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12Жамият ва инновациялар -Общество и инновации -Society and innovations
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Moral truths of the Quran in the works of A.S. Pushkin
Albina RAKHMANOVA1
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2021 Received in revised form 20 April 2021 Accepted 15 May 2021 Available online 15 June 2021
Keywords:
Koran,
moral values, code of basic rules of life, passion for the East in Pushkin, rethinking of life, transposition of truths.
The article examines the problems of studying the moral truths of the Koran in the works of A. Pushkin, presents the features of studying one of the main books of mankind, which is the main code of life for Muslims in the world. Today, in our opinion, humanity has become convinced from its own experience that there should be no division of nations, cultures, religions, that all of us, preserving and respecting the diversity of cultures, are constituent elements of the entire culture of humanity.
The Koran is one of the main books of mankind, which is the main code of life for Muslims in the world. Any religion, like the Koran, is, first of all, a call to peace. Universal calls for the chanting of high morality are the basis of each sura and ayah of the Holy Scriptures. Russian literature has always treated the culture of the East with deep respect and trepidation. Pushkin, one of the first who came into contact with the deep Arab poetry, the beauty and uniqueness of the images of this literature, an important understanding of the Koran, noted the need to study this unknown layer of Eastern civilization.
2181-1415/© 2021 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
A.S. Pushkinning asarlaridagi Qur'onning axloqiy haqiqatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so'zlar:
Qur'on,
axloqiy qadriyatlar, hayotning asosiy qoidalari kodeksi,
Pushkinda Sharqqa ishtiyoq, hayotni qayta ko'rib chiqish, haqiqatlarni qayta tiklash.
Maqolada A. Pushkin asarlaridagi Qur'on axloqiy haqiqat-larini o'rganish muammolari ko'rib chiqilgan, dunyo musulmon-lari uchun hayotning asosiy kodi bo'lgan insoniyatning asosiy kitoblaridan birini o'rganishning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari keltirilgan. Bugungi kunda, bizning fikrimizcha, insoniyat o'z tajribasidan kelib chiqib, millatlar, madaniyatlar, dinlar o'rtasida bo'linish bo'lmasligi kerakligiga, barchamiz madaniyatlarning
1 Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Russian Language and Literature, Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, Navoi, Uzbekistan. E-mail: alya211@list.ru.
xilma-xilligini asrab-avaylagan holda butun insoniyat madaniyatining tarkibiy elementlari ekanligiga amin bo'ldik.
Qur'on insoniyatning asosiy kitoblaridan biri bo'lib, dunyo musulmonlari uchun hayotning asosiy kodidir. Qur'on singari har qanday din, avvalo, tinchlikka da'vatdir. Muqaddas Bitikning har bir sura va oyatining asosini yuksak axloqni tarannum etishga da'vat etuvchi da'vatlar tashkil etadi. Rus adabiyoti har doim Sharq madaniyatiga chuqur hurmat va qo'rquv bilan qaragan. Pushkin, birinchilardan bo'lib, chuqur arab she'riyatiga, ushbu adabiyot obrazlarining go'zalligi va o'ziga xosligiga, Qur'onni muhim tushunishga aloqador bo'lib, Sharq tsivilizat-siyasining ushbu noma'lum qatlamini o'rganish kerakligini ta'kidladi.
Нравственные истины Корана в творчестве А.С. Пушкина
АННОТАЦИЯ_
В статье рассматриваются проблемы изучения нравственных истин Корана в творчестве А. Пушкина, представляются особенности изучения одной из главных книг человечества, являющейся основным кодексом жизни мусульман мира. Сегодня, на наш взгляд, человечество убедилось на собственном опыте в том, что не должно быть разделения наций, культур, религий, что все мы, сохраняя и уважая многообразие культур, являемся составными элементами всей культуры человечества.
Коран - это одна из главных книг человечества. Любая религия, так же, как и Коран это, прежде всего, призыв к миру. Общечеловеческие призывы к воспеванию высокой нравственности - основа каждой суры и аята Священного писания. Русская литература всегда с глубоким уважением и трепетом относилась к культуре Востока. Пушкин, один из первых, кто соприкоснулся с глубокой арабской поэзией, красотой и необычностью образов этой литературы, важным миропониманием Корана, отметил необходимость изучения этого неизведанного для себя пласта восточной цивилизации.
Currently, humanity has entered a new era of development, where information technology, new knowledge, and interactive communications have become key factors in life. Their materialization, application in human life determines the development of the country, both socially and spiritually. In this respect, the spiritual and moral truths of the great Books of mankind - the Bible, the Torah, the Koran - are the most important factor in the growth of the inner potential of members of society.
XXI century is a time of global changes. In the last twenty years of the new millennium, due to such problems of humanity as the nuclear threat, natural and human disasters, the impact of new viruses that have brought the world to the corona virus
Ключевые слова: Коран,
нравственные ценности, кодекс основных правил жизни,
увлеченность Востоком у Пушкина,
переосмысление жизни, переложение истин.
INTRODUCTION
pandemic, the understanding of the importance and fragility of our planet has sharpened, and this has united many people into a single community. The topic of this article examines the issues of understanding the singularity and uniqueness of each nation, the importance and necessity of the boundaries of interaction between East and West, East and Russia, in particular.
Today, mankind is convinced from its own experience that there should be no division of nations, cultures, religions, that all of us, preserving and respecting the diversity of cultures, are constituent elements of the entire culture of mankind, and in this regard, consideration of the problems of the Koranic influence on Pushkin's work is important in terms of understanding the problems of intercultural communication. On the one hand, the relevance of the article is due to the importance of studying the foundations on which the intercultural dialogue is based, which is reflected in the literature; on the other hand, the need to comprehend the peculiarities of the artistic embodiment of the Koranic motives in the work of the great Russian poet A. Pushkin, which, we hope, can help in identifying a number of dominants of the artistic understanding of the East in Russian culture and literature. The need to comprehend the features of the artistic embodiment of this discourse in Russian literature can help in identifying a number of dominants of the artistic understanding of the East in Russian culture and literature.
RESEARCH METHODS
Overview and theoretical comprehension and analysis, systematization and classification, interpretation and conceptual analysis.
RESULT
The Koran is one of the main books of mankind, which is the main code of life for Muslims in the world. Any religion, like the Koran, is a call to peace. Peace of mind is a call to God, and God is harmony and unity. That is why the ratio of the word peace and harmony in the Qur'an is so important. In this sacred work there is no fanaticism and extremism, there is a constant appeal to reason. Universal calls for the chanting of high morality are the basis of each sura and ayah of the Holy Scriptures.
Russian literature has always treated the culture of the East with deep respect and trepidation. Pushkin, one of the first who, having come into contact with deep Arab poetry, the beauty and uniqueness of the images of this literature, an important understanding of the Koran, noted the need to study this unknown layer of Eastern civilization. The harmony and depth, the absence of obvious imitation, the rejection of stylization and external reproduction of the East, the subtle depths of oriental piety and the ornate style, were presented by Pushkin in all its specificity and historical concreteness. It should be noted that Pushkin's feeling of the East takes into account the different stylistic and national tonality of this culture.
Today, the concept and acceptance of other forms of perception of the world means to feel your attitude to the eternal universal principles. And this is one of the most difficult ways of realizing oneself as involved in the ideas of the revival of mankind. The East, with its philosophy of a special attitude and extended space, has always attracted the attention of researchers. His main Book, being the quintessence of eternal spiritual values, phenomenally combining Islamic spirituality and universal human ideals, becomes the main measure of the spirituality of the East.
Discussion. The Koran, being the greatest monument of Islamic spiritual culture, reflected the sacred tenets and symbols of Muslim civilization. This amazingly strong and poetic document, carried the basic formulas of the life of Muslims, was the main code of rules, customs, beliefs, and contained the prescribed rules of the political and spiritual life of the people's leaders. As the focus of the main meanings, the Qur'an was a source of inspiration for the poetic environment of that time.
Describing the world of the divine, the world of secrets and inhuman states, sacred information about the power of the divine Word attracted Russian poets to the sacred book. Especially A.S. Pushkin was inspired by the Spirit of the Koran.
The book captivated the poet with its special simplicity and combination of great truths about life, about the universe, about angels and demons, about eternal, but true laws of Truth, and the poet, inside whom Genius lived, could not miss these heartfelt lines. Pushkin and his spirit are facing the beginning of a new transformation; he is deeply experiencing personal drama (exile and excommunication from St. Petersburg) and, on the other hand, is looking for his real self. The complex of experiences covers the poet with a wide canopy; he wants to understand himself, to understand the most important thing that distinguishes the poet from the average person in life. He worries about how his weighty word will resonate in the hearts of people. Atheistic hobbies fade into the background; the most difficult searches for the most important thing in understanding life become the main issues of his life. During this period, the poet turns to the main books of mankind and he falls into the hands of the Koran in the Russian translation of M.I. Verevkin (1790) [1].
This translation was made from the French translation of the Quran by Du Rie, 1770. The Russian translator of the Koran approached the translation of the holy book of Muslims in an original way, he gave his work a peculiar stylistic form similar to the biblical Church Slavonic style. "This biblical style was preserved in his imitations by Pushkin," Tomashevsky will say later [2,29].
In 1824, in Mikhailovsky, Pushkin created a cycle of unique poems, which became in his work an act of a great rethinking of the ideas and truths of the Holy Quran. These were "Imitations of the Koran", where Pushkin immediately defined the genre of his amazing poems. The free transcriptions undertaken by the poet preserved the most important essence of the sacred book, its Spirit and Letter, the innermost meanings.
This great book, based on revelations, amazes the poet with its special style and depth of content. Pushkin penetrates into the inner structure of the verse of the Koran, feels the power and pressure of the truth of the verses, is imbued with the sacred power of the revelations of Allah. Awe, metaphoric, meaningfulness, depth and closeness of images that require meaningful and conscious reading; distinguish each line of Pushkin's text:
I swear by odd and couple I swear by the sword and the right battle I swear by the morning star I swear by the evening prayer:
No, I have not left you. Whom in the shadow of tranquility I introduced him, loving him, And hid from vigilant persecution?
I didn't drink thirst on the day Desert waters for you? I didn't give your tongue Mighty power over minds?
Take heart, despise deception, Follow the path of truth cheerfully Love the orphans and my Koran Preach the trembling creature [2, I, 321].
Undoubtedly, the researchers considering these parts of Pushkin's text have a question about the real correlation of "Imitations of the Koran" with the most sacred Book.
The problem of the correlation of "Imitations" with the original has been repeatedly subjected to careful study, since the process of correlation is, first of all, a question of the reality and truthfulness of the experiences of the poet himself. Researchers believe that Pushkin was close enough to translating the Koran, he used 81 verses from 33 different suras of the Koran [2, 31]. Of course, this is evidence of the poet's interest not in an idle sense, it is an active search for the Genius of the meaning and truth of life. It should be noted that Pushkin does not look for exotic things in the Koran, as, say, Goethe did in his "West-Eastern Divan". There is a strict comprehension of one's life and a search for meaning with an orientation towards another, no less great, explanation of life. Pushkin understands that by discovering the truth about other forms of being and a different universe, he comprehends a different formula of life, clearly opposite to the northern mentality and people. As a great poet, he is not only surprised by other forms of life, he is attracted, inspired, shocked and amazed by the desert forms of life of the Arabs. This is where such heartfelt and important poems, original and unusual images, oaths, arrangements come from: "I swear by the odd and couple, I swear by the morning prayer, I swear by the evening prayer, etc". [3, I, 321].
Pushkin penetrates deeply into the syllable and style of ornate oriental poetry, he is stunned by the truth revealed by the new national culture at a certain period of its historical development. Poetically, Pushkin strongly conveys the power of Allah, interestingly and vividly represents the pacification of human pride:
Anciently with you, O omnipotent,
The mighty one imagined to compete,
Exuberant mad pride;
But you, Lord, humbled him.
You ryok: I give life to the world,
I will punish the earth with death,
My hand is lifted for everything.
I also, he roar, give life,
And I also punish with death:
With you, God, I am equal.
But the boast of vice has ceased
From the word of your anger: I will raise the sun from the east; Lift it up from sunset! [3, IV, 323]
Pushkin was always worried about questions of spiritual renunciation, deep questions of conscience, wisdom, selflessness. He understood that speaking about them in "Imitation of the Koran, he did not discover anything new in their mentality; he knew that these were common human problems and the high folk wisdom of the human. The generosity of the soul, wherever and by whom it is presented, will always remain a manifestation of love for one's neighbor, and this is always a highly valued virtue...
Trading conscience in the face of pale poverty, Do not rash your gifts with a calculating hand: Full bounty is pleasing to heaven. On the day of the terrible judgment, like a fat field, Oh, happy sower!
She will reward the story of your labors.
But if, having regretted the labors of earthly gains,
Handing over to the beggar a meager alms,
You squeeze your envious hand, -
Know: all your gifts are like a dusty handful,
That plentiful rain washes off the stone,
Disappear - the Lord's rejected tribute. [2, VIII, 325].
Noble simplicity, fullness of meaning, feeling of figurative metaphor, and understanding of the spirit and essence of the Book, respect and awareness of the greatness of meaning is felt in every line of Pushkin's poetic creation.
Pushkin creates a kind of poetic document intended for everyone, regardless of faith and nationality. In this regard, one cannot but agree with Dostoevsky, who argued that Pushkin "one of all the world's poets has the ability to reincarnate a completely alien nationality" [4]. In front of us is "Imitation of the Koran" in which there is no feeling of someone else's dissent, there is no downward glance, but there is respect and awareness of the greatness of what is being read. N.V. Gogol, speaking about the poet's response to other cultures, wrote:
"And how faithful is his response, how sensitive is his ear! You hear the smell, the color of the earth, the time of the people. In Spain he is a Spaniard, with a Greek he is a Greek, in the Caucasus he is a free mountaineer in the full sense of the word" [5, 109].
CONCLUSION
Thus, Pushkin always looked with interest at the East, his desire to adopt, respond, reincarnate is not only a tribute to character, mood, charisma, it is a question of the fundamental possibility of objectively establishing the evolution or stability of intercultural communication of different artistic spaces; to study and reveal the genre and style originality of the embodiment of the Koranic motives at different stages of the development of the intercultural civilization of the East and Russia. Analyzing the works of the above authors, considering the unique gift of the poet's reincarnation, we came to the following conclusions:
• "Imitations of the Koran" by Pushkin is an independent work of fiction that reinterprets the text and truth of the Holy Book in a new way;
• this work of Pushkin is a deep understanding and recreation of the inner essence of those events and characters, which he becomes a witness;
• through the great truths of the Koran, Pushkin rethinks his being, answers the questions of his life, with a sparse restraint in the spirit of the Koran, represents the richness and content of this unique example of true humanism and love for people;
• his poetic samples, helped many to understand the historical and cultural originality of the East, to feel the severe exaltation of the poetry of the Koran, to plunge into the depths of secret, sacred meanings, to feel the thrill of understanding the great;
• it was these transcriptions that laid the foundation for the conscious perception of the great book in Russian literature, which for a millennium is the genetic code of the great truth of the last message of God to mankind;
• the problem of the evolution of the concept of Pushkin's Koranic motives in the history of Russian literature of the 19th century is the beginning of creative comprehension of complex issues of intercultural interaction between Russia and the East.
REFERENCES:
1. The book of Al-Qur'an of the Arab Mahomet, who in the sixth century gave himself out as the last and greatest of the prophets of God sent down to him from heaven (author per. M.I Verevkin, St. Petersburg, 1790).
2. Tomashevsky B. Pushkin. (in 2 books) - M.; L., 1961. Book 2. - P. 29. http://feb-web.ru/feb/classics/critics/tomashevsky_b/tp/tp2-001-.htm.
3. Pushkin A.S. Essays in three volumes. - Vol. 1. - M., 1985. - P. 321.
4. Dostoevsky F. Sobr. soch. v 10 t. M.: Khud. lit., 1958. - P. 456.
5. Merezhkovsky D. Pushkin. M., 1999. - P. 109.
