CC BY
8
Section 5. Transport
https://doi.org/10.29013/AJT-21-1.2-35-40
Shipilova K. B., Basic doctoral student, TIIAME, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: kamila-shipilova@mail.ru Radkevich M. V.,
Professor of the Department of Ecology and Water Resources Management, TIIAME Pochuzhevskyi O. D., Associate Professor of the Department of Road Transport, Krivoy Rog National University, Ukraine
ON ACCOUNTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM THE WASTE OF AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORT
Abstract. The article proposes a new approach to the monetary assessment of the damage caused to the environment by recyclable road transport waste. The proposed assessment method is based on the consideration of the waste collection coefficient, all types of irrecoverable losses and the amount of required compensatory release of materials. Based on a survey among motor vehicle owners, it was stated that the collection coefficient of solid waste is about 50%, while the collection coefficient of operating fluids does not exceed 32%. In this regard, the major share of the damage to the environment falls on liquid waste. The damage from recycled vehicle waste on the scale of the city of Tashkent calculated by authors is 379,073 million soum/year.
Keywords: automobile waste, recyclable waste, compensation release, total damage, damage assessment, compensation payments.
The aim of this article is to study the damage caused by recyclable waste from road transport to the environment, taking into account the coefficient of their collection and irrecoverable losses.
Automotive transport is a constant source of consumption waste, which is hazardous or harmful to the environment. Given the constant and intensive growth of motorization in Uzbekistan in recent years, it can be argued that the volume of waste ac-
cumulation is becoming threatening. Indeed, if in 2018 the level of motorization was 83 cars per 1000 inhabitants, then by 2025 "Uzavtosanoat" plans to reach the level of 237 cars per 1,000 people [1]. At the same time, the speed of organizing the collection and recycling of used cars lags behind the speed of production and sales of vehicles.
Road transport waste is divided into recyclable and non-recyclable waste. The first group of waste
includes metal, glass, rubber and used operating fluids. The second group includes waste gases and particulate emissions, land damage.
The harm caused by the processed waste to the environment depends on the degree of their collection and the organization of their processing. We attempted to estimate the amount of damage on the scale of the city of Tashkent. As the initial data, we took the total number ofvehicles in Tashkent - 494.4 thousand pcs (this figure consists of data on registered vehicles belonging to individuals - 417646 pcs [2] and cars belonging to legal entities [3]). At present, a complete assessment of the damage from road transport waste in Uzbekistan is not conducted. The existing method of calculating compensation payments for environmental pollution and waste disposal on the territory of Uzbekistan does not take into account a number of harmful substances, and some stages of the life cycle of recycled road transport waste.
Therefore, in the present work, the authors proposed to assess the damage from various vehicle waste taking into account these factors, and the coefficient of waste collection and disposal. To assess the state of collection and disposal of road transport waste, a survey was conducted among vehicle owners and car service centers workers [3].
Based on the survey results, it was possible to approximately determine the share of waste received for processing, and the share of irrecoverable losses. Wastes that fall into the category of irrecoverable losses require a compensatory release of the material.
Metals (ferrous, copper, aluminum). According to [3] the coefficient of collection waste is K = 0.523, including 0.308 - the share of the waste delivered by car owners; 0.215 - the share of the waste left in car-care centers. It should be noted that this index of the collection coefficient is obviously somewhat overestimated since the movement of the waste left in the car service centers is not exactly known.
Lead. Lead is a part of accumulator batteries (ACC). The collection coefficient is Kcol = 0.488, of which the share ofACC handed over by car owners to
processing plants is 0.318, and the share ofACC left in the car service centers is 0.17. About 25% oflead waste gets into the garbage (in solid waste landfills), i.e., lead damages land and water resources as lead compounds enter water bodies with rain-storm runoff.
Ethylene glycol. This substance is the main component of the antifreeze. Ethylene glycol is almost completely discharged into the sewer. This type of waste harms water bodies and atmospheric air in the process of ethylene glycol production from fossil raw materials.
Electrolyte. The electrolyte (H2S04), as well as lead, gets to the solid waste landfills and thus harms water bodies and atmospheric air in the process of acid production instead of turned into waste. Currently, the ACC acceptance for recycling is being established.
Oil. About 32% of the used oil is discharged to the ground or to the sewer. Therefore, this share of the used oil is considered harmful to water bodies. The share of the waste oil handed over (2.8%), sold (7.8%) or left by car owners in the car service centers (48.8%), partly goes for processing, but is mainly used as fuel in private boiler houses. Therefore, it can be considered that atmospheric air is polluted with harmful substances released during the oil production in an amount equal to that of the burned and drained into the sewage system, and during the uncontrolled oil combustion [4].
Tires. On average, 33.4% of used tires are discarded, thus littering the ground. About 20.3% is handed over for processing, 15.9% is left in the workshops [3]. Some of them are restored, some are burned. Recycling consists mainly of chips production. In any case, the rubber of worn-out tires is practically never returned for the manufacture of new tires (in the near future the situation may change when the Angren Tire Plant goes into operation). Thus, atmospheric air is loaded with harmful substances during the processing of used tires and the production of rubber for the manufacture of new tires.
The restoration consists in the recapping of worn tires. The stressing of atmospheric air occurs mainly
during rubber manufacturing. The tread weight is The calculation results are presented in (Table 1). approximately 64% of the tire weight.
Table 1.- Amount of moved waste
Material Quan-tity t/year For processing, t/year (%) Material loss * Compensatory release, t/year
Littering up the territory t/year (%) Ingress into soil t/year (%)
Ferrous metals 10487 5485 (52.3) 3471 (34.5) - 3618
Cu 311 163 (52.3) 107 (34.5) - 107
Al 683 357 (52.3) 236 (34.5) - 236
Pb 2544 1241 (48.8) 646 (25.4) - 646
Tires 5534 1123 (20.3) 1976 (35.7) - 1976
Ethylene glycol 946 - - 946 (100) 946
H2SO4 347 169 (48.8) - 88 (25.4) 88
Oil 3056 86 (2.8) - P** 1730 (56.6) -B - 978(32) 1730
* loss of material consists of its transport to the solid waste landfills, draining to the ground, storage in a garage, and the use other than intended ** P - processing; B - burning
Using the data on specific emission obtained by during waste processing and burning, and during the other researchers for various types of materials pro- compensatory release of lost materials [5; 6; 7]. The duction [5], we determine the amount of emission results of the calculations are given in (Table 2).
Table 2.- The amount of harmful substances in waste movement (t/year)
Material Stage CO2 CO NO x SO2 CH x V Aerosols
Ferrous metals Processed 4168 473.9 8.8 1.6 2972
Comp.release 8830 5550 12.4 8.0 31 1973
Cu Processed 105 13 1.4 22 - 0.15
Comp.release 82 8.9 2.4 120 0.009 1.0
Al Processed 157 1.4 2.1 11 0.01 0.21
Comp.release 399 3.5 5.3 28 0.04 0.9
Pb Processed 730 46 9.8 69 - 0.99
Comp.release 430 44 5.7 123 0.04 5.8
Tires Processed - - 0.2 8 9 -
Comp.release 9666 2775 775 492 58 6203
Ethylene glycol Processed - - - - - -
Comp.release 648 16 2.3 0.3 24 3.6
H2SO4 Processed - - - - - -
Comp.release 0.00087 - - 0.15 - -
Oil Processed 32 0.7 0.1 1 0.4 0.17
Burning - 9 8 - 0.00007 17.3
Comp.release 20615 455 56 646 264 106
TOTAL: 45862 13662 890 1602 386 11283
With given data, it is possible to proceed to the determination of the harmful effect caused to the environment by the automotive transport complex (ATC) recycled waste.
The harmful effect caused to the air by the processed waste
Havmmr = Hlp + H2 p (1)
H is the harmful effect caused by recyclable waste during processing and compensatory release, determined by the following formula [8]
Hip = CEa„ xdx f xM^, (2)
where M - is the regulatory constant that converts
air O /
the conditional estimate of emission into monetary ones; c.u./c.t; CEajr = 1.6 c.u./c.t [8; 9];
f - is the correction that takes into account the pattern of impurities dispersion in the atmosphere; according to [8; 9] we take f = 2 for heterogeneous sources;
a -is the index of atmospheric pollution hazard over various territories; taken as a = 30 for industrial zones [8; 9];
M - is determined according to the data given
air
in [5; 7].
Hip = 1.6 x 30 x 2 x (0.09 x 13.662 + +3.24 x 890 + 2 x 1.602 + 0.02 x 386 + +30 x 11.238) = 463.ill c.u. / year = = 0.463 mln. c.u. / year H2p - is the harmful effect from greenhouse gases (considering carbon dioxide and methane):
H2 p = hco2 x mO + hch4 x mCH4 =
= 3.33 x 45.862 + 77.43 x 386 =
= 182.608 c.u. /year = 0.183 mln. c.u /year The values of m^ and m„TT„ were taken accord-
CU2 CH4
ing to reference data given in [5; 7; 10].
So, the total amount of damage caused to the atmospheric air by recycled road transport waste is
Harm = 0.463+0.183= 0.646 mln.c.u./year
p '
The harmful effect caused to water bodies
Harm = b e x Mwater x K t (3)
water water water
where b t is the specific damage index (pollution
water c V-L
price) caused by a conventional tonne of the reduced mass of pollutants, c.u./c.t; bwafer = 786 c.u./c.t [8; 9];
Мwater - is the reduced mass of the contaminated substances discharge into water bodies
мwat=x*=mwat x n, (4)
where mwater is the mass of the actual discharge of the i-th polluting substance, t/year;
nt - is the coefficient of relative environmental-economic hazard for the i-th polluting substance; K t - is the coefficient of the ecological situa-
water c
tion and ecological significance of the water bodies state. For city conditions it is taken as Kwafer = 2 [8; 9].
In determining M"°d, we conventionally assume that oil, acid and ethylene glycol, drawn off into soil and the sewage system, contaminate only water bodies, because with rain-storm runoffs they get into water bodies. Then
M „ = m ,x n + m„ cr, x n + m, x n, (5)
water 0,1 oil H2SO4 H2SO4 glyc glyc
where the following data is taken: Table 3.- Data table for calculation by formula (5)
Waste name Mass of discharged substance mwateT, t/year (accord. to Table 1) Coefficient of ecological-economic hazard nt [6]
1 Oil 978 20
2 Electrolyte (H2SO4) 87 3.5
3 Ethylene glycol 946 3.5
M t = 978 x 20 + 87 x 3.5 + 946 x 3.5 = The harmful effect caused to land resources
water
= 23176 c.t/year Harmknd = Harmlit + Harm^^ (6)
Harma= 786 x 23176 x 2 = 36432672 c.u./year where Harmm - is the harmful effect of littering the
= 36,4 mln.c.u./year territory, c.u.;
Harmllt =ZSpi xM, x25 [6] (7) where Spi - is the standard payment for land littering per 1t of waste of the i-th type, c.u./t.
If the waste is a secondary raw material, Spi = 0.75 c.u./t [6] (all waste considered here are secondary raw materials).
The amount of waste littering the territory is
M = mm + m,
+ mAl + m
Pb
+ mire =
3471 + 103+226+636+1848=6284 t/year
(8)
Harmm = 0,75 x 6248 x 25=117825 c.u./year =
= 0,118 mln. c.u/year
Total Harmland = 0,118 + 32,5 = 32,618
mln.c.u year
Table 4.
The results of the calculations conducted to estimate the harmful effect from recyclable waste of automobiles are presented in (Table 4).
Damage caused to the environment by road transport waste, million USD/year
Components of the environment
Atmospheric air Water Ground
Harmful effect of recyclable waste 0.646 36.4 0.118
Total mln.c.u 37.2 year
Thus, the total harmful effect caused by various recyclable waste from vehicles to the environment on the scale of the city of Tashkent only amounts to 379,073 million soum/year. This amount is due to the low collection coefficient and the lack of proper organization of processing. From the results of the calculations, it can be seen that the maj or share ofthe harmful effect is caused to the water bodies due to the lack of a streamlined system for the disposal of some operating fluids.
In the authors' opinion, the proposed methods can be used to determine the actual damage caused
to the environment by waste from the automotive transport complex and to establish the penal fines sums for improper handling of waste. Tentative calculations showed that the implementation of the proposed methods will increase compensation payments for environmental pollution in comparison with the payment sums currently determined according to [11]. In addition, these methods can be used to calculate the economic efficiency of measures for the collection and disposal of road transport waste.
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