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Ikramov Rakhimjan Karimovich, doctor of technical sciences, prof. Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems.
E-mail: ikramovrk@mail.ru Jumaev Ziyadulla Tashtemirovich, Ph D., student Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems.
E-mail: ziyadulla83@mail.ru Amanov Bahodir Tuhtasinovich, doctor of philosophy Ph D., Technical Science Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems Tashkent city, Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: bahodirjon-2277@mail.ru
ON THE ISSUE OF METHODS OF MANAGING ADAPTIVE-MELIORATIVE REGIMES OF TECHNOGENICALLY DISTURBED AGROLANDSCAPES
Abstract: This article outlines the technogenic loading of the agrolandscape hydroland improvement systems. Keywords: Landscape, agrolandscape, irrigation norms, retrospective analysis, technogenic disturbance, hydro-chemical regime.
In order to determine the level of man-caused disruptions in natural systems, a retrospective analysis of the development of irrigated agriculture was carried out. Such an analysis is necessary, firstly, to establish the main contradictions between productive activities and the natural environment that led to the current environmental crisis and degradation, and second, to develop a concept and strategy for the reconstruction of systems on technogenic-disturbed natural complexes and determine the ways of escape from the crisis. For this, the approach of Zh. S. Mustafaev and A. Ryabtsev [9, P. 241] with amendments and additions to it that take into account the methodology for analyzing the ameliorative state of irrigated land in Uzbekistan [1, P. 65].
At present, methods for the equivalent comparison of disparate indicators are used to assess the technical level of design solutions in land reclamation science [2; 3].
Therefore, to assess the level of technogenic disturbance of agrolandscapes, it is possible to use indicators characterizing the relationship between the use of natural resources and changes in their components in the system of nature management [2; 4; 5]
- with agrotechnical development of the territory:
(1)
here: F. - area of the developed territory, ha; F is the area of natural or semi-natural ecosystems, ha;
Kf = £,
f F
- with the amelioration of agricultural lands:
Of - O3n
K =-
o:
(2)
here: - the actual rate ofwater intake, m3/ha; - soil-ecological permissible rate of water intake, providing an optimum ratio of heat and moisture in specific natural climatic zones, m3/ha; - when using water resources:
Ot - O - 0„
(3)
Kb =-
Of
here: - sanitary release ensuring ecological stability in the lower reaches of river basins, m3/ha; - volume of water intake for agricultural organizations, m3/ha. - when assessing changes in the hydrochemical regime of water:
c - c.
Kc =-
C
(4)
here: - natural mineralization of river water to man's anthropogenic activity, g/l; - mineralization of river water, in the process of man's anthropogenic activity, g/l.
- when discharging return water into the water source:
K = Q* d Qb
here: - actual specific water intake, million m3; - collector-
drainage and sewage, million m3.
- when assessing the distribution of saline soils:
(5)
ON THE ISSUE OF METHODS OF MANAGING ADAPTIVE-MELIORATIVE REGIMES OF TECHNOGENICALLY DISTURBED AGROLANDSCAPES
K = F
(6)
here: - the area of unproductive saline lands, ha.
- when assessing the mineralization of groundwater:
F
KCM_ CM (7)
* F ()
here: - areas with mineralization > 3 g/l of groundwater, ha.
- when assessing the depth of groundwater table:
F
KCC _ ZCC
(8)
here: - the area of land with groundwater levels < 2 m,ha. For a demonstrative calculation of indicators of the level of technogenic disturbance of agrolandscapes, an analysis of the use of natural resources in the regions of the Syrdarya region was carried out (table 1. 2).
Table 1. - Dynamics of the use of natural resources and their impact on the components of the natural system in the regions of the Syrdarya region
Names of districts Area, thousand hectares Area of saline land, thousand hectares Specific water intake, m3/ha Mineralization of irrigation water, g/l
F F F F F Q Q Q C
Syrdarya 42.1 31.9 0.32 13.17 4.51 11037 5820 552 1.12
Gulistan 29.0 22.2 0.80 10.28 2.07 12003 6108 600 1.11
Saykhun 40.2 31.7 0.82 7.23 0.30 10716 5362 536 1.09
Mirzabad 45.4 33.8 14.58 33.96 6.45 7032 4219 352 1.30
Bayaut 39.0 35.4 2.41 16.05 1.07 10391 5497 520 1.25
Akaltin 42.2 36.0 2.56 26.09 7.60 6399 4027 320 1.16
Sardoba 45.7 41.5 10.41 31.32 14.76 8576 6005 429 1.16
Khovas 38.5 27.2 6.07 30.69 4.76 9164 6879 458 1.12
To assess the level of man-caused disruption of the natural system, one can use the generalized indicator K.h, which is determined by the formula [2, P. 95; 4, P. 40; 6, P. 210]:
Km„=1 -JAK- , (9)
here - K'i _ exp(-Ki) - relative values of the level of technogenic disturbances of a natural object [7, P. 248].
Thus, the proposed methodological approach makes it possible to assess the level of man-caused disruption of agro-landscapes and the ecological safe rate of use of natural resources, to determine the reduction in resource intensity of production and increase its environmental friendliness, to form a qualitatively new methodology for inductive planning and strategies for managing natural processes in anthropogenic activities in technogenic disturbed natural systems.
Analysis of the soil-ecological state of agrolandscapes in the administrative regions of the Syrdarya region made it possible to reveal the following level of man-made loads on the natural system [8]:
Satisfactory man-made load on the natural system (K = 0.3-0.65) [9, P. 266] - unsustainable functioning of the system as a result of cumulative manifestation of complex, long or relatively short-term processes with natural and anthropogenic components, which leads to a disruption of the dynamic or ecological balance of agricultural landscapes. It is necessary to direct the main efforts for the reconstruction of irrigation systems, increasing their efficiency and improving the irrigation technique, thereby reducing the load on drainage. This, in turn, allows to lower the level of groundwater to form automorphic and semi-automorphic regimes of soil formation, to reduce the removal of water and salts.
Table 2. - Assessment of technogenically disturbed agrolandscapes in the regions of the Syrdarya region
Administrative districts
Syrdarya Gulistan Sayhkhun Mirzaabad Bayаut Akaltin Sardoba Khovas
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Kf = F / F 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.74 0.91 0.85 0.91 0.71
K = (Of - O3f )/ o3t 0.13 0.49 0.36 -0.12 0.11 -0.27 0.06 -0.08
Kc = (C, - Ce )/ Ce 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.6 3.5 1.32 1.32 1.24
Ks = Fs / F, 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.36 0.07 0.06 0.25 0.16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Kh = (Of - Oc - Op)/ Of 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.35 0.42 0.32 0.25 0.20
K = Qr / Qh 0.65 0.71 0.76 0.77 0.40 0.67 0.47 1.11
K = FCM / F 0.14 0.08 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.19 0.36 0.12
K = FCM / F 0.41 0.40 0.23 0.83 0.44 0.66 0.76 0.79
K f = exp(-Kf) 0.47 0.47 0.45 0.47 0.40 0.43 0.40 0.49
K = exp(-Ko) 0.88 0.61 0.70 1.13 0.90 1.31 0.94 1.08
Kh = exp(-Kb) 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.70 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.82
K' = exp(-Kc) 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.20 0.03 0.27 0.27 0.29
K = exp(-Kd) 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.67 0.51 0.62 0.33
K = exp(-Ks) 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.70 0.94 0.94 0.78 0.85
K ' = exp(-KCM) SCM x S 0.66 0.67 0.80 0.44 0.64 0.52 0.47 0.45
K ' = exp(-KCC) SCC L S 0.87 0.92 0.99 0.85 0.97 0.83 0.70 0.88
^mn 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.44 0.52 0.38 0.42 0.41
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