CC BY
10
UDC 536.242
doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2017.6.07
J. Ganji
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND OPTIMIZATION OF a-Si/a-Si/C-Si/a-Si/A-Si HIT SOLAR CELL AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Purpose. Silicon heterostructure solar cells, particularly Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT) cells, are of recommended silicon cells in recent years that are simply fabricated at low processing temperature and have high optical and temperature stability and better efficiency than homojunction .solar cells. In this paper, at first a relatively accurate computational model is suggested for more precise calculation of the thermal behavior of such cells. In this model, the thermal dependency of many parameters such as mobility, thermal velocity of carriers, band gap, Urbach energy of band tails, electron affinity, relative permittivity, and effective density of states in the valence and conduction bands are considered for all semiconductor layers. The thermal behavior of HIT solar cells in the range of 25-75 °C is studied by using of this model. The effect of the thickness of different layers of HIT cell on its external parameters has been investigated in this temperature range, and finally the optimal thicknesses of HIT solar cell layers to use in wide temperature range are proposed. References 20, tables 4, figures 5. Key words: heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer cell, high temperature, thermal behavior.
Цель. Кремниевые гетероструктурные солнечные элементы, в частности гетеропереходы с ячейками внутреннего тонкого слоя (HIT), в последнее время рекомендуются для использования в качестве кремниевых элементов, поскольку они легко изготавливаются при низкой температуре обработки и имеют высокую оптическую и температурную стабильность, а также более высокий к.п.д., чем солнечные элементы на основе гомоперехода В настоящей работе впервые предлагается относительно точная вычислительная модель для более точного расчета теплового поведения таких ячеек. В этой модели для всех слоев полупроводника рассматривается температурная зависимость многих параметров, таких как подвижность, тепловая скорость носителей, граница зоны, энергия Урбаха хвостов зоны, сродство электронов, относительная диэлектрическая проницаемость и эффективная плотность состояний в валентной зоне и в зоне проводимости. С использованием данной модели исследуется тепловое поведение HIT солнечных элементов в диапазоне 25-75 °C. В данном диапазоне температур исследовано влияние толщины различных слоев HIT ячейки на ее внешние параметры и в результате предложена оптимальная толщина слоев HIT солнечных элементов для использования в широком диапазоне температур. Библ. 20, табл. 4, рис. 5. Ключевые слова: гетеропереходы с ячейками внутреннего тонкого слоя, высокая температура, тепловое поведение.
Introduction. The Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT) solar cells are one of the most promising affordable photovoltaic systems to achieve clean energy. Low process temperature and, as a result, more economic modules [1], high open circuit voltage due to higher bandgap of amorphous silicon [2], good efficiency due to low recombination of carriers in the interface of amorphous and crystalline silicon [3], good stability and low temperature dependence [1] are of advantages of these solar cells.
Because of developments during recent years, the efficiency of HIT solar cells has been continuously increased and the efficiency of 25.6 % recorded for these cells by Panasonic company in 2014 [4]. This performance upgrades happen due to research on various subjects like the effect of Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) layer on the behavior of the cell [5], the impact of front contact work function [6], the effect of surface texturing of crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafer [7], the role of Fermi state of doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers and band offsets [8], and the effect of intrinsic layer on the cell function [9].
Dwivedi et al. (2012) optimized different structures of HIT cells through the thickness change of a-Si:H(n) and a-Si:H(i) front layers and c-Si wafer. The highest efficiency achieved in that study was 27.2 % for a cell with ITO/a-Si:H(n)/ a-Si:H(i)/c-Si(p)/a-Si:H(i)/ a-Si:H(p)/metal structure [10]. Jian et al. (2015) reached theoretic efficiency of 27.2 % using simulation of HIT solar cell with TCO/a-Si:H(n)/ a-Si:H(i)/ c-Si(p)/ a-Si:H(p)/Ag structure by varying of thickness and doping of layers [11].
While the modeling of a massive amount of performed research has been done in Standard Test
Conditions (STC) and 25 °C, a limited number of them conducted in hot weather conditions like tropical zones in which the cell temperature rises to over to 70 °C or in the concentrated modules which the cell temperature rises up to 100 °C [12]. Taguchi et al. (2008) reported an efficiency decrease with increase of temperature and reduction of efficiency drop with increasing thickness of a-Si:H(i) layer through examination of temperature dependence of external parameters of the Ag/TCO/a-Si:H(p)/a-Si:H(i)/c-Si(n)/a-Si:H(i)/a-Si:H(n)/TCO/Ag cell [13]. In 2013, Vishkasougheh et al. studied changes of external parameters of TCO/a-Si:H(n)/^c-Si:H(i)/c-Si(p)/a-Si:H(p) cell influenced by increase of temperature via simulation [14]. Agarwal and Doosan (2015) performed similar study and investigated the effect of the thickness of a-Si:H(i) layer on the cell's dark saturation current density [15]. Sachenko et al. (2016) studied temperature dependence of a cell with Ag/ITO/aSi:H(p)/aSi:H(i)/a-SiC/c-Si(n)/a-SiC/aSi:H(i)/aSi:H(n)/ITO/Ag structure. The research results showed increase of short circuit current, decrease of open circuit voltage, reduction of fill factor and decrease of cell efficiency in the range of 300-400 K [16]. Dramatic and abnormal increase of mobility of amorphous silicon layer with the temperature has been neglected in most solar cell simulation packages in spite of its important impact on the temperature behavior of solar cell.
The goal of the paper is to provide a relative accurate simulation of HIT solar cells, in which, almost all temperature-dependent layer parameters (the most comprehensive set of parameters in the literature) have been considered. By these simulations, the thermal
© J. Ganji
coefficient of studied HIT cells is obtained, resulting to optimize the thickness of the HIT layers to gain the least temperature dependency of efficiency.
Simulation tools and method. In the current study, the simulation core is AFORS-HET software, a tool for one-dimensional of homojunction and heterojunction solar cells that has necessary facilities to observe the effect of parallel changes of various structural and environmental parameters on the final characteristics of the solar cell [17, 18]. This software uses defect-pool model [19] to explain amorphous and microcrystalline layers which is used in various types of heterojunction cells including HIT cells, with the ability to define and edit the exponential, Gaussian, linear, and point defect shapes for each layer. Moreover, in order to increase flexibility and performance of simulation, a program was developed for defining a set of parametric structures with the capability of changing the temperature in the desired range and called GDMAT. This program can define layers with regular parametric changes, and through combination of them, it can create structures useable by AFORS-HET software, and also can prepare all outputs of AFORS-HET in the suitable form to plot.
The cell under investigation is based on a p-type silicon wafer as the absorber layer. The emitter has been constituted from a-Si:H(n) and a-Si:H(i) thin film layers, respectively. Two ITO layers have placed in the back and front of cell which act as both anti-reflection layer and
band diagrams
transparent electrode. Back Surface Field (BSF) has been formed from a-Si:H(n) and a-Si:H(i) layers in the back of the cell. Fig. 1 shows the structure of defined cell and its bands diagrams.
O.S I Energy (t'Y)
Fig. 1. The defect density diagram of a-Si:H (i) layers used in the simulation. The dashed-line curve represents the total defect density
The defect-pool model has been used to describe non-crystalline layers in which structural defects were defined with exponential band tails and Gaussian-shaped dangling bonds in the midgap. Fig. 2 shows the defect density curves of the a-Si:H (i) layer which is used in the structure.
T
T
I I I
Fig
1CT1" 1CT8 10-8 10-' 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 thickness [cm]
2. The structure of simulated HIT cell (a). Band diagram of the cell at the thermal equilibrium (b)
Table 1 contains the temperature-independent parameters of semiconductor layers in the simulation. The temperature-dependent parameters have been inferred from reference [20] and summarized in Table 2. This parameter values have been briefly recorded only at end temperatures of 300 and 350 K. However, in our simulations, the temperature changing step is considered to be 5.
In the proposed model, parameters that have linear temperature dependence are interpolated with a general relation
y (T )=y (298)+[ (348)-y (298)]
T -298
v348-298,
at intermediate temperatures. Other parameters, which have exponential dependency, interpolated with relation
( T -298 ^
"y (348)"
y (T )=y (298)
V348-298I
y (298).
in which y(298) and y(348) are the values of considered parameters at 298 K and 348 K that shown in Table 2.
-3
-4
-5
Table 1
Temperature-independent parameters of HIT layers in the current study
Parameter Unit a-Si(n) a-Si(i) a-Si(p) c-Si(p)
Conduction Band Tail
Electron Thermal Cross Section cm2 7E-16 7E-16 7E-16
Hole Thermal Cross Section cm2 7E-16 7E-16 7E-16
Total Trap Density cm-3 1.36E20 6.4E19 1.6E21
Specific Trap Density cm-3 2E21 1.8E21 2E21
Valence Band Tail
Electron Thermal Cross Section cm2 7E-16 7E-16 7E-16
Hole Thermal Cross Section cm2 7E-16 7E-16 7E-16
Total Trap Density cm-3 1.88E20 9.4E19 2.4E20
Specific Trap Density cm-3 2E21 1.88E21 2E21
Dangling Band Acceptor
Electron Thermal Cross Section cm2 3E-15 3E-15 3E-15
Hole Thermal Cross Section cm2 3E-14 3E-14 3E-14
Total Trap Density cm-3 6.9E19 5E15 6.89E19
Specific Trap Density cm-3 1.3E20 1.38E16 1.3E20
Energy of Distribution eV 0.6 0.82 1.2
Characteristic Energy eV 0.21 0.144 0.21
Dangling Band Donor Point Defect
Electron Thermal Cross Section cm2 3E-14 3E-14 3E-14 1E-14
Hole Thermal Cross Section cm2 3E-15 3E-15 3E-15 1E-14
Total Trap Density cm-3 6.89E19 5E15 6.89E19 1E10
Specific Trap Density cm-3 1.3E20 1.38E16 1.3E20 1E10
Energy of Distribution eV 0.7 0.92 1.1 0.56
Characteristic Energy eV 0.21 0.144 0.21
Table 2
Temperature-dependent parameters of HIT layers at 25 °C and 75 °C
Parameter Unit c-Si @348K c-Si @298K n,i,p a-Si:H @348K n,i,p a-Si:H @298K Sequence Type
Dielectric Constant - 12.05 11.9 12.05 11.9 Linear
Electron Affinity eV 34.17 4.05 3.83 3.9 Linear
Mobility Bandgap (Eg) eV 1.106 1.12 1.726 1.74 Linear
Optical Bandgap (Egopt) eV 1.006 1.02 1.626 1.64 Linear
Effective Conduction Band Density of States cm-3 3.57E+19 2.8E+19 1.24E+20 1E+20 Exponential
Effective Valence Band Density of States cm-3 1.39E+19 1.04E+19 1.24E+20 1E+20 Exponential
Electron Mobility cm2/Vs 708 1040 20 5 Exponential
Hole Mobility cm2/Vs 280 412 4 1 Exponential
Electron Thermal Velocity cm/s 1.08E+07 1E+07 1.08E+07 1E+07 Exponential
Hole Thermal Velocity cm/s 1.08E+07 1E+07 1.08E+07 1E+07 Exponential
Urbach Energy of Conduction Band Tail meV - - 78,38,92 68,35,80 Linear
Urbach Energy of Valence Band Tail meV - - 108,57,138 94,50,120 Linear
Simulation steps and results. A 1000 W/cm AM1.5 light was applied to the front surface of studied HIT cell, and simulation process started using AFORS-HET. Due to the large number of parameters to be swept, GDMAT tool was employed to define various cell structures frequently and run AFORS-HET to simulate them as a batch process.
In the first step, the effect of the thickness of layers on the thermal behavior of cell was investigated through change of a-Si(n) layer thickness from 4 nm to 12 nm and observed that increase of the thickness of this layer decreases efficiency of cell, but improves its thermal coefficients (TC). With selection of the minimum value of the range, second phase of simulation was performed through change of a-Si:H(i) layer thickness from 3 nm to
9 nm that obtained same result as the previous one. Therefore, 3 nm thickness was recorded for this layer. Fig. 3 shows the fill factor (FF) and efficiency diagram of cell after this step.
In the next step, wafer thickness was swept from 100 ^m to 250 ^m. According to the Fig. 3, this increase leads to reduction of open circuit voltage (Voc) and enhancement of short circuit current density (Jsc) and a peak was observed in efficiency at 200 ^m. Thus, 200 ^m was recorded as optimum thickness of wafer.
Decrease of Voc can be considered due increase of recombination of carrier in thicker layer and increasing of Jsc is as a result of enhancement of photon absorption rate because of its prolonged pathway in the absorber layer. Results are shown in Fig. 4.
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350
Temperature (K)
a
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 Temperature (K) b
loo 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 Temperature (K)
2k
310
340
350
320 330
Temperature (K) d
Fig. 3. The effect of front a-Si:H(i) layer thickness on the temperature dependency of external parameters of cell
Temperature (K) a
< E
- cSi(p)=100um
- cSt(p^150um
- cS (p)=20[hjlTi
- cSi(p)=250um
-E--»-1>~
-!j-<-<-
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350
Temperature (K) b
Temperature (K)
c
—e— T=300
—B— T=30£
—X— T-310
T=31E
& T=325
—&— T=330
— T=33E
—A— T=340
— T=34£
—fr- T=3£0
150 200 250
Thickness of cSi(p) (nm) d
Fig. 4. The effect of c-Si(p) layer thickness on the temperature dependency of Voc (a), Jsc (b), FF (c) and efficiency (d)
c
In the fourth step, the thickness of a-Si(i) layer was changed from 3 nm to 9 nm. It was observed that this change has no impact on the Jsc and Voc but decreases fill factor and consequently efficiency at temperature near to 300 K. Therefore, value of 3 nm was selected as optimal thickness.
In the fifth and final step, the thickness of a-Si(p) layer was swept from 4 nm to 12 nm but observed no significant change. Summary of all steps is given in Table
3. Furthermore, optimum thickness of layers is included in Table 4 for which open circuit voltage of 783 mV, short circuit current density of 40.08 mA/cm2, fill factor of 80.6 % and efficiency of 25.4 % have been obtained. In this condition, thermal coefficient of efficiency (TCn) and mean efficiency in the range of 25-75 °C are calculated -0.32 %/°C and 23.38 %, respectively. Current-voltage (I-V) curve of designed cell under light at several temperatures has shown in Fig. 5.
Voltage (V)
Fig. 5. The I-V Diagram of desired HIT cell in various temperatures under AM1.5 Sun light Summarized results of simulation steps
Table 3
Order Parameter Initial (nm) Variation (nm) T (K) Voc (mV) JSC (mA/cm2) FF (%) Efficiency (%) TCn (%/oC) Mean n (%)
1 a-Si:H (n) Thickness 4-12 298 802-760 39.1-36.8 80.1-80.2 25.1-22.4 -0.39, -0.3
348 677-675 39.3-36.9 76-76.1 20.2-19.0 22.65, 20.7
2 Front a-Si:H (i) Thickness 3 3-9 298 803-763 39.08-38.45 80.1-75.9 25.1-22.2 -0.39, -0.23
348 673-673 39.29-38.8 76.4-75.3 20.2-19.7 22.65, 21.85
3 c-Si (p) Thickness 150 100-250 298 817-772 38.4-40.3 79.6-81 25-25.4-25.35 -0.29, -0.32
348 731-681 38.6-40.5 75.5-76.9 21.35-21.25 23.18, 23.3
4 Back a-Si:H(i) Thickness 3 3-9 298 783-783 40.08-40.08 80.6-78.2 25.4-24.55 -0.32, -0.26
348 693-693 42.09-42.09 76.4-76.4 21.35-21.35 21.38, 22.95
5 BSF a-Si:H(p) Thickness 10 4-12 298 783-783 40.08-40.08 80.6-80.6 25.4-25.4 -0.32, -0.31
348 694-694 42.09-42.09 76.4-76.4 21.35-21.35 23.38, 23.32
Table 4
Optimized values of layers thickness'
Layer Thickness (nm)
a-Si:H (n) 4
a-Si:H (i) 3
c-Si(p) 200
a-Si:H (i) 3
a-Si:H (p) 4
Conclusions. Considering a fairly complete collection of structural dependencies of layers on the temperature, a model was codified to describe the thermal behavior of HIT cell with ITO/a-Si(n)/a-Si(i)/c-Si(p)/a-Si(i)/a-Si(p)/ITO/Ag structure, and simulated the thermal variations of external parameters of cell by using of the model. Moreover, the effect of variation of the thickness of layers on the cell's thermal behavior was investigated.
The following results can be inferred from performed simulations:
1. In the studied cell, increase of temperature causes linear reduction of open circuit voltage, minor increase in short circuit current, less fill factor, and less efficiency.
2. Though increase of the thickness of a-Si:H(n) layer within a few nanometers slightly improves fill factor and thermal coefficient of efficiency but it causes significant decrease of open circuit voltage, short circuit current and output power. Therefore, because of the technological limitations and to avoid the occurrence of quantum effects, it can be chosen in the range of 3-4 nm.
3. Increase of the thickness of a-Si:H(i) layers, located at both sides of the wafer, within a few nanometers improves TCn since this layer participates in the absorption process and increase in the absorption
compensates part of the short-circuit current drop at high temperature. On the other hand, this advantage is disregarded because of significant reduction of open circuit voltage, fill factor and efficiency and thus, thickness is limited to about 3-4 nm.
4. Increase of the c-Si(p) wafer thickness, enhances absorption and short circuit current and on the other hand, reduces the recombination rate and consequently open circuit voltage. These two contradictory effects make this quantity optimal in a certain number. In this research, the optimum amount of wafer thickness has been calculated to be 200 ^m. Moreover, this layer as the only crystalline layer, is also the only layer that increase of its thickness doesn't improve thermal coefficient.
5. The changes in the thickness of a-Si(p) BSF layer within a few nanometers does not show a significant effect on the thermal behavior of cell.
6. Selecting the optimized thicknesses for layers, theoretical efficiency at 25 °C and mean efficiency in the range of 25-75 °C have been obtained 25.4 % and 23.38 %, respectively.
REFERENCES
1. Datta A., Chatterjee P. Computer Modeling of Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer «HIT» Solar Cells: Sensitivity Issues and Insights Gained, in Solar Cells-Thin-Film Technologies. InTech Publ., 2011.
2. Pascual Sánchez D. Crystalline silicon Heterojunction solar cells. Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, 2015.
3. Jäger K. et al. Solar energy fundamentals, technology and systems. Delft University of technology, 2014. 78 p.
4. Masuko K., Shigematsu M., Hashiguchi T., Fujishima D., Kai M., Yoshimura N., Yamaguchi T., Ichihashi Y., Mishima T., Matsubara N., Yamanishi T., Takahama T., Taguchi M., Maruyama E., Okamoto S. Achievement of More Than 25% Conversion Efficiency With Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2014, vol.4, no.6, pp. 1433-1435. doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2352151.
5. Zhang D., Tavakoliyaraki A., Wu Y., R.A.C.M.M. van Swaaij, Zeman M. Influence of ITO deposition and post annealing on HIT solar cell structures. Energy Procedia, 2011, vol.8, p. 207-213. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.125.
6. Lee S., Tark S.J., Kim C.S., Jeong D.Y., Lee J.C., Kim W.M., Kim D. Influence of front contact work function on silicon heterojunction solar cell performance. Current Applied Physics, 2013, vol.13, no.5, pp. 836-840. doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2012.12.013.
7. Li G., Zhou Y., Liu F. Influence of textured c-Si surface morphology on the interfacial properties of heterojunction silicon solar cells. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2012, vol.358, no.17, pp. 2223-2226. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.12.106.
8. Shen L., Meng F., Liu Z. Roles of the Fermi level of doped a-Si: H and band offsets at a-Si: H/c-Si interfaces in n-type HIT solar cells. Solar Energy, 2013, vol.97, p. 168-175. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2013.08.028.
9. Hayashi Y., Li D., Ogura A., Ohshita Y. Role of i-aSi:H layers in aSi:H/cSi heterojunction solar cells. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2013, vol.3, no.4, pp. 1149-1155. doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2274616.
10. Dwivedi N., Kumar S., Bisht A., Patel K., Sudhakar S. Simulation approach for optimization of device structure and thickness of HIT solar cells to achieve ~27 % efficiency. Solar energy, 2013. vol.88: pp. 31-41. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2012.11.008.
11. Jian L., Shihua H., Lü H. Simulation of a high-efficiency silicon-based heterojunction solar cell. Journal of Semiconductors, 2015, vol.36, no.4, p. 044010. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/36/4/044010.
12. Wanlass M.W., Coutts T.J., Ward J.S., Emery K.A., Gessert T.A., Osterwald C.R. Advanced high-efficiency concentrator tandem solar cells. The Conference Record of the Twenty-Second IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1991. doi: 10.1109/PVSC.1991.169179.
13. Taguchi M., Maruyama E., Tanaka M. Temperature dependence of amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2008, vol.47, no.2, pp. 814-818. doi: 10.1143/JJAP.47.814.
14. Vishkasougheh M.H., Tunaboylu B. Simulation of high efficiency silicon solar cells with a hetero-junction microcrystalline intrinsic thin layer. Energy conversion and management, 2013, vol.72, pp. 141-146. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.025.
15. Agarwal M., Dusane R.O. Temperature dependent analysis of heterojunction silicon solar cells: Role of intrinsic layer thickness. 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), Jun. 2015. doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2015.7356058.
16. Sachenko A.V., Kryuchenko Y.V., Kostylyov V.P., Bobyl A.V., Terukov E.I., Abolmasov S.N., Abramov A.S., Andronikov D.A., Shvarts M.Z., Sokolovskyi I.O., Evstigneev M. Temperature dependence of photoconversion efficiency in silicon heterojunction solar cells: Theory vs experiment. Journal of Applied Physics, 2016, vol.119, no.22, p. 225702. doi: 10.1063/1.4953384.
17. Varache R., Leendertz C., Gueunier-Farret M.E., Haschke J., Muñoz D., Korte L. Investigation of selective junctions using a newly developed tunnel current model for solar cell applications. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2015, vol.141, pp. 14-23. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2015.05.014.
18. Altermatt P.P. Models for numerical device simulations of crystalline silicon solar cells - a review. Journal of Computational Electronics, 2011, vol.10, no.3, pp. 314-330. doi: 10.1007/s10825-011-0367-6.
19. Powell M.J., Deane S.C. Improved defect-pool model for charged defects in amorphous silicon. Physical Review B, 1993, vol.48, no.15, pp. 10815-10827. doi: 10.1103/physrevb.48.10815.
20. Ganji J., Kosarian A., Kaabi H. Numerical modeling of thermal behavior and structural optimization of a-Si:H solar cells at high temperatures. Journal of Computational Electronics, 2016, vol.15, no.4, pp. 1541-1553. doi: 10.1007/s10825-016-0913-3.
Received 23.09.2017
Jabbar Ganji, Ph.D.,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, e-mail: [email protected]
How to cite this article:
Ganji J. Numerical simulation of thermal behavior and optimization of a-Si/a-Si/C-Si/a-Si/A-Si hit solar cell at high temperatures. Electrical engineering & electromechanics, 2017, no.6, pp. 47-52. doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2017.6.07.
