special place on indigenous improvement of the whole complex of water works as part ofwater economic technologies. Traditional technologies of construction of irrigation systems lead to non-productive costs of raw materials, the equipment, which greatly increases the cost of construction of such facilities, extend their payback. Reduced costs ofvarious building materials in the construction ofwater facilities through the introduction of innovative technologies and optimization of structural elements of irrigation systems, reducing the time of reconstruction of the system — these are the main areas which should develop the best solutions in the field of irrigation technology.
Irrigation Channels during operation characterized by a significant reduction in bandwidth, which directly influenced the deformation and roughness of the channel, its overgrowing with aquatic vegetation, modes and operating conditions [1-3]. All this eventually leads to a change in the roughness and the coefficient values of hydraulic resistances compared with the design data in the direction of increasing, sometimes several times. Therefore, under-counting of these factors can lead to a loss of hydraulic efficiency of channels, their operational reliability during prolonged operation.
Most of the currently existing dependencies to determine the hydraulic elements, based on bringing even flow of any shape to a rectangular flat stream, excluding the turbulent flow characteristics, so the effect of the shape the channel remained unexplored until recently [3; 4].
If natural wide riverbeds that question is not so essential, the irrigation channels of different sections is very important to establish a distributed shear stresses and friction of the flow rate of the flow depth, and their impact on bandwidth. Open channel often designed at a relatively high speed, so the movement of water in them occurs mainly in the quadratic resistance.
This leads to the necessity of searching the optimal hydraulic elements, depending on the nature and state of the channel bed, in this regard, the development of scientific methods of calculating the flow of elements using new theoretical relations, taking into account the turbulent flow characteristics, is an actual [3-7].
The research methodology includes the compilation and scientific analysis of the existing stock, and published materials. The
problem is solved by means of special theoretical and field studies on the channels of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The proposed relationship to determine the relative width of the irrigation canal, obtained on the basis of the model of turbulent fluid flow professor K. Sh. Latipov, further developed by the authors. Full-scale research carried out in accordance with conventional methods of field experiments widespread in the hydraulic and hydrological studies.
The existing methods of hydraulic calculations of turbulent flows in channels and rivers based on the concepts and data that were obtained in the late XIX — early XX centuries. Attempts subsequent revisions were in the nature of theoretical constructs obtained on reasonable hypotheses enough, either on semi-empirical approaches, requiring the use of experimental data. To date, there are new methods of measurement and effective methods of experimental data processing with the use of computer technology, which
open up the possibility of further development of hydraulic methods for calculating turbulent flows in open channels. At present, the current situation in this area requires further study the possibility of using previously obtained by hydraulic calculation in the new conditions, as well as the receipt of calculation formulas, suitable for a wider range [8-11].
It is therefore particularly important to clarify, the development and introduction of rational, economical methods of calculation and design of irrigation canals. One of the most important moments in this issue is the question of the definition of morphometric parameters corresponding to the condition of stability of the cross-sections of channels.
Accounting for the effects of many factors on bedforming theoretically extremely difficult. So far evaluation of morphometric dependencies based on empirical approaches. The basis of the existing approaches is to study formed over a long period of time, the channel bed, are in dynamic equilibrium, and the relationship between morphometric elements of the course and the characteristics that define the natural environment in which processes bedforming.
The practical significance of such an approach is very large as far obtained are used depending on the design of sustainable earthen channels [12-14]. The existing methods for calculating the hydraulic channels can be found mention of their connection with the optimal conditions for economic decisions are made, but in fact we are talking about the search for the optimal solution for the parameters that determine the living section of the channel, but not associated with a channel like structure as a whole [5].
The focus of the work [4; 5] is given to the issue of determining the most advantageous in terms of section hydraulics, in an area of the living section, all other things being equal, is minimal. Such cross sections are obtained is not broad, but deep, their creation requires using special equipment and expensive ways to work performance. The main drawback of these papers [7-14], and many other studies posvyashennyh this problem lies in the fact that they hydraulic channel estimates do not relate to finding the optimal structures in general solutions intended for supplying water from one point to another in a uniform mode. Unfortunately, this flaw can be found in modern domestic and foreign studies.
Assessment study morphometric sustainable channel characteristics associated with the work A. A. Cherkasov, E. A. Zamarin, G. S. Chekulaev, V. V. Poslavski, M. A. Velikanov, A. S. Girshkan. Their findings were based on the experimental data on the channels of irrigation systems downstream of the Amu Darya River.
Later these studies were continued by N. A. Rzhanitsyn, V. S. Altunin, A. M. Muhamedov, E. K. Rabkova, S. H. Abalyants, Yu. A. Ibad-zade and others with the latest information on new built irrigation systems.
It should be noted that over the years of the last century, researchers have been seeking such a cross-section of the channel in earthen channel, in which the resultant of the forces applied to each particle of soil, would be the same anywhere in the wetted perimeter. The solution to this problem is found in the papers [5,6]. However, to put into practice full-strength cross-section of the channel is practically impossible.
At present has accumulated considerable amount of factual material on channels operating in the different regions and condi-
tions, which may be used for the pooled analysis of these data and the development of computational dependencies. At the modern stage of development of science and the theory of riverbed channel process it can be assumed that there is every reason to take into account in the developed hydraulic dependencies noted above determinants. However, in these terms, the problem turned out to be quite difficult, because of the little-studied form of the theory of kinematic parameters of the turbulent flow.
A group of researchers (H. Aidov, S. Annaev, A. Muhamedov) for developing morphometric dependencies sustainable river beds channel, based on the principle of dimension M. A. Velikanov offer formula:
' Q 4
B -1
ср
d^jgdJ
(1)
where Q- water flow in the channel, m3/s d - diameter of the soil particles, mm; J - the slope surface of the water; g - acceleration of gravity, m/s2.
V. S. Altunin based on kinematics and morphological method, using the formula for average speed and average speed equating non-blurry for the soil and an average depth offers [1]:
B_ h~
Q
Y'
V сР
yfgd
(2)
At research of the issue of optimization of parameters of the channel based on the practical aspects of S. A. Girshkan suggested dependence [2]:
B „ rz
(3)
— = + m,
К
where m - the coefficient of slope.
E. K. Rabkova and V. V. Petrov based on generalizations broad analysis with field data, taking into account factors that affect the process of forming a sustainable channel, offers the following analytical dependence for relative widths:
B = KQ °'2, (4)
K h K = Kh-
where к ratio is determined depending on the soil bed [2].
Analysis of the above mentioned methods for the determination of morphometric parameters of the flow has a different character. This circumstance requires, further trials in determining the characteristics of hydraulic flow, taking into account many factors behind an sustainable formation section of the channels in earthen channel.
As is known, the design of irrigation canals occupies a special place setting of hydraulic parameters of the cross-section of the channel. The selected section of the channel with a certain optimal hydraulic parameters must be sufficiently resistant bed for a long period of operation.
However, experimental and full-scale studies have shown that the cross-section of channels on a straight section of earth in terms of the channel are curved kind of semi-ellipse or a cosinusoid. This is also confirmed in [4; 7; 11] that the shape of the channels formed by the turbulent flow, has a curved shape.
According to many field data, the flow velocity divided by the width of the channel is fairly evenly, significantly decreasing only within the coastal slopes, where the impact is more pronounced transverse vortex structures with scale commensurate with the size of the flow cross-section. The bed of the channel, affecting hydraulic resistance and the internal structure of the kinematic flow by acting on the boundary surface of the channel, change its shape. As a result, the projected any form of channel section takes a curved outline (Figure 1-2).
Figure 1. Comparison design and field data channel Tashkent. PC 257 + 00
The cross section of the channels should be sufficiently resistant against riverbed non-siltation, non- erodibility stability and cross-sectional shape for a long period of operation.
Considering the above mentioned methods as a supplement proposes a new relationship for the determination of morphometric parameters of irrigation canals in earthen channel. In developing the proposed according to the relative width of the channel we passed a law on the constancy of the resistance section of the perimeter, according to [9]. This means that in the channels of sustainable sectional friction force of the flow cross section for the perimeter, must be constant. Reduction or increase in frictional force any field causes drift and erosion as long as it does not become constant along the
Figure 2. Modifying the channel cross-section of Tashkent. PC 257 + 00
perimeter of the section. Thus, we posed the problem is solved on the basis of the equations of motion of turbulent flow [3,9], in view of the turbulent flow caracteristics and channel status.
As a result, the dependence of the relative width of the irrigation canals in earthen channel providing channel-section stability. B pgi 1 f shah + chah +1
h T}on a ^ shah - chah +1 where h - the depth of the channel, m;
B - width of the channel at the water's edge, m; p - density of water, kg/m3; g - acceleration of free fall, MS2;
i - the slope of the water surface (in uniform motion the flow
of free water surface slope and channel bed are equal);
•P
a —— , L - parameter that takes into account the turbulent
flow characteristics; L — 0,0025--¡-
n-h2
n - roughness coefficient channel bed; ch - hyperbolic cosine of the angle; sh - hyperbolic sine of the angle;
To assess the formation of a stable cross-section of irrigation canals were analyzed results of field and laboratory studies of a number of researchers, including our study table 2.
^ - dynamic viscosity coefficient, Hc/m 2
Table 2. - Results of a comparison of the offered method with the methods of other authors
Channel Name Q, m 3/с Relative width at the top, B/h
V. S. Altunin S. A. Girshkan E. K. Rabkova Measured Proposed
Tashkent 74,0 11,7 10,3 10,2 7,5 9,7
Khandam 10 12,8 6,8 6,8 6,4 6,5
Parkent 26 34,7 7,5 7,5 9,5 9,2
The Large Andijan Canal| 100 24,9 9,5 10,9 11,3 5,8
The Large Ferghana Canal 36,0 17,7 9,1 8,8 11,5 12,0
Mirishkor 100 22,0 13,2 11,5 11,5 10,6
Kegeyli 140 12,7 11,8 11,6 13,0 12,8
Kuanysh-Zharma 185 26,9 12,6 12,3 14,2 13,8
Suyenli 130 25,8 11,3 11,4 10,0 10,3
Parallel 140 26,0 11,5 11,6 9,9 10,1
Kyzketken 400 19,0 15,4 14,3 18,4 18,3
As can be seen, the comparative analysis sushestvuet dependencies for the relative width of the stream in earthen channel, proposed V. S. Altunin, S. A. Girshkan, E. K. Rabkova and has a large deviation from the natural settings. The reason for this is under-counting many factors characterizing the course of development of hydraulic parameters depending on the driving mode, as well as interaction of the flow channel and a ground box. As can be seen from table 2, under identical conditions tehzhe relative width of
the channels sushestvuet methods it has the highest deviation from the measured parameters as compared to the proposed plan. As the results of the calculation of the present embodiment, the relative channel widths were close to the design data. It can be concluded that the proposed dependence of the relative flow in a channel width earthen channel based on the theory of flow, taking into account the interaction and flow channel bed soil is the most appropriate in comparison with known dependencies.
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