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DOI 10.14526/01 2017 222
ОБРАЗ ЖИЗНИ И ЕГО ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ С УВЕЛИЧЕНИЕМ ВЕСА И РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬЮ ОЖИРЕНИЯ СРЕДИ СТАРШЕКЛАССНИКОВ
Abdelonhab А. ZabchiN. ZerfM.
Лаборатория оценки физической и спортивной деятельности, Институт физического воспитания и спорта, Университет Мостаганем, Алжир Маршрут де Belahcel, BP 188-Мостаганем, 27000 Мостаганем, Алжир
Аннотация. Целью данного исследования было выяснить распространенность ожирения и тучности среди студентов Алжирских вузов с использованием стандартных методов. Методы: Перекрестное исследование было проведено в 7 средних школах в штате Мостаганем (Алжир), включая девочек и мальчиков, чей возраст колеблется между 15 и 19. Общая выборка включала 98 подростков, 34 мальчика и 64 девочки, их средний возраст~18 лет. классифицированы в зависимости от их ИМТ. Результаты. Семья вносит большой вклад в увеличение среднего индекса массы тела, который показывает увеличение веса и ожирение. Отсутствие баланса питания по количеству и качеству, и неправильной системы питания, в дополнение к плохим пищевым привычкам в условиях и ситуации употребления еды приводит к увеличению веса или ожирению. Отсутствие баланса между повседневной и привычной физической активностью и потребляемой энергией ведет к увеличению веса или ожирения. Воздержании от регулярных занятий физической культурой и спортом в значительной степени способствует увеличению веса или ожирению.
Заключение. Необходимо срочно разработать план действий для борьбы с ожирением школьников в Алжирской школе.
LIFESTYLE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INCREASE IN WEIGHT AND THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Abdelouhab A. ZabchiN. ZerfM.
Laboratory of physical and sports activities evaluation, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
E-mail: morzabchi7(a)mhoo.fr
Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of overwieght and obsity among adolescents in Algerian high school students using similar reference standard. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out in 7 secondary schools in the state of Mostaganem, including girls and boys whose ages range between 15 and 19. The total sample included was 98 adolescents 34 boys and 64 girls their average age~18 years, classified based on their BMI. Results: The family contributes greatly to the rise in the average index of body mass which reveals an increase of weight and obesity.The lack of food balance in terms of quantity and quality, and not following a correct food system, in addition to bad food habits in terms of the way and situation of eating lead to weight increase or obesity. The lack of balance between daily or habitual physical activity and the
consumed energy lead to a weight increase or obesity. Abstinence from practising physical and sporting activities regularly contributes greatly to weight increase or obesity. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to establish a plan of action to combat obesity in Algerian high school students.
Introduction:
Adolescents often get confronted with lots of changes at this stage of their lives, as their balance gets disrupted, mainly at the level of their foodbehaviours and physical activity(George A Bray, Claude Bouchard, 2014), due to the huge and continuous development in technology whichhas made our lives more comfortable, but, in some cases, have also increased pathogenic factors(E Paul Cherniack, Neil Cherniack, 2003), in addition to the non-balanced nutrition which is based on food that is rich in calories and which has alarmingly prevailed that it was classifiedas one of the main reasons of nowadays diseases(Mokkedes Moulay Idris, Zerf Mohammed, 2016).
The international obesity work group mentioned in its report published in 2004 about kids' obesity that the latter is considered as one of the main health problems of this era, as there are disturbing numbers of theadolescent that suffer it(Chris Kelnar, Martin Savage, Paul Saenger, Chris Cowell, 2007). Several scientific studies were conducted and confirmed the development of diseases due to obesity; these studies recommended the regulation of the style of living of this age category, mainly at the level of food behaviours and lack of physical movement(Mohammed Z, Ali B, Idris MM, Hamzaoui H, Messaliti L, 2016)(Mohammed Z, Ali B, Idris MM, Hamzaoui H, Messaliti L, 2016)(D. Jimenez-Pavon, J. Kelly, J.J. Reilly, 2010).
In the light of this proposal the following problematic seized our attention:
"'What is the relation between the style of living, weight increase and the spread of obesity among secondary school pupils?"
Thus, it is possible to ask the following subsidiary questions: Is there a relation between the financial condition of the family and weight increase and the spread of obesity among secondary school pupils?
Is there a relation between weight increase and the spread of obesity among secondary school pupils?
Is there a relation between the lack of daily physical activity and weight increase and the spread of obesity among secondary school pupils?
Is there a relation between the lack of regular physical activity and weight increase and the spread of obesity among secondary school pupils?
Objectives:
- Defining the nature of the relation between the financial condition of the family and weight increase and obesity spread among secondary school pupils.
- Defining the nature of the relation between bad food habits and weight increase and obesity spread among secondary school pupils.
-Defining the nature of the relation between the lack of physical activity and weight increase and obesity spread among secondary school pupils.
Hypotheses:
- There is a relation between the good financial condition of the family and weight increase and obesity spread among secondary school pupils.
- There is a relation between bad food habits and weight increase and obesity spread among secondary school pupils.
- There is a relation between the lack of physical activity and weight increase and obesity spread among secondary school pupils.
Methods
The descriptive method was used as it fits for solving this research problematic, as the study describes and analyses the life's pattern at the level of the food behaviour and the physical activity and its relation to weight increase and the emergence of obesity among secondary school pupils.
The members of the sample were chosen from 7 secondary schools in the state of
Mostaganem, including girls and boys whose ages range between 15 and 19.
The research sample includes 98 pupils from 6 secondary schools from the state of
Mostaganem suffering weight increase and obesity. The sample was chosen deliberately as it was meant to include pupils who suffer weight increase or obesity.
Table 01
present the characteristics of total sample
Sample number Average age Average weight Average height weight increase obesity
Boys 34 18 75 1.67 22 12
girls 64 44 20
This research required the use of the following instruments:
The questionnaire is one of the important tools of the survey research that serve for the collection of data related to a given topic, through the preparation of a set of written questions that the investigated person answers personally.
Thus, the researchers assessed the form objectively on the basis of a set of sources and references, and it was destined to secondary school pupils who suffer overweight or obesity, as the questionnaire included close questions which were answered by "Yes", "No" or choice and without giving details, it was as follows:
a) includes personal information of the sample and the financial situation.
b)shows the sample's bad food habits at the level of the quantity the way they eat.
c) includes the usual daily physical effort and the regular physical movement
during the day or the week. The questionnaire was suggested to experts in order to have their scientific opinion and guidance about the puiposes from the questions in addition to their formulation in a clear scientific style, and after changing and correcting some questions in a way that they became clearer, the questionnaires were distributed to the 98 pupils at the 7 secondary schools of the Wilaya of Mostaganem.
In addition to that, the body mass index (BMI) equation was used, as it is the best method through which we can define whether the weight of the body is natural or contains extra weight and obesity with its degree. In order to calculate body weight index, we apply the following equation (weight in kilogrammes divided by the height in meter square). Table 2 below demonstrates the BMIinterpreted for adultsin different weight situations.
Table 2
the BMIinterpreted for adults in different weight situations(Jay Hoffman, 2006).
BMI =weightkg/(heightn,)2 interpretation
Less than 20 thinnest
20- 25 Ideal weight
25-30 weight increase
30-35 obesity
35- 40 Severe obesity
To assure the authenticity of the selection of those secondary school pupils we added another measurement using the waist' circumference measuring tape because the fats accumulated around the waist are more
dangerous than those in the surroundings of the buttocks. The table below is an important guide in this regard(Joseph Robert Weinstein, Bob Weinstein, 2009).
ТаЫеОЗ
the Waist Sis ein terpreted for adults(Marcia Nelms, Kathryn P. Sucher, 2015)
gender weight increase obesity
Boys More than 94 cm More than 102 cm
girls More than 80 cm More than 88 cm
Results:
Table 03
results of the quantity and quality of food consumed per day
№ ^^^^^^^ answers quantity andquMit^^^ of food ^^^^^^^ once twice More than three times
% % %
1 Number of basic meals and nuts 00 00 80 81.61 18 18.36
2 Number of kick snack 02 2.04 11 11.22 85 86.74
3 I eat sweets 10 10.20 24 24.48 64 65.32
4 I take a cup of soft drinks 56 57.14 27 27.55 15 15.31
5 I drink a cup of milk 77 78.57 13 13.26 08 00.17
6 I drink a cup of juice 0047 47.95 32 32.65 19 19.38
7 I drink a cup of water 00 00 00 00 98 100
Overall percentage %27.98 27.25 % 44.75 %
- According to the results of the table(03), 44.59% of the sample members answered by "more than three times" in most of the expressions, as the highest rate appeared in expressions (7,3,2). The rate of those who answered by "twice" was 27.25%, and the highest rate appeared in expression (1). The rate of those who answered by "one time" was
27.98 %, and the highest rate appeared in expressions (6.5.4).
Hence we conclude that the members of the research' sample have a bad and non-balanced food behaviour and this is one of the factors that lead to the increase of weight or the spread of obesity.
Table 03
results of the quantity and quality of food consumed during the week.
№ ^^^^^^^ answers quantity andquMit^^^ of food ^^^^^^^ once twice More than three times
% % %
1 I eat meat of all types 18 18.36 37 37.75 43 43.87
2 I eat pasta 07 7.34 15 15.30 76 77.55
3 I eat vegetables 32 32.65 35 35.71 31 37.67
4 I eat fried potatoes 10 10.20 12 12.24 76 77.55
5 I eat fresh fruit 27 27.55 42 42.85 29 29.59
6 I eat cakes and biscuits 03 3.06 15 15.30 80 81.63
7 I drink energy drinks 65 66.32 33 33.67 00 00
Overall percentage %23.61 %27.55 %60.49
- According to the results shown in the table 60.49% of the sample members answered by "more than three times", as the highest rates appeared in expressions (6,4,2,1). As for the rate of those who answered by "two times" was 27.55%, and the highest rates appeared in expressions (5 and 3). As for the answer by "once", it was given by 23.61% of the sample
members, and the highest rate appeared in expression (7).
Hence, we conclude from the results shown in table (3) that the members of the research sample have a food behaviour that is not balanced in terms of food quality and quantity and therefore this can be considered as a major factor in the increase of weight or the spread of obesity.
Table 06
^^^^^^^ answers once twice More than
№ three times
how to deal with the foocT^^-^^ % % %
1 I eat fast 13 13.26 47 47.95 38 38.77
2 I leave the fork between one chew and the other 40 40.81 51 52.04 07 07.14
3 I talk while eat 22 22.44 17 17.34 52 53.06
4 I eat in standing position 16 16.32 22 22.44 60 61.22
5 I eat reclining 02 2.04 33 33.67 63 64.88
6 I eat while I watch TV 71 72.44 17 13.34 10 10.20
7 I eat fast food while I use the computer 68 69.38 20 20.40 10 10.20
results of how to deal with the food.
8 I devour all that is in front of me 43 43.87 27 27.55 28 28.57
9 I sink in dinner 29 29.59 42 42.85 27 27.55
10 I sleep immediately after dinner 20 20.40 45 45.91 33 33.67
Overall percentage %42.34 %32.75 %33.41
According to the results shown in table (06) the rate of the sample members' answers about the way they consume food relating to the answer "always" was estimated at 42.34%, the highest rate appeared in expressions (6,7,8), then comes the answers relating to "never" with a rate estimated at 33.41%, and the highest rate appeared in expressions
results of the level
(1,2,9,10), while the rate of the answers relating to "sometimes" was estimated at 32.75%, and the highest rate appeared in expressions (3,4,5).
Hence, we conclude from these data that having bad habits in the way of consuming food is considered as one of the factors that lead to the increase of weight or obesity.
Table 07
№ '—■—^^^^ answers the level of physical activitydaiTy—-—-___ once twice More than three times
% % %
1 I wake up early 27 27.55 43 43.87 28 28.57
2 I arrange my room 36 36.73 26 26.53 36 36.73
3 I go to school on foot 33 33.67 43 43.87 22 22.44
4 I climb more than 4 floors stairs per day 30 30.61 60 61.22 08 8.16
5 I do housework 35 35.71 53 54.08 10 10.20
6 I sit in front of TV for long periods 29 29.59 71 72.44 08 8.16
7 I spend more than two hours in front of computer every day 35 35.71 33 33.67 30 30.61
8 I Sleep for long hours during the weekend 13 13.26 35 35.71 50 51.02
Overall percentage %30.35 %4 6.42 %24.48
According to the results of table (07) 46.11% of the sample' members answered with "sometimes", and the highest rates appeared in expressions (1, 3, 4, 5, 6). The rate of those who answered with "always" was
estimated at 30.35%, and that expressions (7,2), while the rate answered with "never" was 24.48%, and the highest rate expression (8).
appeared in of those who estimated at appeared in
Table 08
results of the level of regular physical activity.
№ level of regular physical activity^^—^^ once twice More than three times
% % %
1 Participate in a lesson of physical education 44 44.89 21 21.42 33 33.67
2 There is in our neighbourhood playground for sport 29 29.59 00 00 9 70.40
3 I have some sports equipment 27 27.55 00 00 71 72.44
4 I do some physical exercises at home 17 17.34 28 28.57 53 54.08
5 I practice sport with the children of the neighbourhood 22 22.44 19 19.38 57 58.16
6 Participate in school sports 19 19.38 10 10.20 69 70.40
7 I prefer running outdoors 11 11.22 13 13.26 74 75.5
I practice sports activity in the weekend 14 14.28 25 25.51 59 60.20
8 I feel tired when I walk quickly for more than 5 minutes 51 52.04 33 33.67 14 14.28
Overall percentage %26.53 % 16.89 %56.57
According the results of table (08), 56.57% of the sample members answered with "No", and the highest rate appeared in expressions (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8), while 26.53% answered with "Yes", and the highest rate appeared in expression (1). 16.89 % of the members answered with "Sometimes" and that was the least rate recorded.
Discussion:
Our study showed:
-Ease in the financial conditions of the family contributes greatly to the rise in the average index of body mass which reveals an increase of weight and obesity. Where our results line with Individual, Family, and Community Environmental Correlates of Obesity Given the prevalence of obesity and its economic consequences, community health initiatives have shifted toward primary prevention at younger ages(John P. Elder, PhD, MPH, Elva M. Arredondo, PhD, Nadia Campbell, MPH, Barbara Baquero, MPH, Susan Duerksen, MPH, Guadalupe Ayala, PhD, MPH, Noc C. Crespo, MPH, MS, Donald Slymen, PhD, Thomas McKenzie, PhDi, 2010).A proved by medical Algerian Studies in the case ofPrevalence of obesity view the family characteristics and parenting styles shape activity patterns, dietary intake, and obesity risk(Madjid Atek, Pierre Traissac , Jalila El Ati, Youcef Laid, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Sabrina Eymard-Duvernay, Nadia Mézimèche, Souha Bougatef, Chiraz Béji, Leila Boutekdjiret, Yves Martin-Prével, Hassiba Lebcir, Agnès Gartner, 2013).
-The lack of food balance in terms of quantity and quality, and not following a correct food system, in addition to bad food habits in terms of the way and situation of eating lead to weight increaseor obesity.
Where our funds support the results of Americans multi-ethnic longitudinal study, that eating disorder in the nutrition habits and the decreases in physical activity case the Algerianstudentsconducted to
obesityaccording to (Mohammed Z, Ali B, Idris MM, Hamzaoui H, Messaliti L, 2016)(Zerf M, 2016) and (Kamel K, Zerf M, 2016)
-The lack of balance between daily or habitual physical activity and the consumed energy lead to a weight increase or obesity. While our results are in conformity with the recommendation listed by(Damon L. Swift, PhD, Neil M Johannsen, PhD, Catrine Tudor-Locke, PhD, Conrad P. Earnest, PhD, William D. Johnson, PhD, Steven N. Blair, PED, Martin Sénéchal, MSc, and Timothy S. Church, MD, PhD, 2012) that higher habitual physical activity while participating in aerobic training was associated with greater reductions in central adiposity, and was supportive of weight loss compared to lower levels.
-Abstinence from practising physical and sporting activities regularly contributes greatly to weight increase or obesity. Our result confirms the finds reported by (Klaas R. Westerterp, 2015) that optimal performance and health require prevention of excess body fat and maintenance of energy balance, where energy balance determines physical activity rather than physical activity affecting energy balance.
Conclusion:
Our study evaluated the impact of lifestyle and its relationship with the increase in weight and the prevalence of obesity among high school students.Where our background confirms thatA better understanding of the relationships between obesity and lifestyle
factors is necessary for effective prevention and management of obesity in youth(Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa, Nada A Abahussain, Hana I Al-Sobayel, Dina M Qahwaji, Abdulrahman 0 Musaige, 2012). The case of the Metabolic syndrome report in Algerian studies(Houti L, Hamani-Medjaoui I, Lardjam-Hetraf SA, Ouhaibi-Djellouli H, Chougrani S, Goumidi L, Mediene-Benchekor S, 2016), where similar confirms the need for prevention strategies involving promotion of physical activity related tofamily behaviors contributes greatly to eating disorders(Marcia Stanhope, Jeanette Lancaster, 2016) of the obese in young people(Benmohammed K, Valensi P, Benlatreche M, Nguyen MT, Benmohammed F, Pariés J, Khensal S, Benlatreche C, Lezzar A, 2015). However, the larger food culture and environment contributes greatly to the weight problems(Alexandra Kazaks, Judith S. Stern, 2013) the case of the actual study, confirmed by similar that the Nutrition education programs case of our community should also encourage physical activity for overall wellbeing(Zerf M, 2016), seen body fat gain and body fat loss are a function of energy balancebased on energy intake(Westerterp KR, 2009). To conclude we agree that The cross-sectional nature of many of the association studies has meant that there is the strong possibility of reverse causality, i.e., obesity leading to lower PA levels, as opposed to physical inactivity leading to obesity(B.S. Metcalf, J. Hosking, A.N. Jeffery, L.D. Voss, W. Henley, T.J. Wilkin, 2011). Whereas our results support the results of the meta-analysis, which examined objectively measured PA and changes in body fatness over time, appear to support the premise that excessive fatness leads to inactivity in high school students( Alison M. McManus, Robin R. Mellecker, 2012). While the Primary prevention of obesity by promoting active lifestyles and healthy diets should be a national public health priority(Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa, Nada A Abahussain, Hana I Al-Sobayel, Dina M Qahwaji, Abdulrahman O Musaige, 2012).
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Подано: 24.04.2017 Принято: 27.04.2017
Abdelouhab A. - Laboratory of physical and sports activities evaluation Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria, morzabchi7(a),vahoo.fr
Zabchi N. - Laboratory of physical and sports activities evaluation Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
Zerf M. - Laboratory of physical and sports activities evaluation Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
Для цитирования: Abdelouhab А., Zabchi N., Zerf М. Образ жизни и его взаимосвязь с увеличением веса и распространенностью ожирения среди старшеклассников // Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта. - 2017. -Т. 12. - №2. - С. 189-198.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_223 УДК 796.966+612.21
ДЫХАТЕЛЬНАЯ МУСКУЛАТУРА В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМ ХОККЕЕ
В.Э. Занковец - магистр педагогических наук, тренер по индивидуальному развитию игроков ХК «Барыс» Астана и Национальной сборной
Республики Казахстан ул. Кажымукана, 7, Астана, Казахстан, 010000
E-mail: zankavets(a),tut.bv
Аннотация. Большинство спортсменов направляют все свои усилия на различные группы мышц, упуская из виду дыхательную мускулатуру. При этом дыхательные мышцы становятся лимитирующим фактором для дальнейшего повышения результатов. В последнее время многие специалисты в области спорта начинают обращать внимание на тренировку дыхательной мускулатуры. Это объясняется открытием феномена, получившего название «метаборефлекс дыхательных мышц». Его суть заключается в том, что дыхательные мышцы в состоянии утомления являются причиной снижения поступления кислорода в конечности, а также в мозг и сердце. Материал. Экспериментальная проверка методики применения дополнительного сопротивления дыханию на вдохе в тренировочном процессе хоккеистов высокой квалификации. Методы исследования: анализ и обобщение научной литературы, эксперимент, тестирование, методы математической статистики. Результат. Разработана и экспериментально проверена методика целенаправленной тренировки дыхательной мускулатуры. В статье рассматривается понятие «метаборефлекс», описывается значимость дыхательной мускулатуры для спортивной деятельности, а также приводятся результаты ее целенаправленной тренировки. Заключение. Вышеописанным экспериментом убедительно продемонстрировано положительное влияние целенаправленных тренировочных нагрузок на силу, мощность и объём вдоха спортсменов.
Ключевые слова: функции дыхания, тренировка, функциональное состояние, хоккей.
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION IN PROFESSIONAL HOCKEY
Vladislav E. Zankovets - master of pedagogics, individual development trainer of "Batys " (Astana) hockey club players and the National team of the Republic of Kazakhstan 7, str. Kazhymukan, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
E-mail: zankavets(a),tut.by
Annotation. Most sportsmen direct their efforts to different groups of muscles development and don't pay much attention to muscles of respiration. In this case muscles of respiration become limitative factor for further results improvement. Nowadays many specialists in sport pay attention to muscles of respiration training. It is conditioned by the phenomenon, which was called "metaboreflex of
