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6
Optimization of Geometrical Parameters of Fire Wood Fluidized Bed
Burner
1Pivnenko Y., 1Burda Y., 2 Redko I., 1Cherednik A., 1Alferov S.
1Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kharkiv, Ukraine 2Ukraine State University of Railway Transport, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Abstract. The aim of this work is to determine the dynamics of the firewood burning-out in the fluidized bed burners and to select the optimal constructive characteristics of the burner of the fluidized bed, which allows decreasing the unburnt fuel particles to be carried out of the burner volume. The aims and problems were solved using the experimental and numerical methods. Thus, to determine the dynamics of the burning-out, the experimental device was used with a fluidized bed, which is a 200x300 mm chamber 1000 mm high. The fuel mass of each combustion cycle was similar. It was 3.8 kg. The average time of burning-out during the combustion full cycle was in the range of 300-500 s, the maximum temperature of the layer was 800oC. The studies performed showed that the major problem in the wood waste combustion is the insufficient time of the combustion process in the burner. This problem was proposed to be solved using the cone-shaped burner. The mathematical method was developed to determine the optimal main construction parameters (D is the top diameter; d is the bottom diameter and H is the cone height) of the burner accounting for the solid particle motion rate in the ascending flow. The devolatilization parameter of material was used as the optimization parameter. The most significant results are those cone-shaped geometrical parameters optimized in the research process. The significance of the results obtained is that the results of the above studies can be used in practice for designing the boilers with the fluidized bed burners.
Keywords: burner, fluidized bed, wood waste, burning-out rate, optimization, numerical experiment, temperature.
DOI: https:// doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2021.2-50.05 UDC: 697.325
Optimizarea parametrilor geometrici ai focarelor de strat fluidizat pentru combustibil lemnos 1Pivnenko Iu. A., 1Burda Iu. A., 2Rediko I. A., 1Cerednik A. D., 1Alfiorov S. A.
Universitatea Nationala din Harkov de construire si urbanism Harkov, Ucraina 2Universitatea Ucraineana de Stat de transport feroviar Harkov, Ucraina
Rezumat. Scopul acestei lucrari este de a determina dinamica arderii combustibilului din lemn in cuptoarele cu pat fluidizat si de a selecta caracteristicile optime de proiectare ale cuptorului de fierbere, ceea ce va reduce transferul particulelor de combustibil nearse din volumul cuptorului. Obiectivele si sarcinile stabilite au fost rezolvate prin metode experimentale si numerice. Deci, pentru a determina dinamica arderii, a fost utilizata o instalatie experimental cu pat fluidizat, care este o camera cu dimensiuni de 200x300 mm si inaltimea de 1000 mm. Masa de combustibil in fiecare ciclu de ardere a fost aceeasi si s-a ridicat la 3,8 kg, timpul mediu de ardere pentru un ciclu complet de ardere a fost de 300 ... 500 s, temperatura maxima a patului a fost de 800 °C. in urma cercetarilor efectuate, s-a depistat, ca cea mai mare problema a arderii deseurilor lemnoase este timpul insuficient de sedere a combustibilului in volumul cuptorului. Se propune rezolvarea acestei probleme prin construirea unui cupto r in forma de con. Cele mai semnificative rezultate sunt parametrii geometrici ai cuptoarelor in forma de con, optimizati ca urmare a cercetarii. Ca rezultat al studiilor, raporturile principalilor parametri de proiectare a cuptoarelor pentru arderea deseurilor lemnoase au fost confirmate, raportul D / d ar trebui sa fie 2,8, inaltimea totala a conului sa fie de cel putin 2,2 din inaltimea patului fluidizat intr-o stare stationara. Semnificatia rezultatelor obtinute consta in aplicabilitatea acestor studii in practica la proiectarea cazanelor cu cuptoare cu pat fluidizat. Cuvinte-cheie: cuptor, pat fluidizat, combustibil lemnos, rata de ardere, optimizare, experiment numeric, temperatura.
© Yurii Pivnenko, Yurii Burda, Igor Redko, Artem Cherednik, Sergei Alferov, 2021
Оптимизация геометрических параметров топок кипящего слоя для древесного топлива 1Пивненко Ю. А., 1Бурда Ю. А., 2Редько И. А., 1Чередник А. Д., 1Алферов С. А.
Харьковский национальный университет строительства и архитектуры
Харьков, Украина
2Украинский государственный университет железнодорожного транспорта
Харьков, Украина
Аннотация. Целью данной работы является определение динамики выгорания древесного топлива в топках кипящего слоя и подбор оптимальных конструктивных характеристик топки кипящего, позволяющие снизить унос несгоревших частиц топлива из объема топки. Поставленные цели и задачи решались экспериментальными и численными методами. Так, для определения динамики выгорания использовалась экспериментальная установка кипящего слоя, которая представляет собой камеру размерами 200х300 мм, высотой 1000 мм. Масса топлива в каждом цикле сжигания была одинаковой и составляла 3.8 кг, среднее время выгорания при полном цикле сжигания составило 300...500 с, максимальная температура слоя составляла 800°С. В результате проведенных исследований выявлено, что самой большой проблемой сжигания древесных отходов является недостаточное время пребывания топлива в объеме топки. Данную проблему предложено решить путем конструктивного исполнения топки в конусообразной форме. Была разработана математическая модель для определения оптимальных основных конструктивных параметров топки (верхний диаметр D, диаметр основания d и высота конуса Щ которая учитывает скорость движения твердой частицы в восходящем потоке. Предложена расчетная позволяющая определить данные параметры. Оптимизированные параметры получены в результате статистической обработки данных методом планирования вычислительного эксперимента. В качестве параметра оптимизации выбран параметр показателя уноса материала. Наиболее существенными результатами являются оптимизированные в результате исследований геометрические параметры топок конусообразной формы. В результате проведенных исследований обоснованы соотношения основных конструктивных параметров топок для сжигания древесных отходов, соотношение D / d должно составлять 2.8, общая высота конуса должна составлять не менее 2.2 от высоты кипящего слоя в стационарном состоянии. Значимость полученных результатов состоит в том, что результаты данных исследований могут быть применены на практике при конструировании котлов с топками кипящего слоя. Ключевые слова: топка, кипящий слой, древесное топливо, скорость выгорания, оптимизация, численный эксперимент, температура.
INTRODUCTION
The wood waste has a number of distinctions from other kinds of solid fuel, in particular, from fossil fuels. Compared to coal, the wood is a more complicated fuel from the viewpoint of the combustion technology. The firewood waste (sawdust, woodchips, cutting waste, etc.) are characterized with high volatibility and a relatively small mass. In addition, the content of the volatiles in the wood waste reaches 85 % [9]. The aforementioned data can negatively affect the wood combustion efficiency. Because of the insufficient height of the space above the layer, incomplete burning of volatile particles and carrying away the inflammable particles are possible. The incomplete burning problem is solved using the air additional supply into the above-layer space, where the volatile particles burn down.
To ensure the mechanical completion of the combustion the problem is being solved on the gas flow rate decrease and an increase in time of the fuel particles presence in the burner volume using the constructive optimization of the burner space.
The fuel particles, which get into the over-layer space, are carried out into the atmosphere fairly quickly. This results from the fact that fluidization rate usually exceeds that of lingering the wood waste particles. The obvious solution of this problem is supposed to be in the gas flow rate decrease in the over-layer space.
The important parameter that affects the operational modes of the boiler with a fluidized bed burner, is the fuel burning-out rate.
The combustion duration is affected by various factors such as fuel humidity, combustion temperature, ash content, air-blast consumption, etc. [10-19].
The experimental results on combustion of fuel granules of different kinds of vegetable origin wastes are described in [1]. The experimental burning time in combustion presented by the authors is considerably less, than that given in this work's data. However, it is noteworthy that in the experiments on agro-pellets combustion other kinds of modes of combustion were applied. Temperature of the boiling layer reached 900 °C and higher than that. This accelerated the combustion process.
In addition, the authors [1] burnt the fuel
supplying it onto the heated ash layer, whereas in the above experiment the burning process started with the ignition at the environmental temperature, which allowed us to define more precisely the ignition duration for each kind of fuel separately.
The burn-out dynamics of wood sawdust and sunflower husk were studied in [20]. The fuel was supplied into 0.1 g fluidized bed reactor, which was preliminarily heated to 900°C. The inert material (ash) was 1 g. The burn-out time of the samples was 24-60 s. These data were supported by the theoretical calculations [21].
The burn-out dynamics of the fuel in the fluidized layer chambers and the increase in time of the inflammable particles period in the burner's space are studied insufficiently. The recommendations on optimization of constructive solutions on the fluidized bed burners are absent.
In the above foreign sources, the evaluation of the constructive solutions on the devices for the period of staying the particles in the volume of the above devices was not performed. Thus, during the combustion of the peanut shells, the effect of the conical form of the burner was not shown [22]. Work [23] is of great interest. The approach offered in the paper uses the equation system, which connects the diameters of the particles in a layer as a function of the layer height, the angle of the wall slope, the rate of the ascending stream and the diameter of the air distributer. However, the index of the material carry-off was not studied. The authors of [24], obtained the empiric equations, which allowed them to determine the rate of fluidization and the values of the pressure drop in the layer, with the rate of fluidization being dependent on the geometrical shape of the burner, therefore, this problem is yet to be researched. In [25], the authors describe the conic shape of the air distributor and its effect on the hydraulic modes of the fluidized bed. The approach of [26] is as well directed on the study of the hydraulic modes of the conic apparatuses with a fluidized bed without the account for the effect of their geometrical parameters. A principal distinction of this work consists in the approach to the constructive optimization of the burner for the establishing of the hydraulic modes of operation of the boilers having the fluidized bed burners and a minimized particle carry off.
Purpose of work. The work is devoted to the experimental study of the burning-out processes of the wood fuel, using the laboratory facility of the fluidized bed. The methods for the numerical
experiment are to be used for determination the optimal constructive characteristics of the fluidized bed burner, which make it possible to reduce the carry-away process of the unburnt fuel particles from the burner volume.
METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experiments used to determine the fuel burn-out rates were performed on the laboratory device (Fig. 1), which consists of a 200x300 mm chamber, 1000 mm high. It is equipped with an automatic fuel supply system. The air is pumped into a VVD-5 ventilator. There is an air distributer grid. The surface emerged in the layer is an 18 mm pipe. To improve the precision of the studies a thermocouple was introduced in its external wall. The water temperature was measured at the inlet and output.
The following temperature measurements were performed using this experimental device:
- temperature of the fluidized bed;
- temperature of the above layer space;
- temperature of smoke gases;
- temperature of water at the inlet of the emmersed pipe;
- temperature of water at the output of the emmersed pipe;
- temperature at the pipe surface;
- temperature of the air at the device inlet.
The TCA and TCR thermocouples were
applied.
To register the temperature and data transfer in the on-line mode to the computer, the eight-channel temperature a RegMic IL8 recorder was used. The transfer of the thermocouple readings occurred each second through an RS-242 interface.
The fuel combustion was performed using the method for the cyclic fuel supply into the device. Each cycle was three-staged: ignition, fuel burning with a temperature increase in the layer and burning the fuel down at the moment of the fuel supply pause. The fuel mass at each combustion cycle was similar, 3.8 kg. The burning down rate of the wood sawdust is the highest among the materials proposed. Probably, the reason for this is the low density of the sawdust. On the whole, the time of combustion for all kinds of fuel ranged from 300 to 500 s. The longest time for starting a fire was in the case of burning the wood granules. This can be explained by that the density of this material is much higher than that of the sawdust or woodchip.
Below are the results of the experimental studies of the fire-wood (granules, sawdust, woodchips) burn-out in the fluidized bed (Fig. 2).
Temperature rise is shown depending on time of burning. The efficient decrease in the flow rate is possible to be realized using the proposed
1 - frame; 2 - screw feeder fuel supply system; 3 - ventilator; 4 - air distribution grid; 5 - surface immersed into fluidized bed; 6 - dust precipitation chamber; 7 - cloth filter, tx - cold water supply into the immersed pipe, tx -
heated water issue from immersed pipe.
Fig. 1. Experimental device to study wood waste combustion in fluidized bed.
construction, namely, by the use of the conic carry-off will be the height of the fluidized bed
H 0, the height of the above-layer space
burner variant (Fig. 3). that affect the material
Fig. 2. Burning duration of different wood fuel types.
Hs, diameter of the lower part of the cone d0,
and diameter of the top part of the cone dt. Accepting the fixed height of the fluidized bed, we shall get three values, which determine the optimal burner design: Hs, d0, dt The ascending fuel flows were described in [27-34].
To solve the above problems the model is offered based on the works of the famous scientists such as Leva M., Davidson J.F., Gel'perin N. I, Gorbis Z. R, Pomerantsev V. V., Todes O. M [35-40]. The amount of material carried off from the burner can be assessed using the following formula: (1):
w
(Cf5 H(
G A ! ,„43,53
( < )3
Яп
• s
0 m4
where G is the mass rate of the gas, kg/s; Gc is the carry-off mass rate, kg/s; w is the fluidization, m/s;
d'C is the weight-average diameter of fine particles
of the layer, ^m;
H0 is the layer height, mm;
Hs is the height of the over-layer space, mm;
C" is the concentration of the fine material in the
over layer space %;
(1) where C0 is the initial concentration of the fine grain material layer;
k" is the constant of the carry-off rate. It is calculated using the Leva formula:
1 - burner frame; 2 - system for secondary air supply; 3 - air distribution grid; 4 - fuel supply system; 5 - fluidized bed of wood fuel.
Fig. 3. Design of fluidized bed burner for wood fuel combustion.
K is the degree index, equal to 0.359; p is the share of the clear area of the cross section of the air distributor of the lattice, %; A , n are the values, which depend on the H0 and Hs ratio. If Hs < H0 , then A = 109, n = 1,01. If Hs > H0, then A = 3,35 • 105, n = 0,273 ; mv = w \ / w is the correction coefficient; wj is the lingering rate, m/s.
Index 'relates to the catalyst-air system.
The concentration of the particles in the fluidized
bed can be determined any time using (2):
C " = C0ek"T
(2)
k " = 2,48
wl
H,
1,4
(3)
where dt is the diameter of the particles of main component, m.
The lingering rate depends on the hydraulic mode of fluidizing and is calculated as follows: - the Stocks law operates for the laminar mode:
(Pm ~Pa ) d2 18^
(4)
where pM is the material density, kg/m3;
pM is the air density, kg/m3;
d is the average diameter of particles, m; ^ is the coefficient of the air dynamic viscosity, Pa-s . The lingering rate for the turbulent mode is calculated using (5):
wi = 3,03gd
Pm - Pa Pa
(5)
The lingering rate for the transitional mode is calculated in accordance with the Allen formula:
i \°.714 j1,142 0,286 Wl = °,153^-0286 0,428- (6)
P0 V
Dynamic viscosity is calculated using the Sutherland formula:
T + С
1 n.c. т С
T + С
f т л
3/2
(7)
where junc is the air dynamic viscosity under normal conditions, Pa-s ; T c is the air temperature under normal conditions, K;
C is the Sutherland constant.
The air density is determined using (8):
Pa = Pn.c. ■ TnJT
(8)
V
To define the rate of the fluidization beginning the authors offer to modify the Todes equation using the following ratios:
wn
и ^2 dh
V do J
dh V d0 у
a < 10°
a > 20°
(9) (10)
w
— — is the ratio of the rate of fluidization
w0
beginning in the conical device to the fluidization rate in the permanent diameter device.
Accepting the cone walls angle beyond 20°C, we shall obtain:
Re =
fj Л
г0 J
1,44
Ar
150^ +
1,75
\ 0,5
(11)
Ar
The rate of the wood fuel burning-out can be obtained from equation (12):
1
т = -
Рм RT
4Mc Nud ■ D ■ р1Д
(12)
Mc is the carbon molar mass, kg/mole; Nud is the Nusselt mass-exchange criterion; p1A is the pressure in the burner, kPa;
D is the diffusion coefficient; R is the universal gas constant.
D = D,
( T 'Y
T J
D0 = 0,149 ■Ю-4, n = 2,0
(13)
(14)
NuD = 2 + 0.03PrD33Re°D5i + PrD'36ReD (15)
The solid particle motion rate in the ascending flow is determined using (16):
Wl , Ts =— ln
s 2g
W - w„
V Wd + WB J
w - w,
V W + wi J
(16)
where w and w denote the initial and finite gas
flow rates, m/s.
The necessary height of the separation space is defined using (17):
H = wr„ —
-ln
, , 2 ^0,5
shY(.wd - wi)
(17)
Y is the dimensionless coefficient.
r = -
, w + w, + 0,5 ln —d-l-
w
w - w,
(18)
It is obvious that the height of the separation space depends on the correlation between the cone upper and lower diameters. Note that there are certain limitations to it. With the account for the fairly high significance of the devolatilization for the wood fuel, it must be considered that the over-layer space should be sufficient enough for the gas entire combustion. In addition, the larger the cone upper diameter, the more complicated the fluidization mode. The situation can happen, when the fluidization does not occur at all near the burner walls. Below, the calculation results are presented showing the effect of the correlation between the upper and lower cone diameters on the separation space height. In all calculations, the accepted particle diameter was 3 mm, the layer temperature was 900 °С and the share of the lattice open area was 15 %. The graph (Fig. 4) shows that at the cone form, which is close to that of a cylinder, the height of the separation space, which is necessary for the fuel total burning out, can reach beyond 10 m. The effect of the cone diameters on the ablative parameter at different heights of the over-layer space is shown in Fig 5.
The dependence of the ablative parameter on the height of the over-layer space at different values of correlation between the cone diameters is shown in Fig. 6.
Thus, considering the above calculation results, to ensure the maximum efficiency of the wood waste combustion in the cone-shaped burner with the fluidized bed, the following geometrical parameters must be accepted: the ratio of D / d(dh / d0) is 2.8; the general cone
height is up to 2.2 of the fluidized bed height in the stationary state.
The time of burning-out of the fuel particles in the given calculations was ~ 20 s. Note that for the large-fraction fuel the burning-out time is longer and the devolatilization of fine inclusions is more intense, however, having a large weight compared to fine-fraction fuel, the presence duration of large particles in the burner will be longer-lasting
The statistical data processing was performed using the method for the mathematic planning.
2
2
d
Devolatilization was chosen to be the optimization parameter.
12 -
10 8
£
6 4 2 0
1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3
dh/d0
Fig. 4. The effect of the correlation between the top diameter and bottom diameter of cone on height of
separation space.
80
70
60
1 50
o
40
X
30
O 20
10
0
H=0,3 m H=0,5 m H=1 m
• dh/d0=3.0 dh/d0=2.5
1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3
dh/d0
Fig. 5. Effect of cone diameters on devolatilization parameters at different heights of the over-layer space.
120 100
us 80 60
^ 40
dh/d0=2.0 ^^dh/d0=1.5
20
0 -
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
H, m
Fig. 6. Dependence of devolatilization parameter on the height of over-layer space at different correlation
values of cone diameters.
o x (J
Matrix-plan of the experiment.
Table 1.
Name of factor Code value Factor values
-1 0 +1
Correlation between top and bottom diameters x1 2,0 2,5 3,0
Dependence of over-layer space on layer height x2 1,0 2,0 3,0
Table 2.
Matrix-plan of the experiment.
№ experiment number x1 x2 y
1 - - y1
2 0 - y2
3 + - y3
4 - 0 y4
5 0 0 y5
6 + 0 y6
7 - + y7
8 0 + y8
9 + + y9
The regression equation is obtained, which shows the dependence of the devolutilization on the burner geometrical parameters. The response surface is shown in Fig. 7.
Gc / G = 127,4794 - 73,57 • dh / d0 - 4,6642 •Hs / H0 +11,8533 • (dh / d0)2 -
-0,195• dh / d0 • Hs /H0 + 0,9183• (Hs /H0)2 (19)
The ratio D/d must be 2.8, and the general height of the cone must be up to 2.2 of the of the fluidized bed height in a steady state.
Fig. 7. Dependence of devolatilization parameter on the burner geometrical parameters.
CONCLUSIONS.
The results of the researches on optimization of the geometrical parameters of the burners with a fluidized bed of the wood fuel exhibited that the most important problem of the wood-waste combustion is the insufficient time of the fuel burning in the burner volume. This problem is proposed to be solved using the cone-shaped
burner. The mathematic model was developed to determine the optimal main structural parameters of the burner (D is the top diameter; d is the bottom diameter and H is the cone height). Applying the planning method of the calculation experiment and statistic data processing, the cone-shaped burner geometrical parameters
optimization was performed. The regression equation of the dependence of the
devolatilization value on the burner geometrical parameters was shown. The correlations are substantiated between the burner main structural parameters for the wood waste burning. The ratio D/d must be 2.8, and the general height of the cone must be up to 2.2 of the of the fluidized bed height in a steady state.
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Information about authors.
Pivnenko Yurii
PhD, assistant of KNUCEA. Research interests: use of fluidized bed technology in power engineering,
purification of process gases and ventilation emissions, low-grade power engineering. E-mail:
Pivnenko.Yura@gmail.com Redko Ihor
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of USUoRT. Research interests: use of renewable energy sources, low-grade energy, heat and mass transfer,
thermodynamics. E-mail:
ihor.redko1972@gmail.com
Burda Yurii
PhD, KNUCEA. Research interests: purification of ventilation emissions, rational use of boiler combustion products, alternative energy,
thermodynamics. E-mail:
burda.yurii.1991 @gmail.com
Cherednik Artem
PhD, associate professor of KNUCEA. Research interests: radiant hot water ceiling heating, decentralized ventilation for schools and civil buildings. E-mail:
artemcherednicc@gmail.com
Sergei Alferov
post-graduate student of KNUCEA. Research interests: low-grade power engineering, layered solid fuel combustion, solar energy, thermal physics. E-mail:
sergey.alf312@gmail.com
