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Ключевые слова: стресс, надпочечники, гомоцистеин, катехоламины. Key words: stress, adrenal gland, homocysteine, catecholamines.
UDC 628.979; 159.93
F. Bisegna1, C. Burattini1, D.N. Berlov2'3
ON THE WAY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS IMPROVEMENT IN RESEARCH OF LIGHTING INFLUENCES ON HUMAN HEALTH11
1 Universitá Sapienza, Roma, Italy; 2 Submicron Heterostructures for Microelectronics, Research and Engineering Center, RAS, St.-Petersburg, Russia; 3 St.-Petersburg State University, St.-Petersburg, Russia, d.berlov@bio.spbu.ru
Light is one of the most important environmental factors. It affects on the organism's biological rhythms, has an acute effect on the health, alertness, cognitive functions of human. The increased interest in this field of researching in recent decades has happen due to two reasons. First, the discovering of ipRGC-system, that mediate the basic physiological mechanisms of non-visual light effects [1]. Second, the increased understanding of the role of artificial light pollution in urban development and the importance of adjusting the lighting in the concept of smart-cities [2]. Meanwhile, the results of studies of the effect of lighting on the human organism are often contradictory. Some considerations concerning the reasons of the lack of uniformity of results were outlined in [1, 3-5]. There are several key factors of such differences:
(a) Type of light sources. The light source (incandescent, fluorescent, LED and halogen lamps) is the principal variable of such studies. It was suggested that as these lamps have very different spectral compositions and often different intensities, results of studies with them should be considered separately [4].
(b) Light parameters. Even for one type of light source, the key light settings, such as brightness or color temperature can vary greatly [4]. Moreover methods of measuring
11 Ф. Бисенья1, К. Буратини1, Д.Н. Берлов2,3 На пути к улучшению экспериментальных протоколов в исследованиях влияния освещения на здоровье человека / 1 Университет Сапиенца, Рим, Италия; 2 НТЦ Микроэлектроники РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; 3Санкт-Петербург-ский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
the brightness based on the sensitivity curve of the human eye, require significant adjustments because the spectral sensitivity of the melanopsin-containing cells is different [1].
(c) Details of experimental settings. Such factors that accompany the light exposure as ambient temperature and humidity, presence of windows, color of walls, furniture, glares and so on can influence on results of experiments [3, 4].
(d) Specific research approach. Very different tests used in study to measure brain functions, often different tests with the same validity can be used for examining the same function. Different brain functions investigated, from the general level of alertness or fatigue to the most specific executive functions or memory [4].
(e) Individual differences. Variability in the response to light exposure often noted within one series of experiments that were carried out under constant lighting conditions and experimental design, that demonstrates the specificity of the nature of the response depending on the typological characteristics of the subjects. Particularly we supposed that modified test of critical flicker fusion frequency threshold will allows to evaluate the type of individual response to light exposure [5]. Such factors as geder of subjects, their functional status also can be important.
(f) General experiment design. It includes the correct sample of subjects in addition to the exclusion criterions, the age of participants (it is important to include participants' age within a limited range), to choice of a between-subject or a within-subjects design
[4].
So we highlighted the existence of differences in the experiments about the effect of lighting on human health and cognitive functions. These findings evidenced the necessity of standards, it should be developed the guidelines for managing correct protocols and setting in this field of research. The use of shared methods, techniques, tools and procedures represents a possible solution for obtaining more uniform results. References:
[1] Lucas R.J., Peirson S.N., Berson D.M. et al. Measuring and using light in the mel-anopsin age // Trends in Neurosciences, 2014, v. 37(1), p. 1-9.
[2] Mattoni B., Gugliermetti F., Bisegna, F. A multilevel method to assess and design the renovation and integration of Smart Cities. // Sustainable Cities and Society, 2015, v. 15, 105-119.
[3] Knez I. Effects of colour of light on nonvisual psychological processes // Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2001, v. 21, p. 201-208.
[4] Bisegna F., Burattini C., Li Rosi O., Blaso L., Fumagalli S. Non visual effects of
light: an overview and an Italian experience // Energy Procedia, 2015, in press. [5] Berlov D.N., Pavlova L.P., Bisegna F. et al. Research perspectives of the influence of lighting modes on changes of human functional state by means of "smart lighting". // Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2015, p. 1426-1430.
Abstract.
The article describes the main causes leading to contradictory results in studies of the effect of light on the health of the human organism and its functions. It is noted that some of them are specific to the field of research and associated with the variety of light sources, measuring of lighting or individual sensitivity to light. It is postulated the need for a standardized research protocols that take into account the above features. Keywords: non-visual effects of light; LED; functional states; experimental design, experimental setting.
Резюме.
В статье рассмотрены основные причины, приводящие к неоднозначным результатам при исследовании влияния режима освещения на функции организма человека и его здоровье. Отмечается, что часть из них специфична для данной области исследований и связана с многообразием источников освещения, разной спектральной чувствительностью и другими факторами. Постулируется необходимость разработки стандартизированных протоколов исследований, учитывающих описанные особенности.
Ключевые слова: не визуальные эффекты света, светодиодные источники света, функциональные состояния, экспериментальный дизайн, параметры исследования.
