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Статья Paper
Formation of Initiating Systems on the Basis of Cobalt Porphyrins and Benzoyl Peroxide in Chloroform and Methyl Methacrylate
Maria E. Glazkova,a@ Tatyana A. Ageeva,b Victor V. Alexandriyskiy,ab and Oscar I. Koifmanab
aResearch Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
bInstitute of Solution Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia @Corresponding author E-mail: mega@isuct.ru
To understand the initiating mechanism of the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of porphyrin complexes the interaction of Co porphyrins [5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP), 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (CoTP(MeO)P), 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-butoxyphenyl)porphyrin (CoTP(BuO)P)] with benzoyl peroxide in chloroform and methyl methacrylate was studied using a spectrophotometric method. Oxidation of these metalloporphyrins leads to the formation of isoporphyrins.
Keywords: Radical polymerization, initiating system, metalloporphyrin, benzoyl peroxide, isoporphyrin.
Introduction
It is known that metalloporphyrins are very effective catalysts of different processes.[1,2] Cobalt complexes of porphyrins can be used as catalysts (initiators) of controlled ring-opening polymerization of various heterocyclic monomers[3] and unsaturated monomers.[3-8] There is a lot of works on the controlled radical polymerization in the presence of initiating system "metalloporphyrin - benzoyl peroxide",[8-10] which leads to the synthesis of polymers with the specific molecular weight and chain-length distribution. But, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information about the interaction of metalloporphyrins with benzoyl peroxide during the polymerization process and the role of this type of interaction in the controlled radical polymerization is not so far revealed. Currently available data are insufficient for understanding of radical polymerization mechanism. The present work presents the first study of the interaction between Co porphyrins and benzoyl peroxide in chloroform and methyl methacrylate.
Experimental
Co complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP), 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (CoTP(MeO)p), 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-butoxyphenyl)porphyrin (CoTP(BuO)P) were prepared as described earlier.[11] The model oxidation reaction of Co porphyrins was studied in chloroform (CHCl3) and polymerization reaction in methyl methacrylate (MMA). These solvents[12] and benzoyl peroxide (BP) were purified using known procedures.1[13]
Electronic absorption spectra of CoTPP, CoTP(MeO)P, CoTP(BuO)P and benzoyl peroxide solutions in chloroform and methyl methacrylate were recorded on Lambda 20 PERKIN ELMER and Shumadzu «UV 2550 KC» spectrophotometers. The kinetic measurements of the interaction between Co porphyrins and benzoyl peroxide in chloroform and methyl methacrylate were carried out by spectrophotometric method in hermetic quartz cuvettes.
Ri
I r=r2=h
Co nTP P
II R=OCH3, R2=H Co IITP(MeO)P
III R=H, R2=OC4H9
Co IITP(BuO)P
Results and Discussion
In order to reveal some fundamental patterns of the formation of initiating systems on the basis of cobalt porphyrins and benzoyl peroxide in chloroform and methyl methacrylate we have studied the influences of the solvent nature and the porphyrin structure.
The mechanism of interaction of Co porphyrins and benzoyl peroxide may be presented by Scheme 1.
The interaction of cobalt(II) porphyrins with benzoyl peroxide was investigated in CHCl3 and MMA at different ratio - at equimolar quantity (1:1), in excess (1:10) and deficit (5:1) of benzoyl peroxide. In all cases the characteristic
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Макрогетероциклы /Macroheterocycles 2011 4(1) 22-25
benzoyl peroxide^
2+
Scheme 1. The possible mechanism of interaction of Co porphyrins with benzoyl peroxide.
spectral changes were observed (Figure 1). Two groups of well-defined isosbestic points are indicative about the two consecutive steps: the first one is the oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ (Figure 1a),[1415] and the second one is the formation of Co3+ isoporphyrin (Figure 1b).[16"18] In the 1H NMR spectrum of Co3+ isoporphyrin in CDCl3 the p-pyrrole protons appear at 6.36, 6.62, 7.04, 7.24 ppm; the phenyl protons appear in the 7.4 - 7.8 ppm region.[15] The kinetic curves for the process of CoTP(BuO)P oxidation by benzoyl peroxide are presented in Figure 2. The character of the observed curves corresponds to the two consecutive reactions.[19]
Figure 1. aChange of the electronic absorption spectra of CoTP(BuO)P (5 10-5 mol/l) in CHCl3 during oxidation by benzoyl peroxide (5-10-5 mol/l) at 25 °C: 1 - ConTP(BuO)P; 2 - ComTP(BuO)P+BP after 2 min; 3, 4 - ComTP(BuO)P+BP (t=2 min 30 sec and 2 h 25 min).
Figure 2. The kinetic curves for oxidation of CoTP(BuO)P (5 10-5 mol/l) by benzoyl peroxide (5 10-5 mol/l) at 25°C (a). Insert (b) shows enlarged initial part of the kinetic curve.
The character of changes in the observed electronic absorption spectra is similar for all studied complexes (CoTPP, CoTP(MeO)P, CoTP(BuO)P). When Co111 complex is formed at the first stage, the band in the visible region exhibits a weak bathochromic shift (530 nm^-547 nm). This process is very fast. At the second stage, the intensity of the band in visible region decreases sharply, and the new longwave bands (820 nm and 920 nm) appear. These spectral changes correspond to the formation of isoporphyrin[16"18] on the rate-limiting stage.
The interaction between of Co11 porphyrins with benzoyl peroxide in methyl methacrylate was studied for the first time. Experimental data show that the oxidation of Co11 porphyrins in methyl methacrylate is slower than in chloroform. The character of electronic absorption spectra changes during the oxidation in MMA is similar to that in CHCl3 (Figure 4). The oxidation of CoTP(BuO)P in the excess of benzoyl peroxide during 3 hours at 45°C in the presence of oxygen (Figure 3) and after nitrogen blowing (Figure 4) leads to polymerization of MMA. It was noticed, that isoporphyrin is formed in both cases. The oxidation of CoTPP and CoTP(MeO)P by the excess of benzoyl peroxide in the presence of oxygen for 3 hours at 45°C does not lead to formation of polymer. The polymerization of MMA in the presence of CoTPP and CoTP(MeO)P was observed only after several days. So the most effective initiating system is 3-butoxy substituted complex CoTP(BuO)P in the presence of benzoyl peroxide.
Figure 3. Changes of the electronic absorption spectra of CoTP(BuO)P (5 10"5 mol/l) during the oxidation by benzoyl peroxide (210-4 mol/l) in methyl methacrylate: 1 - CoTP(BuO)P in MMA at 25°C; 2 - CoTP(BuO)P at 45°C; 3 - CoTP(BuO)P+BP at 45°C (t = 0 min); 4 - CoTP(BuO)P+BP in MMA (t = 30 min) at 45°C, 5 - CoTP(BuO)P+BP in MMA (t = 3 h) at 45°C.
Interaction of Co Porphyrins with Benzoyl Peroxide
500
600
700
800
900
Figure 4. Changes of the electronic absorption spectra of CoTP(BuO)P (5 10-5 mol/l) during its oxidation by benzoyl peroxide (2 10-4 mol/l) in methyl methacrylate under N2: 1 -CoTP(BuO)P in MMA at 25°C; 2 - CoTP(BuO)P at 45°C; 3 -CoTP(BuO)P+BP at 45°C (т = 0 min); 4 - CoTP(BuO)P+BP in MMA at 45°C (т = 3 h).
Kinetic Measurements
The reaction of oxidation in an excess of benzoyl peroxide can be considered to be of the pseudo first order. [20] The rate constants of cobalt isoporphyrin formation were calculated using Equations (1) and (2):
k0bs
2.3, C0
Tlgc
(1)
Table 2. The constants of cobalt isoporphyrins formation in CHCl3
(CcoP:CBP = mo).
Cobalt porphyrin ku •lO4, sec-1 obs ' k, mol-1-sec-1
CoTPP 10.4 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.1
CoTP(MeO)P 18.3 ± 1.1 3.7 ± 0.1
CoTP(BuO)P 8.2 ± 0.5 1.6 ± 0.08
Conclusions
The oxidation of cobalt complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-
methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-butoxyphenyl) porphyrin by benzoyl peroxide in chloroform and methyl methacrylate was studied using spectrophotometry method. These processes consist of two stages: the first is oxidation of Co11 to Co111, and the second is the formation of Co111 isoporphyrin. Change of chloroform by methyl methacrylate leads only to the slower reaction process. The most effective initiating system consists of 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-butoxyphenyl) porphyrin and benzoyl peroxide.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants RFBR № 09-03-00927 and № 10-03-01000). We also thank Prof. Semeikin A.S. (Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology) for the synthesis of porphyrin samples.
References
k
£ _ Kobs
(2)
■'BP
к, - observed constant
obs
t - time of the reaction, C and
' o
C - initial concentration of cobalt(III) porphyrin and its concentration during the process, CBP - concentration of benzoyl peroxide (t = 0 min).
The dependence of lg(C0/C) vs. t for oxidation of Co porphyrin (5 10-5 mol/l) by benzoyl peroxide (5 10-4 mol/l) in CHCl3 at 25 °C is linear (Figure 5) which is typical for the first order reactions.
lg (C0/C)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 t, sec
Figure 5. Dependence lg(C0/C) vs. т for CoTPP (5 10-5 mol/l) +BP (5 10-4 mole/l) in CHCl3 at 25 °C.
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Received 30.12.10 Accepted 24.02.11
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