CC BY
87УДК 331.45
Ратников А.Р., Васильев В.И., Туманова М.И.
Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И. Т. Трубилина,
Краснодар
DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2019-10262 ОХРАНА ТРУДА В ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВЕ
Ratnikov A.R, Vasilyev V.I., Tumanova M.I.
Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Krasnodar LABOR PROTECTION IN LIVESTOCK
Аннотация.
В статье рассматривается вопрос охраны труда в животноводстве. Для безопасного труда работник на животноводческих фермах необходимо соблюдать правила техники безопасности, которые включают в себя работу с машинами и животными, прохождение медицинских осмотров , а также обеспечение средствами индивидуальной защиты. Abstract.
The article deals with the issue of labor protection in animal husbandry. For safe labor, an employee on livestock farms must comply with safety regulations that include working with machines and animals, undergoing medical examinations, and providing personal protective equipment.
Key words: animal husbandry, instruction, inspection, machine, worker Ключевые слова: животноводство, инструкция, осмотр, машина, работник
Each owner of the farm must provide a full range of labor protection measures, as the livestock industry is one of the traumatic ones. It is necessary to ensure the quality of sanitation in the farm; safety measures when working with animals and machinery; measures to protect the health of workers related to the treatment or destruction of infectious animals; safety equipment for working with electrical quipment; fire safety [1].
All these questions are covered in the most detailed manner in the instructions with which workers in the livestock industry must be informed of labor protection inspectors. The most dangerous jobs in this industry are related to the maintenance of livestock, as well as machinery.
To ensure the safety of production processes at pig-breeding enterprises it is necessary: to observe safe regimes for keeping animals; eliminate direct contacts of workers with animals, eliminate physical and neuro-psychic overloads, replacing manual labor with mechanized or automated ones; eliminate the harmful effects on the workers of the waste products of animals, materials with hazardous and harmful properties, through the use of remote control of production processes, the use of means of collective and individual protection; comply with the procedure for operating machinery and equipment in accordance with the technical documentation; promptly remove, dispose of and bury industrial waste, which is a source of harmful production factors; apply rational modes of work and rest in order to prevent the monotony of work, physical inactivity, physical and neuropsychic overloads [4].
To ensure the safety of production processes in livestock farms (cattle) enterprises, it is necessary: to prevent the use of labor by persons under 18 years of age and women in heavy work and work with harmful
working conditions. At the enterprises of cattle such works are: maintenance of manufacturing bulls; care for animals suffering from infectious diseases common to humans and animals (brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, etc.); loading, unloading, escort animals during transportation; maintenance of pressure vessels; work in wells, suction tanks, closed containers; work on the disinfection, disinsection, disinfection, disinfestation; work in laboratories to determine product quality. To work on mobile feeders are allowed workers who have a driver's license of the vehicle. Work on the maintenance of milking machines, equipment for the primary processing of milk, equipment of feed houses allowed workers who have the first qualification group on electrical safety. Workers who are directly in contact with dairy products when they come to work, and then periodically undergo medical examinations and examinations for tuberculosis, brucellosis, carriage of intestinal infections and helminths in the prescribed manner .. All work related to milking cows, primary processing and sending milk , as well as with the care of sick animals, should be performed in sanitary clothes, other work - in special.
The main danger on cattle farms is the manufacturing bulls. Every year hundreds of farm workers are killed or severely injured by their attacks in the country. When grazing them in a common herd with cows (which is forbidden), bulls attack shepherds, milkmaids on farms when they drive out or drive a group of cows to milking, cattlemen on veterinary workers, on unauthorized persons who are close to each other, and more often on people who are in a state of intoxication [3]. The main circumstances of accidents in animal husbandry are the injury of workers' feet by scraper manure conveyors; falling on the slippery floor of the premises
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for animals; crushing by a tractor with a feeder in the feed passages or in the vestibules of the entrance gate; falling into unshielded pits of convergence of horizontal and inclined manure removal conveyors and drowning in slurry; winding on unshielded conveyor drives; electric shock when touching defective, unclosed electrical installations, especially switches with rusted covers, housings, as well as when a voltage appears on the autowire system; getting into the working bodies of feeders; asphyxiation from poisonous gases when inhaled; burns and injuries in the operation of equipment of feed shops; attacks of bodily cows, wounds (bites) inflicted by fur-bearing animals on fur farms [2].
Security measures in the operation of machinery and equipment for livestock buildings. The main condition for the safety of the staff of livestock farms and complexes is proper organization of equipment operation. Workers servicing mechanisms should be instructed in safety regulations and possess technical and practical skills for safe work performance. The persons servicing the equipment should study the manual on the device and operation of machines with which they work. Before you begin, you need to check the installation of the machine. You can not get to work, if not provided free and safe approach to the machine. The rotating parts of machines and drives must have a proper safety fence. Do not allow the machine to operate with removed or defective safety barriers. Repairing the machine is allowed only when the machine is completely stopped and unplugged. Normal and the safe operation of mobile transport and feeders is ensured with their technical serviceability, the presence of good access roads and stern passages. While the conveyor is in operation, it is prohibited to stand on the frame of the machine, to open the cover hatches. For the safety of work during the transportation of manure by scraping machines, all the transmission mechanisms are closed, the electric motor is grounded, and the flooring is made at the place of transition. It is not allowed to put foreign objects on the installations, to stand on them. Elimination of all damages of electric drives, control panels, power and lighting network should be carried out only by a master who has a special permit for servicing the power network. Switching on and off the switchgear distribution points is allowed only with the use of a rubber mat. Vacuum pumps with electric motors and a milking equipment control panel are located in separate rooms and grounded. To ensure safety, closed-circuit starting equipment is used. Electric lamps in damp areas must have ceramic fittings. Due to the fact that in recent years, the mechanization of labor-intensive processes in animal husbandry has gained a wide scope, not only knowledge of the installation and maintenance of farm-installed machinery and machines is necessary, but also knowledge of the safety regulations when installing and operating these machines. Without knowledge of the rules of work and safety, you cannot achieve increased productivity and ensure the safety of working people. The organization and conduct of work to create safe working conditions are assigned to the heads of organizations. For systematic training and familiarization of workers with the rules of safe work, the administration of organizations conducts with workers
safety briefings: introductory briefing, on-the-job briefing (primary), daily briefing and periodic (repeated) briefing. Introductory briefing is conducted with all without exception of employees, when they enter the work, regardless of profession, position or character future work. It is carried out in order to familiarize with the general rules of safety, fire safety and methods of first aid in injuries and poisoning, with the maximum use of visual aids. At the same time characteristic accidents at work. After conducting an introductory briefing on each worker, they get a record card, which is stored in his personal file. Briefing at the workplace is carried out upon admission of a newly recruited worker to work, when transferring to another job or changing process. Instructing at the workplace is carried out by the head of this area (foreman, mechanic). The program of instruction at the workplace includes familiarization with the organizational and technical rules for this area of work; requirements for proper organization and maintenance of the workplace; device machinery and equipment that are assigned to serve the worker; familiarization with safety devices, hazardous areas, tools, with the rules of cargo transportation, with safe working methods and safety instructions for this type of work. After this, the site manager draws up the worker's admission to independent work. Daily instruction is the supervision of administrative and technical workers on the safe conduct of work. If a worker violates the safety regulations, administrative and technical workers are obliged to demand that the work be stopped, explain to the worker the possible consequences that could result from these violations, and show safe work practices. Periodic (or repeated) briefing includes general questions of introductory briefing and briefing at the workplace. It is held 2 times a year. If at the enterprise cases of violation of safety regulations were opened, then additional periodic briefing of workers should be held. Labor safety is negatively affected by poor sanitary and hygienic working conditions. Sanitary and hygienic working conditions provide for the creation of a normal air and heat conditions at the workplace, adherence to work and rest, the creation of conditions for personal hygiene at work and the use of personal protective equipment against external influences on the body man and others. Creating a normal air-heat regime in livestock buildings is particularly important. Gaps, tightly closed doors and windows create drafts, the heat in the room is not kept and the normal microclimate is not maintained. As a result, poorly functioning ventilation increases the humidity of the air. All this affects the body and causes colds. Therefore, livestock buildings for the autumn-winter period should be insulated, windows inserted, gaps sealed, and ventilation equipped [5].
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