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^shekov R. M,
Nukus branch of Tashkent state agrarian university
Qurbonboev M. H., Nukus branch of Tashkent state agrarian university E-mail: kurbonboev_muzaffar@mail.ru
OPTIMIZATION OF CROPS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE IRRIGATED AREA IN THE LOWER REACHES OF THE R. AMU DARYA
Abstract. In this item are given materials and analysis about Amu Darya River downstream and also given recommendations for optimization of the main crop rotation on farm areas depending on the level of water availability without negative substantive impact for functioning of the agricultural sector in conditions of water deficiency.
Keywords: optimization of crops, irrigated area, water deficiency, reducing the acreage of cultivated crops, natural pastures.
In the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, sustainable agricultural production, other things being equal, agrotechnologies of cultivated crops mainly depends on the level of water supply of the territory. In the current water situation, when due to the depletion of water resources, river run off there is a steady shortage of water with a certain cyclical nature depending on the water content of the river. Amu Darya, planning and organization of agricultural production should be linked to the predicted level of water availability in the basin.
In recent years, the problem of the functioning of the entire water management complez in the Syr Darya and Amu Darya basins has become extremely acute due to the unsatisfactory quality of flow forecasts. This problem manifested itself most acutely in the dry 2000 year, but it also occurs during high-water years. Thus, according to forecasts, in 1998, the vegetation in the Syr Darya basin was expected to be about 81% normal, and actually amounted to 124%. As a result of this error, an crroneous plan of the cascade of reservoirs, and in June 1998, an additional 1km3 of water was dropped into the Arnasay decrease, which is an extremely exceptional case for the growing season.
Even worse, if the forecasts are not justified in the dry years, especially when the mistake is to overstate expectation. A comparison of the forecast and actual values for the key reservoirs of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya for the period from October 1999 to September 2000 indicates a significant scale of the error.
Forecasts are given twice, in October, for non-vegetation and tentatively for the whole coming year and clarification for the growing season- in April does not allow changing the composition and placement of crops and even more so the water change, which makes all irrigated agriculture extremely risky. Moreover, the approved water limits for vegetation in April based on these forecasts are difficult to adjust with the upper unregulated water, users and, as a result, there is a certain disproportion in the distribution of waters, which took
place in the Amu Darya in 2000. During the growing season of 2000, the water deficit(the exess of the established water in take limit over actual use) in the Amu Darya basin was 11.1 km3 or about 30% of the limit, and in the lower reaches the water deficit is 52% (Tablel).
Table 1.- Territorial uneven of water deficit within the Amu Darya basin in 2000
Plot of the pool Deficit compared to the limit
Km3 % from limit
Upper course 0.7 km3 11
Average course 2.7 17
Lower course 7.7 52
In the whole basin 11.1 30
From the presented data it is clear that the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River were in the most critical situation during the growing season of 2000.
In May 2000, water availability in the Republic of Karakal-pakstan was 45-50% in May, and in the subsequent months of the growing season in decreased from 48% to 19% of the required and 43% of the allocated limit. The level of water supply in 2001 was even worse in May, July, in August it was 12.9-19% of the need. During the growing season, only 1.853 million. m3 of water.
Were allocated for needs of agricultural production, which is 964 mln.m3 less than in 2000 or 25% of the required volume (Table 2).
Unfortunately, when planning the composition and structure of sown areas of agricultural crops, a possible scenario of the development of the situation with the level of water availability in dry 2000-2001 was not taken into account, that errors of predicted calculations were also noted with a total land area of 419 thousand. Hectares for cotton crops were set aside 125 thousand ha, winter wheat 28-30 thousand ha, for forage crops 78-75 thousand ha and for other crops 74.5-108
OPTIMIZATION OF CROPS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE IRRIGATED AREA IN THE LOWER REACHES OF THE R. AMU DARYA
thousand ha. As a result, the agrarian sector of the economy in 2000 with a planned sown area of 125 thousand ha, 129,8 suffered heavy losses in the production of crop products. So, thousand ha was actually allotted for cotton.
Table 2.- Level of water availability during the growing season 2000-2001. In the republic of Karakalpakstan
Months Years Water in take in mln.m3 Water availability
Need Limit Actually From the need From limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IV 2000 359 265 245 68 92
2001 346 201 240 69 119
V 2000 1069 1180 530 50 45
2001 1331 774 154 12,9 20
2000 7542 4384 1853 25 42,7
VI 2001 1700 1883 824 48 59
2000 1572 914 623 39 68
VII 2001 2434 1895 557 23 29
2000 2318 1348 452 19 34
VIII 2001 1850 1370 354 19 26
2000 1557 905 248 16 27
IX 2001 1049 307 246 23 80
2000 418 242 159 38 66
Total 2001 8463 6400 2757 32 43
Because of the lack of water in the areas of 34.3 thousand ha, the plants died and the crop was not harvested. Under the rice, it was planned to allocate 113.5 thousand ha, and the actual area was reduced to 60 thousand ha due to the expected low water levels, however, due to the lack of water in the area
of 52.1 thousand ha, rice plants died. In 2001, with the actual cultivated area of 83.4 thousand ha, of cotton plants, they died by 7.3 thousand ha. Although rice crops in terms of 80 thousand ha, nevertheless, on an area of 3.81 thousand ha of rice plants completely died due to lack of water (Table 4).
Table 3.- Some indicators characterizing the loss of agricultural production due to low water in 2000-2001 in the republic of Karakalpakstan
Cultural years Cotton plant Rice
Plan pot. Platy thousand ha Fact. Sown thousand ha Thousand of them died At% Plan, pot. Platy thousand ha Fact. Sown thousand ha Of them died about thousand ha At%
2000 125 129.8 34.3 26 113.5 60 52.1 86
2001 125 83.4 7.3 9 80 4.74 3.81 80
According to our calculations, made on the basis of materials of operational organizations of the management of irrigation systems, departments of the Moscow Inland Water Service, the total damage to the agricultural sector due to low water in 2000-2001. amounted to about 15 billion soums.
From the above, the need to revise the existing procedure for planning the composition and structure of the sown area for the current year's crop is quite obvious. At the same time, the main criterion should be the expected level ofwater availability, on the basis ofwhich the area of irrigated land allocated for sowing major crop rotation crops should be adjusted annually and promptly.
In order to streamline the use of available water resources in the republic, differentiated distribution among water users within the annually allocated limit optimal areas of main crop
rotation crops and the required amount of water for sustainable agricultural production depending on water availability have been established. It is taken into account:
- preferential prorision of water for areas under crops of cotton and winter wheat, which are of strategic importance and cultivated be the state order;
- differentiation of the determination of the required volume of water for main crop rotation crops, according to hydro-mode zoning;
- the need for a proportional distribution ofthe established water limit among water users within the established limit;
When establishing the optimal areas and composition of crops, taking into account the level of water availability, the long-term data of the operational and planning organizations of the Moscow region of Karakalpakstan were used.
The calculations were performed using a model and algorithm developed jointly with specialists from the Nukus branch of the Tashkent Information Technology University.
The task of optional use of the productive resources of irrigated agriculture is formed by the following restrictions:
a) The area of irrigated land can bevariable and determined in the process of solving the problem, depending on the level of water availability.
b) Crop water consumption is limited to the value of the water supply corresponding to the technical option under consideration.
v) Restriction on the structure of crops of various crops.
Comparing the three main restrictions, comparing the model that allowed determining the structure (location) of crops and the area with fixed resources, taking into account the shortage of water resources.
As a result, mathematical modeling was tested on an example: MIS, canals, WUAS and administrative districts.
Recommended procedure for reducing the acreage of cultivated crops, depending on the level of water availability. (Table 5) should be permanent in time and space, carried out promptly without significant negative consequences for the functioning infrastructure of agricultural production. To mitigate the effects of low water and maintain the current level of crop production, it is advisable to place the main crop rotation crops in the years of low water availability on lands with a relatively high productive capacity (bonitet score). Lands with a relatively low bonitet score should be set aside for drought crops and salt-tolerant crops and used as natural pastures, plantations for the procurement of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry.
Table 4. Recommended acreage and composition of crops, taking into account the level of water availability in the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Payment order Water availability level% Cotton-plant Winter wheat Rice Alfalfa and feed crops Other culture Total in the republic
Acreage thousand ha Water consumption, mln.m3 Acreage thousand ha Water consumption, mln.m3 Acreage thousand ha Water consumption, mln.m3 Acreage thousand ha Water consumption, mln.m3 Acreage thousand ha Water consumption, mln.m3 Acreage thousand ha Water consumption, mln.m3
1 95-90 145 1342.6 60 377.8 70 2903.7 65 601.8 40 333.3 380 5559.2
2 90-80 140 1296.3 60 377.8 50 2074.1 55 509.2 40 333.3 345 4590.7
3 80-60 120 1111.1 50 314.8 30 1244.4 50 462.9 50 416.6 300 3549.8
4 60-50 110 1018.5 40 251.8 10 414.8 40 370.3 50 416.6 250 2472
5 50 100 9206.0 25 157.4 1.0 41.4 30 277.7 50 416.6 206 1819.1
References:
1. Jumamuratov D., Koshekov R. M. database for drawing water use plans in irrigation systems. A collection of lectures from the Republican scientific- technical conference on contemporary issues of the use of information and communication technologies in the integration of science and production in collaboration with the Karakalpak State University, Tashkent University of Information Technology and Karshi. Part 3. Nukus 2015.
2. Koshekov R. M. Water use planning taking into account the water availability of the territory (on the example of the Republic of Karakalpakstan). Materials of the Republican Scientific Technical conference fic on Improving Ameliorative Status of Irrigated Land and Efficient use of water Resources (Tashkent 1-2 May 2015).
3. Methods of system analysis in land reclamation and water management. Edited by bg pins, - Leningrad, 1983. Hydrome-teoizdat.
4. Uteuliyev N. U., Allamuratov R., Boranbayev P. B. Creation of a software package for calculations based on a deformed and schematic model ofwater resources distribution. Abstracts of the reports of the Republician Scientific Conference with the participation of scientists from the CIS countries, Modern problems of differentiated equations.- Tashkent.- November 21-23, 2013.
