CC BY
107
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №11-3/2016 ISSN 2410-6070
АРХИТЕКТУРА
УДК 349
Qaten M. A.
студент магистратуры Р.Г. Абакумов к.э.н., доцент БГТУ им. В. Г. Шухова г. Белгород, Российская Федерация
OLD WALLED CITY OF SHIBAM OF UNESCO AND YEMENI LEGISLATION
Аннотация
Shibam (Arabic: ^чэ) (often referred to as Shibam Hadhramaut) is a town in Yemen. With about 7,000 inhabitants, it is the seat of the Shibam District in the Hadhramaut Governorate. It is famous for its mudbrick-made high-rise buildings. Shibam, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982 .
Ключевые слова
Shibam, Yemen, old walled city, history, UNESCO, law, Yemeni legislation. Old Walled City of Shibam.
Surrounded by a fortified wall, the 16th-century city of Shibam is one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction. Its impressive tower-like structures rise out of the cliff and have given the city the nickname of 'the Manhattan of the desert'.
Abb.1 - Old Walled City of Shibam
The tall cluster of sun-dried mud brick tower houses of the 16th century walled city of Shibam, which rises out of the cliff edge of Wadi Hadramaut has been described as a 'Manhattan' or 'Chicago' of the desert.
Located at an important caravan halt on the spice and incense route across the Southern Arabian plateau, the city of dwellings up to seven storeys high developed on a fortified, rectangular grid plan of streets and squares. The city is built on a rocky spur several hundred metres above the wadi bed, and superseded an earlier settlement that was partly destroyed by a massive flood in 1532-3. The Friday mosque dates largely from the 9th -10th century and the castle from the 13th century, but the earliest settlement originated in the pre-Islamic period. It became the capital of Hadramaut after the destruction in AD 300 of the earlier capital Shabwa, which was located further to the west along the wadi.
In the late 19th century, traders returning from Asia regenerated the walled city and since then development
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №11-3/2016 ISSN 2410-6070 has expanded to the southern bank of the wadi forming a new suburb, al-Sahil. Abandonment of the old agricultural flood management system in the wadi, the overloading of the traditional sanitary systems by the introduction of modern water supply combined with inadequate drainage, together with changes in the livestock management have all contributed to the decay of the city.
The dense layout of Shibam surrounded by contiguous tower houses within the outer walls expressed an urban response to the need for refuge and protection by rival families, as well as their economic and political prestige. As such the old walled city of Shibam and its setting in Wadi Hadramaut constitute an outstanding example of human settlement, land use and city planning. The domestic architecture of Shibam including its visual impact rising out of the flood plain of the wadi, functional design, materials and construction techniques is an outstanding but extremely vulnerable expression of Arab and Muslim traditional culture.
The surrounding landscape of spate irrigated land which has been, and still is in agricultural use, constitutes an integrated economic system involving spate agriculture, mud generation and the use of mud for building construction that no longer exists elsewhere in the region.
Abb.2 - Plan city
The defensive character of Shibam with its dense conglomeration of many-storeyed buildings with almost no fenestration at ground level is an exceptional testimony to the strong competition that existed between rival families over this region. While the highly homogenous society traces its roots to Shibam over centuries, the traditional way of life exemplified by the city and its tower houses is threatened by social and economic change.
Surrounded by a fortified wall, the historic city of Shibam is one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on multi-storeyed construction. It represents the most accomplished example of traditional Hadrami urban architecture, both in the grid lay-out of its streets and squares, and in the visual impact of its form rising out of the flood plain of the wadi, due to the height of its mud brick tower houses. These illustrate the key period of Hadrami history from the 16th to the 19th centuries, when local traders developed economic and political prestige through travel and trade abroad.
Located between two mountains on the edge of a giant flood wadi and almost completely isolated from any other urban settlement, Shibam and its setting preserve the last surviving and comprehensive evidence of a traditional society that has adapted to the precarious life of a spate agriculture environment. It is vulnerable to social and economic change and the constant threat of annual flood incursions.
Designated-1982. Shibam, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is known for its distinct architecture. The houses of Shibam are all made out of mud brick and about 500 of them are tower blocks, which rise 5 to 11 stories high, with each floor having one or two rooms. This architectural style was used in order to protect residents from Bedouin attacks. While Shibam has been in existence for an estimated 1,700 years, most of the city's houses
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №11-3/2016 ISSN 2410-6070 originate from the 16th century. Many, though, have been rebuilt numerous times in the last few centuries.[5]
План 4-го этажа
Abb.3 -plan city's homes
Requests Approved - Total Amount Approved is 121,966 USD.
Areas of Yemeni legislation on the protection and conservation of the financing of Shibam Law number (16) in 2013 -Yemen for the preservation of cities and districts of historical and cultural monuments and urban heritage. This law contains (148) spread over ten chapters of the material.
With regard to the articles of the law on the maintenance and repair of the importance to maintain the cities and districts and heritage sites, historical, and take the necessary actions identified in the draft law in its articles in order to prevent the decline of historic sites in accordance with the normative legal acts of the organization's functions and powers of the relevant bodies the conservation of historic towns and in accordance with the norms and standards required by the maintenance of confidentiality of the city and monuments of historical starting to make an inventory and classification and documentation of all the cities, monuments and historical research, and the preparation and adoption of infrastructure projects. He referred to the bill a number of guidelines and standards and technical licenses for the reconstruction and rehabilitation and maintenance of any building or historic monument, as well as the criminalization of acts and acts of violence and falsification, distortion and determine dissuasive sanctions, which would stop all such actions that impact on the city and historical monuments.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Абакумов Р.Г., Наумов А.Е., Маликова Е.В. Методические рекомендации по экономическому воспроизводству жилого фонда на основе реконструкции домов первого периода индустриального домостроения// Вестник Белгородского государственного технологического университета им. В.Г. Шухова. 2016.№ 5. С. 179-183.
2. Скрыпник О.Г., Абакумов Р.Г. Обеспечение безопасности и эксплуатационной надежности зданий и сооружений// Инновационная наука. 2016. № 5-3 (17). С. 199-200.
3. Abakumov R. G., Avilova I. P., Ursu I. V., Kapustina E. O. Methodical Toolkit of Managing Reproduction of the Fixed Assets of an Organization // The Social Sciences. 2015. Vol. 10 (6). P. 1449-1455. URL: http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=sscience.2015.1449.1455
© Qaten M. A., Абакумов Р.Г., 2016
