CC BY
7
UDC 101.1
Fayziev Khurshid teacher of Bukhara region law college Uzbekistan, Bukhara city OLYMPE DE GOUGES AND THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN
Annotation: article analyzes the life Olympe de Gouges and her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.
Key words: The Rights of Woman, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Enlightenment, French Constitution, feminist.
Marie-Olympe de Gouges was born Marie Gouzes in Montauban, in southern France, on December 31, 1748. The facts about her true parentage are somewhat vague, and de Gouges herself contributed to the confusion by encouraging rumors about her illegitimacy. In 1765, when she was 17, de Gouges married a French officer, Louis Aubrey. Two years later, they had a son. Aubrey was much older than de Gouges and he died three years into the marriage. De Gouges went to Paris in 1770 to seek fame as a writer. For her pen name she chose simply Olympe de Gouges, a variation of both her mother and father's names. During this period, she furthered her career by meeting and establishing connections with the most famous writers and philosophers of the time, and she worked her way into the highest social circles. Remaining resolute in her desire never to marry again, she reportedly became the mistress of several men of high social rank and she divided herself between her many lovers and her writing.
She wrote more than 40 plays, often with a socially critical theme. Among others she wrote plays on the slave trade, divorce, marriage, debtors' prisons, children's rights, and government work schemes for the unemployed. As a playwright she charged into the contemporary political controversies and she was often in the vanguard.
In 1791, in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she wrote the Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne ("Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"). This was followed by her Contrat Social ("Social Contract," named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality.
The Rights of Woman appeared originally as a pamphlet printed with five
parts:
1) the dedication to the Queen;
2) a preamble addressed to "Man";
3) the Articles of the Declaration;
4) a baffling description of a disagreement about a fare between herself and a cab driver;
5) a critique of the marriage contract, modeled on Rousseau's Social Contract.
Its third section takes up each of the seventeen Articles of the Preamble to the French Constitution in turn and highlights the glaring omission of the female citizen within each article. Meant to be a document ensuring universal rights, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is exposed thereby as anything but. The immediacy of the implications of the Revolution finally fully awakened Gouges to the ramifications of being denied equal rights, but her entire oeuvre was aiming in this direction. She wrote a document that highlights her personal contradictions (her own monarchist leanings as they hinder full autonomy most obviously), while bringing piercing illumination to contradictions in the French Constitution. Despite the lack of attention Gouges's pamphlet received at the time, her greatest contribution to modern political discourse is the highlighting of the inadequacy of attempts at universality during the Enlightenment. The demands contained within the original document assert the universality of "Man" while denying the specificity required for "Woman," therefore collapsing—at least
logically—of its own efforts. Alert to the powerlessness of women and the injustice such a condition implies, Article 4 of The Rights of Woman, for instance, particularly calls for protection from tyranny, as "liberty and justice" demand; that is, as nature and reason demand in personal as well as political terms. To harmonize this document with her devotion to the monarchy for most of her political career takes significant effort. For Gouges, the most important expression of liberty was the right to free speech; she had been exercising that right for almost a decade. Access to the rostrum required more than an early version of "add women and stir." While Gouges's Rights is rife with such pluralizing—extending any right of Man to Woman as well—there is also a clear acknowledgement that blind application of universal principles is insufficient for the pursuit of equality. Article XI, for example, demands the right of women to name the father of their children. The peculiarity of the need for this right on the part of women stands out because of its specificity and demonstrates the contradictions created by blindness to gender. The citizen of the French Revolution--the idealistic universal—is the free white adult male, leaving in his wake many injustices peculiar to individuals excluded from that "universal." The Rights of Woman unapologetically highlights that problem. The Enlightenment presumption of the "natural rights" of the citizen (as in "inalienable rights" in the U.S. Declaration of Independence) is in direct contradiction to the equally firmly-held belief in natural sexual differences—both of which are so-called "founding principles of nature." While Gouges is not fully aware of the implications of this conflict, she holds unequivocally in The Rights of Woman that those natural rights do indeed grant equality to all, just as the French Declaration states but does not intend. The rights such equality implies need to be recognized as having a more far-reaching application; if rights are natural and if these rights are somehow inherent in bodies, then all bodies are deserving of such rights, regardless of any particularities, like gender or color. Marriage, as the center for political exploitation, is thoroughly lambasted in the postamble, Part 5, to The Rights of Woman. Gouges describes marriage as the "tomb of trust and love," and the place of "perpetual tyranny."
On 3 November 1793 the Jacobins sentenced her to death and executed her for seditious behaviour and for attempting to reinstate the monarchy. She was executed just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Olympe de Gouges was a passionate fighter of human rights. Now one of France's greatest honours could be bestowed on Olympe de Gouges, a woman considered by many to be one of the world's first feminist campaigners.
References:
1. Marie-Olympe de Gouges Facts//biography.yourdictionary.com.
2. David Williams (1999). The Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press. p. 317.
3. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman, 1989 p. 235.
UDC 81-13
Goziyeva M. T. teacher
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov
Uzbekistan, Tashkent city
INNOVATIVE METHODS IN THE TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Annotation: In this article highlights of using innovative methods in the teaching English language.
Key words: multimedia programs, project method, brainstorming, Internet resources.
In educational institutions of Uzbekistan - in academic lyceums, in colleges, in higher educational institutions - such technologies as modular educational technology, learning technology in collaboration, didactic game technology, problem learning technology are being used. In addition, the lessons of scientific discussion and the free exchange of views are widely applied. Experience shows that the widespread use of information and communication technologies in the classroom in foreign languages increases their effectiveness. In the process of studying in the classroom of a foreign language grammatical phenomena, it is advisable to use computer technology (Internet), open discussions, lessons, excursions, auction, press conference, competition, etc.
At the present stage of development of science, technology, international trade, various types of business communication, knowledge of foreign languages is not only a necessity, but also a need for specialists. There are many traditional methods of teaching foreign languages, which are quite effective. However, the modern development of society requires the search and use of more advanced methods and technologies. Knowledge of several languages becomes the norm. For fast and effective learning of foreign languages, innovative techniques are needed, aimed at developing practical skills of a qualified specialist who is able to solve professional tasks at the level of foreign language communicative competence. When teaching students foreign languages, the most effective methods are the following: multimedia presentation, project method, testing interactive programs
