CC BY
0UDC 632.3.01/.08
NEW PATHOGEN OF THE GENUS TOBAMOVIRUS. TOMATO BROWN RUGOSE FRUIT
VIRUS (ToBRFV)
(НОВЫЙ ПАТОГЕН ИЗ РОДА TOBAMOVIRUS. ВИРУС БУРОЙ МОРЩИНИСТОСТИ
(ToBRFV)
Spiridonova V.P., 4-year student of the training program 35.03.06 Gardening. Scientific supervisor: Candidate of Philological Sciences Shirlina E.N.,
FSBEI HE RT SAU
АННОТАЦИЯ
Вирус бурой морщинистости (ToBRFV) является новым патогеном и относится к карантинным объектам. Он поражает такие экономически важные культуры как томат (S. lycopersicum) и перец (C. annuum). Гены устойчивости, используемые против других тобамовирусов, не эффективны против этого вируса. Сейчас ведутся разработки по созданию гибридов, устойчивых к этому заболеванию.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
Патоген, тобамовирус, томат, перец, ген устойчивости, гибрид, локус количественного признака.
ABSTRACT
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging pathogen and is a quarantine concern. It affects economically important crops such as tomato (S. lycopersicum) and capsicum (C. annuum). Resistance genes used against other tobamoviruses are not effective against this virus. The development of hybrids resistant to this disease is underway.
KEYWORDS
Pathogen, tobamovirus, tomato, capsicum, resistance gene, hybrid, quantitative trait locus (QLS).
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) or Jordan virus is a new representative of the genus Tobamovirus. Due to the stability of the particles and effective mechanical transmission, ToBRFV and the entire genus are characterised as highly aggressive viruses. Once the virus appears in the greenhouse, the opportunities of taking control measures are extremely limited and are mainly based on the destruction of infected plants and strict hygiene measures [2]. For this reason, ToBRFV poses a real threat to tomato and pepper producers. In Florida (USA) alone, the virus has caused damage in the amount of 262 million US dollars [1].
The virus was first discovered in Israel in 2014. A year later, the disease was detected in Jordan, then in Mexico, China and the USA. In 2019, the EU Commission took extraordinary measures to prevent the virus from entering and spreading in the EU. Nevertheless, it has also spread in Europe. In Russia, this virus has been declared a quarantine disease. On 1 July 2023, testing of all imported peppers and tomatoes for the presence of this pathogen began [2].
The symptoms vary depending on the crop. In tomatoes, the manifestation of symptoms is also linked to the characteristics of the variety. In some varieties, the symptoms manifest themselves on the fruit, in others on the leaves. Environmental conditions such as lighting, temperature and nutrient availability can influence the appearance of symptoms. Peppers are mainly characterised by leaf deformation, yellowing and mosaic. The fruits deform and show yellow or brown areas or green stripes. The symptoms on a tomato are: Chlorosis, mosaic pattern, leaf spots, narrowing (needling) of the leaves, blistering on the leaf surface,
gradual wilting of the leaves with subsequent yellowing and death of the entire plant. Brown necrotic lesions appear on the stems, cups and stalks of infected tomato plants. The fruits may have a latent infection and, without showing symptoms, serve as a source of contagion by infecting other fruits. As a rule, tomato fruits infected with ToBRFV show chlorotic spots, marbling, dark spots on green fruits and deformation. Uneven ripening of the fruit is often observed [3].
There are various routes of infection: through infected seed material, through fruit (in any form), through transport containers, tools, equipment, packaging material and vehicles containing the sap of infected ToBRFV plants, and through a substrate [3].
The main cause of the ToBRFV epidemic is that this virus overcomes all known tobamovirus resistance genes in tomato, including Tm-1, Tm-2 and the persistent Tm-22. A computer analysis of the ToBRFV genome has revealed that this virus contains a variability of 9-15% (comparison of RNA or protein) compared to other representatives of the Tobrfv genus. It has been found that 21 amino acids are probably involved in overcoming the tomato resistance genes. It is thought that the reason for the persistence of Tm-22 against TMV and ToMV is that it targets the element movement proteins (MP) that are required for the spread of both viruses. One such element is the amino acid cysteine 68 (C68). The presence of C68 in TB tobamovirus activates the immune response of Tm-22, but in ToBRFV, C68 is replaced by histidine, preserving viral movement. This finding could explain the stability of the manifestation of Tm-22 against viruses other than ToBRFV (1).
Studies have shown that the various capsicum L alleles are effective against ToBRFV, but probably do not provide complete immunity against the virus [1].
The most obvious strategy for developing tobamovirus resistance is to screen the genotypes of tomato and related wild species for ToBRFV resistance. Thus, 29 lines have been found to be tolerant to ToBRFV. Genetic analysis of the tolerance trait has revealed that it is controlled by a single recessive gene. Mapping of the tolerance locus for ToBRFV has revealed a specific position on chromosome 11 of the tomato. It is noticeable that only one resistant genotype has been identified in the analysis. The mapping of the resistance trait has shown the involvement of two different quantitative trait locus (QTLs): One was on chromosome 11 the same tolerance locus, the other was on chromosome 2 in region Tm-1. Taken together, these loci were the first evidence of ToBRFV resistance in natural tomato genotypes. The proximity of the second QTL to Tm-1 suggests the existence of new Tm-1 alleles that may be capable of conferring ToBRFV (1) resistance.
Currently, the multinational companies of 'Singenta', 'Enza Zaden' and 'Rijk Zwaan' are increasingly involved in the development of sustainable hybrids and have made some progress.
Библиография:
1. Агрослужба «Семко» Вирус бурой (коричневой) морщинистости плодов (Tobamovirus, ToBRFV) / Агрослужба «Семко» // URL: https://semco.ru/articles and reviews/virus-buroy-korichnevoy-morshchinistosti-plodov-tobamovirus-tobrfv/ (дата обращения 15.11.2023).
2. Методические указания по выявлению и идентификации вируса коричневой морщинистости плодов томата Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - вторая редакция 2022 г. Бурой (коричневой) морщинистости плодов (Tobamovirus, ToBRFV). // URL:
https://vniikr.ru/upload/medialibrary/pdf/ %20Вирус%20коричневой%20морщинистости%2 0плодов%20томатаToBRFV.pdf (дата обращения 16.11.2023).
3. Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity // Annual Review of Virology, 2023. № 10. P. 455-476.
4. Tomaten mit Resistenz gegen das Jordanvirus / Michael Kumin and etc // Swiss Academies Communications, 2023. № 2. P. 13-14.
5. Pothier Joël F. Viren-Diagnostik für den Gemüsesektor: frühzeitige Viruserkennung dank der Kombination molekularer Methoden // IUNR Magazin. 2024. № 2. P. 22-23.
References:
1. Agroservice "Semko" Brown (brown) rugose fruit virus (Tobamovirus, ToBRFV) / Agroservice "Semko" // URL: https://semco.ru/articles_and_reviews/virus-buroy-korichnevoy-morshchinistosti-plodov-tobamovirus-tobrfv/ (date of access 11/15/2023).
2. Guidelines for the detection and identification of the brown rugose fruit virus of tomato Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - second edition 2022 Brown (brown) rugose fruit virus (Tobamovirus, ToBRFV). // URL: https://vniikr.ru/upload/medialibrary/pdf/_%20Virus%20brown%20wrinkling%20fruit%20tomat oToBRFV.pdf (access date 11/16/2023).
3. Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity // Annual Review of Virology, 2023. № 10. P. 455-476.
4. Tomaten mit Resistenz gegen das Jordanvirus / Michael Kümin and etc // Swiss Academies Communications, 2023. № 2. P. 13-14.
5. Pothier Joël F. Viren-Diagnostik für den Gemüsesektor: frühzeitige Viruserkennung dank der Kombination molekularer Methoden // IUNR Magazin. 2024. № 2. P. 22-23.
УДК 303.7:636.2.034
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ GWAS АНАЛИЗА ДЛЯ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМОВ В ГЕНАХ, СОПРЯЖЕННЫХ С ПРИЗНАКАМИ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА КОМБИНИРОВАННЫХ ПОРОД
Токарев А.И.1, аспирант 2 курса по научной специальности 1.5.7 Генетика. Научный руководитель: к.филол.наук, доцент Михайлова Ю.Л.2 1ФГБНУ ФИЦ ВИЖ им. Л.К. Эрнста 2 ФГБОУ ВО Орловский ГАУ
АННОТАЦИЯ
На компонентный состав молока животных оказывают влияние не только средовые факторы (кормление, технология содержания, сезон года и стадия лактации), но и генетические (порода, генотип, происхождение-и др.). Наиболее интересным с научной точки зрения является оценка влияния генотипа особи на изменение количественных параметров белковой и жировой фракций молока. Наиболее эффективными стоит считать поиск генов и однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (SNP) в них входящих на основе анализа полногеномных ассоциаций для определенной выборки животных одной породы (популяции). Здесь могут быть применены как непрерывные числовые величины (прямые фенотипы, оценка племенной ценности, стандартизированные отклонения), так и пороговые значения (группировка особей по качественным параметрам: здоровье, уровни удоя и состава компонентов в молоке и др.). С развитием технологий выращивания и использования животных люди начали искать методы селекции более продуктивных особей в популяции. Одним из мощных инструментов для идентификации вариаций геномов животных является полногеномный анализ ассоциаций (GWAS). Получаемые результаты анализа полногеномных ассоциаций дают представление о значениях достоверности ассоциаций, формировании либо отсутствии локусов количественных признаков наличии полиморфизмов в межгенных и генных
