CC BY
14
UDC / УДК 338.439.01.001.25:005:574
ON THE ISSUE OF A ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT IN ENSURING FOOD SECURITY OF THE STATE
К ВОПРОСУ О РОЛИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА ПРИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВА
Savkin V.I., Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Савкин В.И., доктор экономических наук, профессор Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin", Orel, Russia
ФГБОУ ВО «Орловский государственный аграрный университет имени Н.В. Парахина», Орел, Россия E-mail: [email protected]
The relevance of the research is based on the current state of ecological management in the agricultural sector of economy and also by the problems of ensuring food security. Issues of a role of ecological management in ensuring food security of the Russian Federation are discussed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state and identify key problems of overcoming negative factors in achievement the main goal of the agrarian sector of economy, i.e. ensuring food security of the country. The methodology of the research is systematization of the role of ecological management, both in development of modern society and in the agricultural sector of economy. The leading approach in the research is system analysis, in the process of which there is a scrutiny of ecological management as an open system of the interconnected elements that provide an acceptable load level on environmental in the production of the required amount of food. The concept of latency of ecological management in the agrarian sector of economy is introduced. The conceptual system of development of ecological management is introduced, which provides the establishment of the uncontrollable and hidden processes and ensuring new quality of food security of the state. Formation of factors the states defining the hidden principles of ecological management when ensuring food security is graphically presented. The prevalence of economic dominants over ecological ones in modern society is the main deterrent of stimulation of environmental protection activity. The materials of the article are of practical value for the formation of an adequate state environmental policy that provides a stable trend of food security of the Russian Federation and as well as for forecasting and planning the development of the agricultural sector of the national economy.
Key words: ecological management, state managements, food security, concealment of management, agricultural sector of economy.
Актуальность исследования определяется современным состоянием развития экологического менеджмента в аграрном секторе экономики страны, а также проблемами продовольственной безопасности. Анализируются вопросы роли экологического менеджмента в обеспечении продовольственной безопасности государства. Цель статьи заключается в анализе современного состояния и установлении ключевых проблем преодоления негативных факторов при достижении основной цели аграрного сектора экономики - обеспечение продовольственной безопасности страны. Методологией исследования послужила систематизация роли экологического управления, как в развитии аграрного сектора экономики. Ведущим подходом в исследовании является системный анализ, в процессе которого происходит рассмотрение экологического менеджмента как открытой системы взаимосвязанных элементов, обеспечивающих приемлемый уровень нагрузки на окружающую среду при производстве необходимого количества продовольствия. Вводится понятие - латентность (скрытость) экологического менеджмента в аграрном секторе экономики. Предлагается концептуальная схема развития экологического менеджмента, обеспечивающая установление неконтролируемых, скрытых
процессов и тем самым обеспечение нового качества продовольственной безопасности государства. Представлено формирование факторов, определяющих скрытый характер экологического менеджмента при обеспечении продовольственной безопасности государства. Превалирование экономических доминант над экологическими в современном обществе - основной сдерживающий фактор стимулирования средоохранной деятельности. Материалы статьи представляют ценность для формирования государственной экологической политики обеспечивающий устойчивый тренд продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации, а также при планировании и прогнозировании устойчивого развития аграрного сектора экономики государства. Ключевые слова: экологический менеджмент, государственное управления, продовольственная безопасность, скрытость управления, аграрный сектор экономики.
Introduction. One of the first scientific works on definition of the latent factors in management can be considered the work of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) "II Principe", which contains the analysis of elements of latent management. In his work Machiavelli raised the questions about the ratio of moral norms and political expediency and by that, one of the first identified the problem of the influence of latent factors on the management system [1]. As a consequence, these questions in economy were discussed in the works of Ch. Barnard., D. Gertsberg, D. March, E. Mayo., M. Follett. Which, in fact, prepared a conceptual basis of the analysis of the hidden informal administrative actions, and later R. Akoff, M. Albert, I. Ansoff, P. Druker, M. Meskon, T. Peters and others demonstrated the analytical device allowing to approach systemically the analysis of the mechanism of latent management and its influence on economy and policy of the state [2].
The Russian research into the hidden factors in management is presented by the works of Yu. Voronov, A. Dobrov, A. Akayev and other scientists who considered a latency to be part in the solution of strategic tasks, and analyzing the hidden processes proceeding in control systems [3, 4].
The modern economy is based on the principles of freedoms, the competition and responsibility, which have to provide sustainable development of the state. Thereby, the process of combination of management efforts is carried out via the system of the organizational and economic measures aimed at ensuring stable production, improvement of social infrastructure and an ecological component. In 1992, in Rio de Janeiro (the international conference on sustainable development) it was emphasized that ecological management is dominant in sustainable development, relating to the highest priorities of any state. However, it should be noted that the ecological component of modern economy is characterized by a rather hidden real state, post factum solution of nature protection problems and weak minimization of environmental risks. This situation is typical for most countries of the world, and the economic wellbeing is not an immunity for environmental problems, which have global character and are equally peculiar for all sectors of economy.
The agricultural sector ensures food security of the state, and in this regard, researching into the ecological aspects of management that have pronounced latency allows to create the system of ecological management for agriculture, food security of the state, necessary for the achievement of the new quality [5, 6]. Under these conditions, it is necessary to form the management concept which adequately reflects and reveals the latent processes in ecological management.
The research objective is to analyses the current state and identify key problems of overcoming the latent factors of ecological management in ensuring food security of the state.
Research methodology. The methodology of the research is the systematization of a role of ecological management, both in development of modern society and in the agrarian sector of economy. The leading approach in the research is system analysis, during which there is a view at environmental management as at an open system of the interconnected elements providing the acceptable level of the environment by production of necessary required food amount.
The foundation of the research is the agricultural sector of the economy of the Russian Federation, which ensures food security of the state and formation of the mechanisms of environmental management. Researches are conducted in the Orel State Agricultural University named after N.V. Parakhin.
Results and discussion. The existing ecological situation in the agricultural sector of economy and a trend of its change are defined by economic activity and also by the available resource potential. The phenomenon of modern economy is based on the principles of growing production, which is constantly stimulated by an increase in public demand. From 2010 to 2018 Russian Federation (in actually prices) doubled the agricultural products. The increase of domestic food production, (fig. 1) observed in recent years, has a clearly expressed need for ensuring food security of the state. At the same time, the impact of production increase on the environment recedes into the background.
2018 5119,8
2017 5119,9
2016 5119,2
2015 4801,9
billion rubles
Figure 1 - Agricultural products on categories of farms on the Russian Federation,
in actually operating prices, billion rubles1
The constant increase in food production is generally provided by the increasing concentration of economic entities and also with the creation of a new type of agriculture, the industrial agricultural production. The main problem in the current development type is a high ecological pressure and low efficiency of use of the ecological tools. A clear increase of emissions of the industrial and consumption waste from 2010 to 2017 stimulates the need of their recycling almost twofold. (tab. 1, tab. 2). It is remarkable that the amount of protection costs as a percentage to G.D.P. since 2010 actually tends to decrease. There is a clear imbalance in the amount of production and the resources allocated to environmental activities, which in fact recedes into the background. The process of expanded reproduction actually takes place at the expense of saving on environmental costs, which is unacceptable.
1 It is made by the author according to Rosstat: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/enterprise/economy/#.
Table 1 - Waste production and consumption for certain types of economic activity in the Russian Federation, million tons2_
Criteria Years
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Among them - agricul ture, hunting and fores try
Production and consumption of waste 24,0 27,5 26,1 40,3 43,1 45,8 49,2 41,5
Used and neutralized 24,0 19,8 23,4 23,2 34,7 33,6 42,0 32,4
The costs of environmental protection are a component of organization costs, but unfortunately, now they lead to reduction of economic benefits and are more associated with the administrative load aimed at the implementation of legislation. An increase in agricultural production provides an increase in industrial and consumption waste that attracts the need to increase the absolute costs of environmental protection. However, an increase in production in agriculture and solving a problem of food security of the state remain uncertain as the influence on it increases the pressure on the environment.
Table 2 - Costs of environmental protection across the Russian Federation, in actually operating prices, one million rubles2_
Data Years
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The costs of
environmental 372382 412014 445817 479169 559703 582128 590865 657024
protection
The costs of
environmental protection as a percentage to GDP 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7
Methods of production support in agriculture are explicit and targeted, they define clear requirements to the managed object, but they do not directly set environmental goals. Such purpose is a feature of management in various branches of the economy, including agricultural economy.
Therefore, the overcoming of the concealment in the environmental component in food security activities by an exception delays or expectation that increase the real time to adverse events should be a component of the environmental management mechanism in the agrarian sector of economy. In this regard, the concealment of environmental management in the agrarian sector of economy should be referred to as the purpose-oriented influence on changing the activities for the benefit of food security of the state and the eco-focused management decisions, which are building up the hidden traits of influence on the environmental situation.
Formation of ecological management should be considered as an integral part of state policy in the field of sustainable development of the country. The key components forming the concealment of ecological management are: the subject and the object of management, factors (including transnational character of problems and limitation of needs) and also the load of the environment.
2 Made by the authors base on Rosstat data. http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/environment/#.
The factors defining the hidden state of ecological management in the conditions of ensuring food security can be divided into two groups (external, internal). The group of external factors include: population increase, technological breakthroughs. The group of internal factors includes: increase of consumption, production expansion, economic policy of the state. The prevalence of economic interests over ecological is the main constraining mechanism for stimulating environmental protection activity. Achievement of high environmental efficiency is possible if the economy assumes liabilities to follow the principle of continuous improvement of the environmental management system. Open ecological management can provide a credit of trust to the economy. This should be the advantage of openness of environmental management in comparison with traditional (hidden), formal environmental management. It is important that the integration of environmentally important activities in ensuring food security, as well as their withdrawal from the field of latency, can lead to the creation of a formal system of environmental management and also to form the qualitatively different food security of the state.
An important aspect of the impact on the formation of hidden factors of ecological management is the transnational character of the problems of food and environmental security. Food donor countries generally do not have similar ecological problems as the countries-recipients of food. It should be noted at the same time that with the development of technological processes of food production, the environmental problems of the donor countries will promptly increase. Environmental risks in technologically developed countries are significantly higher. According to the Human Development Report and Global Footprint Network in 2005, humanity exceeded the regenerative capacity of our planet by 30%. If the current trends continue, the pressure on natural resources and pollution in the next half century will increase by several times. The population will increase from 7 billion to 9 billion people by 2040, and the number of middle-class consumers will increase by 3 billion people during the next 20 years; the demand for resources will increase in exponentially.
By 2030 the need of world's population in food will increase not less than by 50%, by 45%, in energy and by 30%, in water resources, and all this will occur in conditions when threshold environment indicators impose new restrictions for extensive economic growth [7, 8]. In this regard there is a direct threat, that is the transnational character of production will become more acute, and environmental problems will be more and more hidden.
Limitation of human needs of the ecosystem capacity, today also has the hidden impact on environmental and food security, and this is due to the transnational properties of food and environmental security and also, the fact that critical levels have not yet been achieved - the use of available resources emissions of pollutants .At the same time there is already a need to move to preventive measures to ensure that ecological aspects are removed from the field of the hidden management. And the main tool can be here - ecological education.
Educational practices in ecological management should be discussed in two ways: 1 - general ecological education, 2 - training of professional managers. In fact, education is the driver of the transition of ecological aspects of management, along with ensuring food security of the state from hidden to the open state. The paradox is that there is the need for experts in the field of ecological management, and there is no demand for these experts. Education in the field of ecological management has to be advancing, i.e. reducing environmental risks, some of which are already revealing, and others exist in a latent form.
Conclusion. Food security of the country and ecological management have a clear direction, ensuring the sustainable development of any state. The role of ecological management in ensuring food security of the state should be considered as a cognitive function or a function of understanding the problem space, which designed to ensure the effectiveness of the management process as well as the effect (the ratio of the result to the costs that provides its receipt).
At the same time, interference between these categories in the reflexive content of the activity of the object and the subject of management, should provide organizational efficiency of social and economic systems through the outlet of latent management influences into the open form.
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