Научная статья на тему 'Newsletter of the Russian Society of Nematologist'

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Текст научной работы на тему «Newsletter of the Russian Society of Nematologist»

Russian Journal of Nematology, 2019, 27 (2), 144 - 160

Newsletter of the Russian Society of Nematologists

Abstracts of the Thirteenth International Symposium

of the Russian Society of Nematologists (Russia, Republic of Karelia, 29 July-4 August, 2019)

ANIKIEVA L.V. Nematodes of native and introduced populations of the European smelt Osmerus eperlanus L.

The nematode fauna of native populations of the European smelt includes 20 species of nematodes. The nematode fauna of the migratory smelt ecoforms is the most diverse and includes 14 species: parasites of marine mammals

Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, tuna fishes Hysterothylacium cf. cornutum, aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates Spinitectus sp., fish-eating birds Eustrongylides mergorum, Porrocaecum spp., Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, sea fishes (Clupeidae, Gadidae, Gobiidae fishes, etc.) Hysterothylacium aduncum, freshwater fishes Camallanus lacustris, C. truncatus, Cystidicola farionis, and the eel parasite Anguillicoloides crassus. The nematode fauna of lake smelt includes eight species that are parasites of Salmonidae, Percidae, Esocidae, and Cyprinidae - Pseudocapillaria salvelini, Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, Raphidascaris acus, C. lacustris, C. truncatus, Philonema sibirica, C. farionis, Cystidicoloides ephemeridarum. The nematode fauna of Dwarf Lake smelt Osmerus eperlanus morpha spirinchus includes three species of nematodes Raphidascaris acus, C. farionis, C. truncatus. The nematode fauna of the introduced smelt populations is poor. In Lake Segozero there is only one nematode species registered, a parasite of salmonoids C. farionis, in Lake Vygozero - two species, C. farionis and C. lacustris, and in Lake Syamozero - three species, C. lacustris, C. truncatus and R. acus. Monitoring of the parasitic fauna of smelt, which had spontaneously invaded Lake Syamozero, showed that it takes from 1 to 10 years for this alien species to become a host for indigenous nematodes (Support: State Order 0218-20190075). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: anikieva@krc.karelia.ru.

BESPYATOVA L.A. & BUGMYRIN S.V. Trombiculid mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) hosted by bank voles in the Republic of Karelia.

This is the first report on the fauna and relative abundances of trombiculid mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) from the bank vole (Myodes glareolus Schreber, 1780) from the Republic of Karelia. The data were collected through many years of surveys of small mammal ectoparasites. Small mammals were sampled from 21 places in the republic between 1992 and 2018. Mites were retrieved from 45 vole individuals, which yielded 662 larvae of trombiculid mites. Trombiculid mites were represented by two species: Hirsutiella zachvatkini (Schluger, 1948) and Neotrombicula (Digenualea) uliginosa Kudryashova, 1998. Numerically, the mite H. zachvatkini dominated, accounting for 99% of the total abundance. H. zachvatkini, parasitic on the bank vole, was found only in southern districts of Karelia at 10.5% prevalence. The northernmost finding of this species in Karelia comes from Kizhsky Archipelago (Medvezhjegorsky District), where after long-term monitoring and with a large number of vole individuals from different islands examined, the mite was found only on Island Malyi Lelikovsky (N 61.989°; E 35.15°). The relative abundance of H. zachvatkini was the highest in the south-west of the republic, in Lahdenpohsky District (Lumivaara, N 61.437°; E 30.247°), 30 km north of the border with the Leningrad Region, where the mite's prevalence was 91%, and the abundance index (AI) was 44.5. The other trombiculid - N. uliginosa was found on the bank vole only in one spot in northwestern Karelia (Muezersky District, N 65.046°, E 30.603°) with 4.4% prevalence and AI of 0.13 ind. Research on the fauna and occurrence of trombiculid mites on small mammals will be continued, including more accurate determination of their distribution across Karelia. The authors are much obliged to Dr A.A. Stekolnikov, Leading Researcher at the Zoological Institute RAS for verifying the results of identification of mite specimens (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; email: gamasina@mail.ru.

© Russian Society of Nematologists, 2019; doi:10.24411/0869-6918-2019-10014

BUGMYRIN S.V.1 & SPIRIDONOV S.E.2 First record on the infestation of small rodents by Baylisascaris transfuga (Ascaridoidea: Nematoda) in natural habitats.

The intestinal parasitic nematode, Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819), was recorded in murids for the first time. Representatives of four murid species (15 specimens of Myodes rufocanus, 10 M. rutilus, 3 M. glareolus and 27 Microtus oeconomus) were collected in the White Sea coastal habitats in the south of the Kola Peninsula in July 2015 and examined for the presence of parasites. Encapsulated nematode larvae were detected in the mesentery and the large intestine wall of a single specimen of grey-sided vole (M rufocanus) and one of tundra vole (M oeconomus). Based on morphology, the larvae were identified as belonging to the genus Baylisascaris Sprent, 1968. The partial 18S rDNA sequence of the larvae from the voles was obtained and fully corresponded to the sequence of Baylisascaris transfuga in the NCBI GenBank. The ITS rDNA and CoxI mtDNA sequences from the present study were also similar to the B. transfuga from GenBank. It can be assumed that the presence of B. transfuga in small rodents in the wild populations indicates a possible participation of rodents in the nematode's life cycle (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075, State Academic Program FSR AAAA-A18-118042490057). - institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: sbugmyr@mail.ru; 2A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: s_e_spiridonov@rambler.ru.

BUTENKO K.O.1, KOROBUSHKIN D.I.2, GONGALSKY K.B.1, 2, SAIFUTDINOV R.A.2, 3, SHESTEPEROV A.A.4 & ZAITSEV A.S.2 Parasitic nematodes of rice in Russia.

Rice growing in Russia has some peculiarities, e.g., cultivation of a single crop per year and application of multiannual crop rotation cycles. Phytoparasitic nematodes have been previously found on rice crops in Russia: Aphelenchoides besseyi, as well as Hirschmanniella sp., Longidorus sp., Paratylenchus spp., Paraphelenchus, Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides. Nematodes in rice agroecosystems are known to damage crops by feeding on roots and shoots. However, we do not know how nematodes react to crop rotation and across different soil types. To shed some light on this issue we performed a field study and collected soil samples using standard methods in four habitat types: flooded rice paddies, drained rice fields with upland crops, paddy bunds and seminatural grasslands across three major rice-growing regions of Russia: Krasnodar, Kalmykia and Primorye. In flooded rice, the relative abundance of soil nematode feeding groups was significantly modified. Namely, plant feeders' density increased. Specifically, representatives of Pratylenchus, Ditylenchus, Rotylenchus and Helicotylenchus genera dominated, which are known for high ecological plasticity and low selectivity of host taxa (both weeds and agricultural crops: wheat, soybean and corn). Their density was independent of edaphic parameters (pH, bioavailable nutrients, or litter depth). Simultaneously, increased abundance of plant feeders in Krasnodar and Primorye and their decreased numbers in Kalmykia reflected phytomass fluctuations across regions due to aridity of the latter region. We conclude that in Russia the climate and habitat type, as a proxy of a plant community characteristics, act as the leading drivers explaining the various plant feeding nematode abundances. This provides the basis for developing optimised regional strategies for plant protection in temperate rice agroecosystems (Support: RSF 16-14-00096). - 1Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; e-mail: k002@yandex.ru; 2A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; 3Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia; 4K.I. Skryabin and Ya.R. Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants, Branch FSBSI "FSC - ARSRIEVM RAS", Moscow, 117218, Russia.

CLAEYS M.1, HANDAYANI N.D.1, 2, LESTARI P.1, 2, YUSHIN V.V.3, DIKIN A.2, HELDERS J.4 & BERT W.1 Ultrastructure of unhatched cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Heterodera schachtii revealed by self-pressurised rapid freezing.

Ultrastructural analysis of nematode eggs poses a considerable problem due to the impermeability of the eggshell. In high pressure freezing, a physical cryo-fixation method, a much faster rate of fixation is obtained and the eggshell does not form a barrier resulting in superior preservation of fine structure. Self-Pressurised Rapid Freezing (SPRF), an alternative low-cost cryo-fixation method, was evaluated based on an ultrastructural study of the eggshell and the cuticle of the second-stage juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis and Heterodera schachtii in their unhatched native state. The obtained results are also compared with conventional (chemical) fixation. This study clearly demonstrates that SPRF fixation results in a very well-preserved ultrastructure of the entire, intact egg, from the eggshell to the cell details of developing embryos and juveniles. Therefore, SPRF fixation is proposed as a very accurate, relatively easy-to-use, low-cost and rapid technique to study the ultrastructure of unhatched eggs of nematodes. The method may be helpful in a variety of nematology studies, including embryology, functional morphology based on immunolocalisation of cell proteins, characterisation of vector viruses and symbiotic bacteria, nematicide targets and efficiency (Support: UGhent TEM-Expertice center, life sciences, RFBR 17-04-00719-a). - hematology Research Unit, Department of

Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium; e-mail: nini.claeys@ugent.be; Indonesian Agricultural Quarantine Agency, Jakarta, 12550, Indonesia; 3National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; 4Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.

FABIYI O.A.1 & OLATUNJI G.A.2 Synthesis and application of furfural from agro-cellulosic waste materials as control option for Meloidogyne incognita on carrot (Daucus carota).

Carrot production is a major source of income for small scale farmers in Nigeria. Recurring pest infestation brings about reduction in carrot yield. Plant-parasitic nematodes are limiting factors in carrot cultivation. Significant decrease in carrot production has been attributed to infestation by plant-parasitic nematodes. An economically important pest in carrot production in Nigeria is the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Control methods using synthetic nematicides can cause environmental pollution. Several research efforts have been made into alternative control measures. In view of this, crop residues (pawpaw stem, sugarcane bagasse and dry plantain leaves), which waste away after harvest, were collected for the production of furfural, a non-toxic and environmentally friendly nematicide. Extracted furfural was tested on carrot plants infested with M. incognita alongside a standard synthetic nematicide (carbofuran). Carrot plants were inoculated 2 weeks after emergence with different populations of M. incognita eggs (0, 500, 1000 and 1500) in a two planting season experiment conducted in a screenhouse. The carrot plants were treated with furfural at two weeks after inoculation. The highest dosage of application (75 mg) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nematode population with increase in carrot weight and were free of galls, as against the non-treated carrot plants, which had significantly stunted growth, deformation and galls. Carrot plants inoculated with 1,500 eggs of Meloidogyne incognita and treated with 75 mg of furfural had robust vegetative growth. The application of furfural will go a long way in combating nematode pest of carrots without environmental pollution issues. - 1Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria; e-mail: fabiyitoyinike@hotmail.com; 2Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria.

IESHKO E.P., NIKONOROVA I.A. & BUGMYRIN S.V. Population parameters of parasitic communities: species richness and relative abundance of nematodes in common shrew (Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758).

This paper analyses the population parameters of parasitic communities (species richness, prevalence, abundance mean and variance) using data from long-term monitoring of the nematode fauna in common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 in the middle taiga of Karelia. Studies have shown that the nematode fauna in S. araneus is represented by 13 species from six families - Capillariidae (4), Soboliphymatidae (1), Strongyloididae (1), Heligmosomidae (4), Angiostrongylidae (1) and Ascarididae (2). The species richness of nematode communities in shrews varied between years from 9 to 12 species. The most common parasites occurring at high prevalence throughout the study period were three nematode species with a direct life cycle: Parastrongyloides winchesi, Longistriata codrus and L. didas. The nematodes Stefanskostrongylus soricis, Porrocaecum sp. and L. depressa had low prevalence, and were absent in some years. The species accumulation curve is modelled by power regression equation, and portrays the among-year variations of the richness and diversity of nematode infra-communities. The relationship between the variance and mean abundance of nematodes was reliably modelled by the power equation. The minor among-year variations of regression equation coefficients point to a population-level stability of host-parasite relationships for all of the most common nematode species. The dependence of prevalence on mean abundance in the nematode fauna is reliably described by the power regression equation, and there was little variation of the equation's coefficients among years (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; email: ieshko@krc.karelia.ru.

KHUSAINOV R.V. On the morphology of nematodes of the genus Seinura (Aphelenchina: Aphelenchoididae).

The variability of eight morphological and 23 morphometric parameters was studied in 3-4 populations each of Seinura demani, S. diversa, S. oliveirae and S. oxura, and in one population each of S. tenuicaudata and S. variobulbosa. The nematodes were collected from different regions of European Russia in 2012-2015. Measurements were taken under 63 x water lens. The height and width of the cephalic region, shape and length of the stylet, length and width of the medial bulb, number of oocytes in the germinal zone, and shape and size of the spicule were the most constant characters. The characters with a small range of variation were the body habitus, c' ratio, shape and position of the medial bulb, and post-vulval sac size. The most variable were the body length, a, b, c and V ratios, distance to the hemizonid, oesophageal glands length, genital brunch's length, vulva-anus distance, and shape and length of the tail. This listing for males includes also the distance between supplements and mucro length. The structure of the

oesophagus was similar in closely related species, and of little use in diagnosis. The position of the excretory pore varied only slightly for most specimens, but was different from the typical position in some individuals. The lateral field was indiscernible in most specimens of all seinurid species. Genital brunch length was age-dependent. Intra-population and intra-species variability in the length of body and tail were detected for S. demani, S. diversa, S. oxura and S. tenuicaudata (more than a quarter). The difference in body length for S. variobulbosa and S. oliveirae species was small (less than a quarter of body length) both within and among populations. Males were fewer than females in the populations. Differentiation into larval age group was problematic due to poorly visible stylet and anus. - A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: ren.khusainov@gmail.com.

KUDRIN A.A., KONAKOVA T.N., TASKAEVA A.A. & KOLESNIKOVA A.A. Effect of microclimatic conditions on nematodes in the tundra soils of the European northeast of Russia (transplantation experiment).

Arctic and Subarctic regions are experiencing rapid climate change with consequences for terrestrial ecosystems. Soil invertebrates of such regions are well adapted to variation in climatic conditions, and it has therefore been suggested that climate changes may not have a substantial direct impact on these organisms. There is however mounting evidence that climate change can affect soil invertebrate communities. We conducted a soil transplantation experiment with the aim of assessing the effects of climate change on soil nematodes in the tundra. For the experiment, two plots significantly different in microclimatic conditions (a 'cold' and a 'warm' plot) were selected. The average soil temperature difference between the plots was 5°C. The experiment involved two treatments. In the first case, the soil blocks were transplanted from the 'cold' to the 'warm' plot. In the second case, soil blocks were moved from the 'warm' to the 'cold' plot. Before transplantation, soil blocks were placed in plastic boxes. Soil blocks placed in plastic boxes but not transplanted were used as the control. After 2 years, the blocks were collected. After the transplantation to unfavourable conditions (from 'warm' to 'cold'), the nematode abundance decreased compared to the 'warm' plot, indicating the importance of the temperature in determining the status of nematode communities in the tundra. However, after soil transplantation to more favourable conditions (from 'cold' to 'warm'), nematode abundance did not change compared to the 'cold' plot. This may indicate the existence of factors that are more important than the temperature in limiting nematode communities in the tundra (Support: State Academic Program FSR AAAA-A17-117112850235-2). - Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, UB RAS, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia; e-mail: kudrin@ib.komisc.ru.

LEBEDEVA D.I. & YAKOVLEVA G.A. Nematodes of rare birds' species in Karelia.

The great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), the lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) and the grey heron (Ardeacinerea) are rare species of birds in Karelia. Therefore, any information about their biology, including parasites, is very important. First data on the parasitic nematodes of these birds were obtained. Birds were collected in AugustSeptember 2015 on the southeastern coast of Lake Ladoga and the Lake Pertozero: Phalacrocorax carbo (n = 1), Larus fuscus (n = 2) and Ardea cinerea (n = 1). In total, four species of nematodes were identified. The nematode Contracaecum rudolphii was found in the stomach of the great cormorant. The nematode Eucoleus contortus was found in the esophagus and stomach of L. fuscus from both studied sites. Cosmocephalus aduncus parasitised only in the stomach of gull from Lake Pertozero. The parasite Porrocaecum ardea was found in the esophagus and duodenum of the grey heron. All nematodes of the great cormorant, the lesser black-backed gull and the grey heron identified in our study are typical parasites of these bird species, as well as being widespread in the Palearctic region. Three of the detected species use fish as their intermediate hosts. The nematode E. contortus is the only species in our samples that has a direct life cycle, as it is a geohelminth (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: daryal78@gmail.com.

LEE D.W.1, OKKI M.A.1, NA H.B.1, AHN H.1, KIM H.1, CHOI I.1, CHOI Y.2 & LEE K.3 Efficacy of some nematicidal compounds against turfgrass parasitic nematodes.

Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the major causes of damage on turfgrass. This study was conducted to test the effect of several nematicidal compounds (Abamectin 1.68% SC, Fluazaindolizine 20% SC, Fluopyram 40% SC, Fosthiazata 30% SL, Imicyafos 30% SL, Burkholderia rinojensis, neem extract, and hydrogen peroxide 5%) in laboratory and field conditions for the control of turfgrass parasitic nematodes. The nematicidal activity against nematodes isolated from Kentucky bluegrass tee (mixed population of Paratrichodorus, Helicotylenchus, Longidorus and Mesocriconema) was highest in hydrogen peroxide treatment. Fluopyram and Fosthiazata treatments equally showed higher efficacies compared to Imicyafos 30% SL, Burkholderia rinojensis, and neem extract compounds. Similar effects were observed when tested on a mixed population of parasitic nematodes (Helicotylenchus and Paratylenchus) isolated from creeping bentgrass green soils. On the other hand, Fluopyram and Imicyafos showed the

highest control effect under field experiments conducted on Kentucky bluegrass tee plot in a golf course. -department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea; e-mail: whitegrub@knu.ac.kr; 2School of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea; 3Forest Biomaterials Research Centre, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju, 52817, Republic of Korea.

LEE D.W.1, PARK J.J.2, KABIR M.F.1 & CHOI Y.3 SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices) of soybean cyst nematodes, Heterodera glycines and H. sojae in soybean field.

Soybean cyst nematodes, Heterodera glycines and H. sojae are nematodes commonly found in Korean soybean fields. This study was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of two epecies in soybean fields. The application of geostatistics, variogram model analysis, could minimise the amount of sampling as it can interpret the spatial structure and predict the directional anisotropy of data. Data were collected from two fields highly infected by soybean cyst nematode, and investigated by spatial analysis using aggregation indices, spatial pattern analysis by red-blue plats and SADIE spatial association analysis. - department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea; e-mail: whitegrub@knu.ac.kr; 2Department of Plant Medicine, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660701, Republic of Korea; 3School of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.

MALYSHEVA S.V. & EFEIKIN B.D. Study of microevolutionary processes in parasitic nematodes from millipedes of Western Caucasus.

The millipede Pachyiulus krivolutskyi Golovatch, 1977 (Diplopoda: Julidae) is an endemic species often found in the Western Caucasus. It was found that only one species of nematodes belonging to the genus Severianoia (Schwenk, 1926) Travassos, 1929 (Nematoda: Thelastomatoidea) parasitises millipedes, which makes it an attractive object for studying evolutionary processes. A comparative analysis showed that the nematode populations were represented mainly by females, adult males were found only at one collection point (Gruzinka River). Morphological analysis of juveniles revealed the presence of three size groups corresponding to the second, third and fourth juvenile stages. All studied juveniles were identified as females. DNA sequences (COI and ITS) were obtained for nematodes from five geographical points: Lake Ritsa, Zolotoi Creek, Suk River, Gruzinka River and near Thessaloniki. The ITS sequences from the different samples differed in 4-6 nucleotides (alignment length 900 np), while the maximum difference for COI sequences reached 35-37 nucleotides (alignment length 550 np). Analysis of COI sequences shows that the studied specimens fall into two groups, the average difference between them being 21-37 np. The data obtained correlate with the location of nematodes - individuals from closer ranges have fewer nucleotide differences than individuals found on opposite sides of the Caucasus Mountains (Support: Research Program of RAS "Bioresources", RFBR 18-04-00256-a). - A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: malysheva24@gmail.com.

MATVEEVA E.M.1, BESPYATOVA L.A.1, BUGMYRIN S.V.1, SUSHCHUK A.A.1, SEIML-BUHINGER V.V.1, PAVLOVA T.V.2, MARTJANOV R.S.2 & PROTASOV Y.G.2 Environmental monitoring of museum-reserve "Kizhi": contribution of Laboratory for Animal and Plant Parasitology of the IB KarRC RAS to research of nematodes and other Ecdysozoa in Kizhi skerries.

For more than 25 years, the Laboratory of Animal and Plant Parasitology of the IB KarRC RAS has been cooperating with the Kizhi Open Air Museum-Reserve in line with the Programme of monitoring studies of the natural environment of the museum-reserve. Environmental monitoring is focused on two main thematic areas: the study of soil infestation by a dangerous pest of potatoes, the potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis Woll., and monitoring of ticks Ixodespersulcatus and I. ricinus on islands of the Kizhi archipelago. Research on the soil nematode fauna of forest and meadow communities, as well as agrocenoses of the Kizhi skerries has been conducted since 1994, allowing the assessment of the state of soil ecosystems using nematodes as bioindicators. In 2006, a survey of potato fields revealed a high level of infection with PCN (38-247 cysts (100 g soil)-1). After 10 years, the degree of soil infection decreased (4-49 cysts (100 g soil)-1 on average) due to the use of methods for regulating the nematode populations (resistant cultivars, crop rotation, fallow, etc.). However, new foci of globoderosis were found in fields that used to be free of the infection; therefore, research is needed to reveal the dynamics of the changes in PCN population densities. Ixodid ticks are highly specialised ectoparasites and carriers of various dangerous infections. Detailed information about potentially dangerous territories is required for the establishment of nature trails and tourism development in Kizhi skerries. The species composition and the relative numbers of ixodid ticks on islands of the

archipelago were determined. The acaricide treatment carried out along tourist routes in the open air museum was recognised to be effective against ticks. Studies of the natural environment by parasitologists and staff of the Kizhi museum are examples of mutually beneficial cooperation for scientific, cultural, educational and exhibition activities of the museum in assessing the parasitological situation and state of natural ecosystems (Support: State Order 0218-20190075, DIAS project). - institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; email: matveeva@krc.karelia.ru; 2Museum-Reserve "Kizhi", Petrozavodsk, 185035, Russia. e-mail: martjanov@kizhi.karelia.ru.

MATVEEVA E.M., SEIML-BUCHINGER V.V., YURKEVICH M.G., SIDOROVA V.V. & DUBROVINA I.A. Effect of soil ameliorants on the development of potato cyst nematode.

We investigated the state of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (PCN) population after the treatment of the infected soil with the following ameliorants: biochar (5% dose in two fractions), schungite (5 and 10% doses), brown algae and sodium lignosulfonates (10% solution). No increase in the nematode population was observed in the field experiment after the addition of the ameliorants. In the laboratory experiment (inoculation dose - 10 cysts of PCN per plant), biochar had no negative effect on nematode development: the number of cysts on plant roots was about the same as in the control (36 vs 34 cysts per plant). However, an increase in the percentage of dead eggs inside the newly formed cysts was observed as compared with the control (23-33% vs 13%). When shungite was added to the soil, the nematode population decreased by 23-25%, while the viability of the eggs and juveniles inside cysts of the new generation remained at the control level. In the treatment with fucus crumbs, no nematode development was observed. The results show the potential of using ameliorants for controlling PCN populations (Support: State Order 0218-20190079). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: matveeva@krc.karelia.ru.

MATVEEVA E.M., SUSHCHUK A.A., YURKEVICH M.G. & DUBROVINA I.A. Soil nematode communities of insular meadows, formed on soils contrasting in fertility.

Soil nematode communities of insular forb-grass meadows over different types of bedrock and, consequently, on soils with very different fertility were investigated in Southern Karelia (Bolshoy Klimetsky Island, Lake Onego). The soil in study site 1 was classified as Entic Hortic Podzol formed on glaciolacustrine sand and loamy sand, site 2 - as Haplic Umbrisol Anthric soil formed on shungite moraine. It was found that the main features of the soil nematode communities differed significantly among horizons in site 1. The high nematode diversity (26 genera) and abundance (3731 ind. (100 g soil)-1) were observed in the top horizon due to bacterial feeders' dominance. Further, downward, the diversity and abundance of nematodes (12 genera; 138 ind.) declined sharply; fungal feeders, omnivores and predators had a high relative abundance while the proportion of bacterial- and plant feeders decreased in comparison with the top horizon. The lowest nematode numbers and features of the community structure point to low nutrient content in the soil. This is confirmed by the soil parameters of site 1: high acidity, low content of carbon and nitrogen. In site 2 the variation of nematode communities between soil horizons was smoother: nematode numbers declined from the upper to the lower horizons less abruptly (from 2400 to 418 ind.), the diversity was similar (25 and 21 genera, respectively). The nematode community structure was balanced (all eco-trophic groups present). Nematodes associated with plants dominated in the sod horizon, bacterial feeders and plant parasites dominated in the lower layer, which points to a larger root occupancy area. Favourable habitat conditions for soil nematodes may be due to the soil properties of site 2 -fertile soils with near neutral pH, high total carbon content. Thus, the features of soil nematode communities are closely related to the soil parameters and reflect the main characteristics of soils and bedrocks (Support: State Orders 02182019-0075 and 0218-2019-0079). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: matveeva@krc.karelia.ru.

MILOVANKINA A.A. & FADEEVA N.P. Nematode communities of the brackish areas of the Sea of Japan.

The presented brackish aquatories vary in the distribution and composition of meiobenthic and nematode communities, and were investigated for the first time. The specific characteristics of these areas are the abundance of pseudomeiobentic species with sizes larger than 3000 ^m, the dominance of predators and omnivores, and a reduced share of non-selective detritus feeders and freshwater species. Even the dominant species with high abundances are missing from some areas; the distribution of species is uneven, 1-2 species occur at high densities while others are at low densities. The highest densities were registered at Tikhaya Pristan Harbour, where Cyatholaimus sp., Anoplostoma cuticularia and Oncholaimium japonicum dominated. Species of the Thoracostomopsidae family prevailed in Youzhnaya Bay. Epacanthion sp., Chromadora sp. and Anoplostoma cuticularia dominated in Olga's Bay. Variations in salinity type are found in Yuznaya Bay, Tikhaya Pristan Harbor and Olga's Bay, which contain polyhaline sites with

pssamite and psephite sediments. Lake Presnoye with freshwater at the surface and marine at the bottom, as well as gravelly bed featured the highest densities of Oncholaimidae family species and Daptonema sp. Kruskal-Wallis test with x2 = 862.1, PERMANOVA by Bray-Curtis and Sorensen with F = 6.138 and F = 33.95, P = 0.01, respectively, demonstrated no significant difference between sample medians. MDS and cluster analysis by UPGMA by the Bray-Curtis Sorensen-Dice coefficient, Simpson methods showed that Tikhaya Pristan differed from the rest of the areas. Positive Spearman rank correlation coefficients (P = 0.05) were obtained for salinity and nematode densities in Tikhaya Pristan Harbour (R = 0.8) and Vladimir's Bay (R = 0.6). - Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690600, Russia; e-mail: schugoreva@mail.ru.

MORDUKHOVICH V.V.1, 2, FADEEVA N.P.1, SEMENCHENKO A.A.1, ZOGRAF J.K.1, 2 & YUSHIN V.V.2 New genus and two new species of Leptosomatidae (Nematoda: Enoplida) from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (the Northwest Pacific).

Little is known about the diversity and ecology of deep-sea macrobenthic nematodes. Here, one new genus and two new species of Leptosomatidae are described from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench and adjacent area (3432-9580 m depth). Platonova gen. n. closely resembles Synonchus, but clearly differs by the buccal cavity structure and by the filiform tail with a pointed tip. The posterior part of the buccal cavity has heavily sclerotised walls and is armed with teeth. Descriptions of two Platonova species are provided. Furthermore, we investigated the genetic differentiation of species using data on nucleotide sequences in the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (28S-rDNA, 18S-rDNA, ITS, COI). The interaction between the new genus and other genera of the family Leptosomatidae is discussed (Support: RSF 1450-00034, RFBR 17-04-00719-a). - 1Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690600, Russia; 2National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; e-mail: vvyushin@yandex.ru.

NAUMOVA T.V.1 & GAGARIN V.G.2 Current state of the free-living nematode fauna of Lake Baikal.

The nematode fauna of Lake Baikal consists of 112 species from 32 genera, 16 families and eight orders based on the authors' material and published information. Forty-seven species (more than 40%) belong to the order Triplonchida, including 41 species of the family Tobrilidae. The order Dorylaimida is represented by 18 species, the order Monhysterida by 15 species, Mononchida by 14 species, Chromadorida by eight species, and the order Diplogasterida by seven species. The Lake Baikal nematode fauna has a high degree of endemism (82 species or 72% of the total number). The reasons for the species richness of the fauna include the ancient age of the lake, its great depth, and the diversity of its biotopes. We classify 18 species into Palearctic fauna. The only widespread Palearctic species reported from the abyssal zone of Lake Baikal (found at the depth of 900 m) is Eutobrilus grandipapillatus. Two species (Mononchus niddensis and Ironus tenuicaudatus) have a Holarctic distribution and were encountered in open parts of the Baikal littoral zone. Cosmopolitan species also settle in Lake Baikal. Eleven cosmopolitan species have been recovered from the splash zone or in the littoral zone. One cosmopolitan species, Prodorylaimus longicaudatoides, has adapted to depths ranging from the sublittoral zone to 1520 m (Support: State Order 0345-2019-0009, State Academic Program FSR AAAA-A16-116122110067-8). -1Limnological Institute, SB RAS, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia; e-mail: tvnaum@lin.irk.ru; 2I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, RAS, Yaroslavl Region, Borok, 152742, Russia.

NIKONOROVA I.A., BUGMYRIN S.V. & IESHKO E.P. Nematode fauna of common shrew (Sorex araneus) in Southern Karelia.

Nematodes are one of the most numerous and widespread groups of helminths in S. araneus. Their prevalence and abundance indices are much higher than for other groups of parasitic worms. The aim of the study is to synthesise information on the composition of nematode species in S. araneus and the relative number of nematodes of the common shrew in the middle taiga subzone of Karelia. Studies of the nematode species composition in common shrew were conducted from 1994 to 2018 in Southern Karelia. The nematode fauna of S. araneus in Karelia is represented by 13 species belonging to six families: Capillariidae (4), Soboliphymatidae (1), Strongyloididae (1), Heligmosomidae (4), Angiostrongylidae (1) and Ascarididae (2). Representatives of the nematode fauna in S. araneus demonstrate a diversity of life cycles; common shrew is the definitive host for 11 nematode species, among which nine species are geohelminthes with a direct development cycle, and the rest are biohelminthes where infection occurs by eating intermediate hosts, mainly earthworms. The most common nematodes are representatives of the genus Longistriata. Rare species of nematodes are Hepaticola soricicola, Soboliphyme soricis, Stefanskostrongylus soricis. The nematode fauna of the common shrew consists of Palearctic (69.4% of all helminth species), Holarctic (15.3%) and Cosmopolitan (15.3%) species (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: nikonnira@mail.ru.

ODOYEVSKAYA I.M.1, SEREDKIN I.V.2 & SPIRIDONOV S.E.3 The circulation of Trichinella invasions in woodland habitats of the Russian Far East.

The occurrence of Trichinella juveniles in muscular tissue of dead wild animals in Ternei region, Primorskii Province was studied in 2014-2017. Samples were collected from sables (Martes zibellina), the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), wild boars (Sus scrofa), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), lynxes (Lynx lynx), foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis). DNA extracted from 5-20 juveniles was used to obtain and 'read' partial CoxI mtDNA gene sequences. The sequences were obtained with primers 37F_Tri GCA GTA AAT TTA GAA TTT AAA C and 42R_Tri CCT AAT ATT CAT GGT GTT CAT A. Newly obtained sequences were compared with BLAST algorithm against deposited Trichinella sequences. The CoxI mtDNA sequences were obtained for 17 out of 29 Trichinella-positive samples. Trichinella nativa was a dominant species being present in 12 samples sequenced. Trichinella nativa was presented by four haplotypes. Trichinella spiralis was found in two samples of muscular tissue of the sable and one sample from the fox. Remarkably, the CoxI mtDNA sequence of T. spiralis from Primorsky Region was different from the sequences of this species originating from Europe and North America. Trichinella pseudospiralis was found in two samples from leopard cats. The CoxI mtDNA sequence for T. pseudospiralis strain from Sikhote-Alin National Reserve was identical to that obtained for the strains from the raccoon (isolate ISS13 from the European part of Russia, KM357408) and the brown rat (isolate ISS588 collected in unknown locality in Russia, KM357409) (Support: RSF 19-74-20147). - 1K.I. Skryabin and Ya.R Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants, Branch FSBSI "FSC - ARSRIEVM RAS", Moscow, 117218, Russia; e-mail: odoevskayaim@rambler.ru; 2Pacific Geographical Institute, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; 3A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia.

ODOEVSKAYA I.M.1, KUDRYASHOVA I.B.2, KURNOSOVA O.P.1, REKSTINA V.V.2, RUDENSKAYA Y.A.2, ZIGANSHIN R.H.3 & KALEBINA T.S.2 Excretory-secretory proteins of Trichinella nativa muscle larvae revealed at different cultivation times.

Trichinellosis is a natural focal disease that is registered universally. Data are available on difference in virulence among T. nativa strains in relation to some species of mammals. The variability of host-parasite relationships in trichinellosis largely depends on the qualitative and quantitative composition of protein molecules present in the excretory-secretory (E-S) products of Trichinella. Larvae of T. nativa strain MK032473 (originally isolated from Ursus arctos muscles) were passaged on white mongrel mice. The biomass of invasive larvae was isolated from the muscle tissues of experimental animals by proteolysis in artificial gastric juice, and then cultured in DMEM. E-S products, collected at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of cultivation were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LS-MS/MS). Diverse functional proteins were revealed in E-S products at each stage of cultivation: more than 100 at 24 h, more than 170 at 48 h and more than 250 at 72 h of cultivation. Our results show that the protein composition in E-S products of T. nativa changes depending on the prolongation of cultivation. Common proteins, previously found by us in E-S products of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis (Odoevskaya et al.: Russian Journal of Nematology, V. 26, no. 1, 2018, PP. 63-70), namely deoxyribonuclease family proteins, 5'-nucleotidases and serine proteases were revealed at all three stages of T. nativa larvae cultivation. A comparison of the E-S protein spectrum revealed in T. nativa with that of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis studied by us earlier allows measuring the extent of similarity of E-S products in these species. - 1K.I. Skryabin and Ya.R. Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants, Branch FSBSI "FSC - ARSRIEVM RAS", Moscow, 117218, Russia; e-mail: odoevskayaim@rambler.ru; 2Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia; 3Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia.

ODOEVSKAYA I.M.1, KUDRYASHOVA I.B.2, KURNOSOVA O.P.1, REKSTINA V.V.2, RUDENSKAYA Y.A.2, ZIGANSHIN R.H.3 & KALEBINA T.S.2 Proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larval excretory-secretory proteins.

Trichinella are tissue parasitic nematodes that cause zoonotic disease of mammals, reptiles and birds. The main role in the development of the pathological process in trichinellosis belongs to protein compounds secreted by these helminths, the study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of which is of priority for medicine and veterinary science. Larvae of T. spiralis strain MH259593 (originally isolated from the muscles of domestic pig) and T. pseudospiralis strain KU357408 (isolated from raccoon muscles) were maintained by repeated passaging on white mongrel rats, from the muscles of which the biomass of larvae was obtained for further cultivation in DMEM. Excretory-secretory (E-S) products were collected after 48 h of cultivation and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LS-MS/MS). Bioinformatics analysis was also applied to the obtained results. Multiple functional proteins were revealed in E-S products of both strains: more than 150 proteins in T. spiralis and more than

270 proteins in T. pseudospiralis, among them proteins previously revealed by us (Odoevskaya et al.: Russian Journal of Nematology, V. 26, no. 1, 2018, PP. 63-70). These proteins belonged to deoxyribonuclease family proteins, 5'-nucleotidases and serine proteases, which showed different degrees of identity with similar proteins previously found in E-S products of Trichinella by other authors. Our results show that the protein spectrum in E-S products can vary both between Trichinella spp., as well as between strains. The probable sources of such variability at the genome level of Trichinella are discussed. - 1K.I. Skryabin and Ya.R Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants, Branch FSBSI "FSC - ARSRIEVM RAS", Moscow, 117218, Russia; e-mail: odoevskayaim@rambler.ru; 2Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia; 3Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia.

PERRY R.N. Nematode survival.

Species of nematodes live in a wide variety of habitats from hot water springs and Antarctic tundra to habitats in animals and plants as parasites. In addition, many species have an astonishing ability to survive severe adverse conditions. This not only enables plant-parasitic nematodes to survive the inter-crop period, but also ensures long-term survival of harsh environmental conditions. Such survival ability has major consequences for effective field control of nematodes parasitic on economically important crops. It is also central to the capacity of nematodes to survive transportation and to establish in new areas. The survival strategies of plant-parasitic nematodes will be illustrated and the implications for control and quarantine will be discussed. - School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK; e-mail: r.perry2@herts.ac.uk.

POLYANINA K.S. & RYSS A.YU. Life cycles of xylobiont nematodes with special reference to three species parasitising deciduous trees.

Three nematode-caused diseases of the deciduous trees, Ulmus spp., Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus robur, were studied. The life cycles of xylobiont nematodes are polyxenic, consisting of the propagative generation on a phytopathogenic fungus and the woody plant, and the transmission generation (representing by dauer juveniles) on an insect vector. The aim of the study was to identify the biota in sick trees and to assess the contribution of individual species to the infection dispersal. In tree dieback areas, 27 nematode species were identified from tree trunks. Three of the species belonged to the pathogenic genus Bursaphelenchus. The nematode propagative generations were cultivated on the fungus Botrytis cinerea on PDA. Four moults, the first one inside eggshell, and five stages of development were revealed. Diagnostic characters for stages and sex of the juveniles are the size, position and structures of the genital primordia. The sex of juveniles can be identified starting the third stage. Dauers in Bursaphelenchus ulmophilus and B. crenati are special transmissive juveniles of the third stage (JD3), whereas dauers in B. fraudulentus are JD4. The stoma and pharynx in dauers are reduced and non-functional. These structures are different from the fully developed and functional ones in propagative juveniles. The tests on the nematode specificity were carried out on coniferous and deciduous hosts. The parasitic specificity of the nematode species to their natural plant hosts was proved experimentally; this specificity seems to be independent of their vector preferences. There was an additional nematode species specificity for the plants, which may have been the hosts of the ancestor of the corresponding nematode species clade (the phylogenetic memory) (Support: State Academic Programs FSR AAAA-A17-117030310322-3, AAAA-A19-119020690109-2, AAAA-A17-117080110040-3 (ZIN RAS collections), RFBR 17-04-00360-a). - Zoological Institute, RAS, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia; e-mail: polyanina.kristina.ras@gmail.com, nema@zin.ru.

POPOV I.O.1 & POPOVA E.N.1, 2 Identification of climatic predictors restricting distribution of castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus.

For identification of climatic predictors and their limiting values determining the geographical range of Ixodes ricinus, data on its distribution in 1951-1980 were used. Climate variables were calculated using the results of ground-based meteorological observations of the Roshydromet hydrometeorological stations network for the specified period. Based on the analysis of the literature and information on the biology of I. ricinus, the following climatic factors that influenced its distribution the most were identified: sum of active temperatures (SAT) with threshold of 10°C, annual amount of precipitation and average January temperature. The values of climatic predictors limiting the distribution of I. ricinus were refined by enumerating all possible combinations of their values with a step corresponding to the resolution of the meteorological database in the interval from the minimum value observed within the actual tick range to the maximum value, and further calculation of the climatic range for a given combination of climatic conditions and assessment of the coincidence of the calculated range with the actual one. Cohen's kappa was used as an indicator of the classification quality. As a result of the calculations it was found that the following climatic conditions correspond to

the best coincidence of actual and calculated climate ranges: sum of active temperatures (threshold 10°C) above 1550°Cday, annual precipitation above 491 mm, and average January temperature above -14.1°C. The value of Cohen's kappa for this combination of conditions was 0.85332, which corresponds to an almost complete coincidence of its actual and estimated climatic ranges on the estimation scale for this criterion (Support: State Order 0148-20190009, Program №51 of the Presidium RAS). - 1Yu.A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, 107258, Russia; e-mail: igor_o_popov@mail.ru; 2Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, 119017, Russia; e-mail: en_popova@mail.ru.

POPOVA E.N.1, 2, KOUKHTA A.E.1, 2 & POPOV I.O.2 Use of the soil nematode fauna and pine stands growth data in integrated bioindication of various soil-climatic conditions of the European taiga.

Various biogeocenoses of the European Russia's taiga zone were examined. The ecological-trophic and taxonomic composition of nematode communities and the linear growth of Scots pine stands were studied. In general, the soil type had a greater influence on the composition of nematode communities than the plant community, although the uniformity of the plant cover also similarly increased the nematode fauna. When comparing the nematode communities of similar soil types in different types of plant communities of Karelia (dwarf shrubs, forbsdwarf shrubs and pine stands), their taxonomic similarity coefficients increased in line with the similarity of plant communities. However, the taxonomic similarity rates of the nematode fauna of similar pine communities decreased with growing differences between soil types (peat bog and podzolic soils). Where both soil and plant components of biogeocenoses differed significantly, the similarity coefficients of their nematode communities were close to zero. Stable biogeocenoses were characterised by high taxonomic diversity of the nematode fauna and low indices of dominance of its individual representatives. By contrast, biogeocenoses with unstable ecological conditions had poor nematode fauna and high indices of dominance of its individual representatives. Studies of pine stands also revealed a dependence of linear growth indicators on the soil conditions. The moisture level was the main determinant. Analysis of the data from the monitoring of pine stand response to climate variations showed that the increase in the height of Scots pine was largely dependent on inter-annual variations in temperature and precipitation. It was also established that pine stands in different climatic zones of the European taiga formed separate growth response clusters (Support: State Order 0148-2019-0009). - institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, 119017, Russia; e-mail: en_popova@mail.ru, anna_koukhta@mail.ru; 2Yu.A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, 107258, Russia; e-mail: igor_o_popov@mail.ru.

PRIDANNIKOV M.V.1 & UKOLOVA A.Y.2 Effective nematicide against parasitic nematodes on potatoes.

The damage to tubers by nematodes is one of the most important problems for potatoes. The biology of nematode species is such that they cannot be eradicated completely by any single method, and a whole complex of closely interconnected measures is needed to control this pathogen, helping to control the propagation and reproduction of the pathogen at all stages of potato production. One of the most effective tools is the placement of nematicides into the soil. The new nematicide Vydate 5G provides reliable control of most species of nematodes on potatoes, onions, sugar beets and carrots. - 1A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: mikhail.pridannikov@yahoo.com; 2Corteva Agriscience, Moscow, 121614, Russia; e-mail: anastasiya.ukolova@corteva.com.

PRIDANNIKOV M.V. Integration of fundamental nematology science with applied researches: the relationship of academic science and applied plant protection.

'Nematology', as part of the life science, originated in the 18th century from the search for a solution to applied problems - the damage to agricultural plants by an 'unknown disease'. The microscope enabled recognition of the cause of these diseases - roundworms (nematodes) - and became the main tool for nematologists in recent times. However, the development of technology does not stop. New research methods in nematology have been developed over the past century. Molecular identification of various organisms at this moment is a routine method of modern biological work. Many modifications of PCR for routine work and scientific research have been developed. One of those technologies is the use of Real-Time Multiplex PCR for the simultaneous diagnosis of various plant pathogenic nematodes on potatoes with excellent diagnostic efficiency and specificity. Diagnostic systems have been developed in the 'single plate' format for the most important nematodes of potato of the genera Globodera, Ditylenchus and Meloidogyne. This is another step towards automating the process of diagnosing plant diseases. The developed test system has good potential for quick field diagnostics in the case of a low concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in plant tissues or soil. The next stage in the development of nematode diagnostics is the possibility of using 'big data' and 'artificial intelligence' technologies (Support: RSF 16-16-04109). - A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: mikhail.pridannikov@yahoo.com.

RYSS A.YU. Evolution of the complex life cycles of wood-inhabiting nematodes (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea).

The host specificity of plant-parasitic nematodes to their associates has been revealed both for propagative generations (with host plants and fungal hosts) and for the transmissive generation (with insect vectors). The evolution pattern has been reconstructed in the aphelench nematodes using combined morphological and molecular analysis. It is characterised by the formation of a complex life cycle with subsequent secondary simplification to direct cycles in several phylogenetic lineages. The coevolution of nematodes with plant hosts and insect vector taxa was demonstrated using species of the genus Bursaphelenchus. The main morphological markers of the molecular clades were revealed. A marked trend for combining some progressive steps with many reversal steps to ancestral niches was demonstrated in different clades of nematodes. It was concluded that the system 'plant parasite-host-vector' has originated from the associations of the detritus food web (Support: State Academic Programs FSR AAAA-A17-117030310322-3, AAAA-A19-119020690109-2, AAAA-A17-117080110040-3 (ZIN RAS collections), RFBR 17-04-01397-a). - Zoological Institute, RAS, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia; e-mail: alryss@gmail.com.

SINKEVICH O.V.1, LYABZINA S.N.2 & EVSTRATOVA L.P.3 Phytohelminthological studies of the prevalence of potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll) in Karelia.

The potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.) is an object of exterior and interior plant quarantine. In the Republic of Karelia, G. rostochiensis was found for the first time in 1976. By now, it has spread to the northern borders of the region. Since 2008, the Agricultural Surveillance Administrations of the Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Region and Nenets Autonomous Okrug have maintained a quarantine phytosanitary regime in an area of 145,000 ha, prohibiting free export of cultivated plants to other regions of the country and beyond to prevent further spread of the pathogen. G. rostochiensis is found in all administrative districts of Karelia. The nematode mostly inhabits the central and southern parts of the republic, and only some parts of Olonetsky, Prionezhsky, Pryazhinsky, Kondopozhsky and Sortavalsky districts are free of potato cyst nematodes. The Karelian Branch of the Russian Federal Centre of Plant Quarantine conducts annual surveys of the distribution of the potato cyst nematode in soils cultivated by economic entities of various forms of ownership. Thus, up to 50% of the studied soils owned by agricultural enterprises and farms appear to be nematode contaminated, while the share of phytohelminth-contaminated soils owned by individuals (subsistence plots) reaches 86-100%. Both the morphometric identification method used in the laboratory and the molecular diagnostic method PCR-Flash enables identification of the nematode G. rostochiensis with confidence. Control and supervision measures taken by the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance provide an opportunity to monitor the spread of the quarantine nematode and clearly outline the boundaries of its distribution. Based on the results of long-term research, the phytosanitary quarantine zone has been eliminated and the phytosanitary quarantine regime for the potato cyst nematode (G. rostochiensis) has been terminated in 38 areas of the Republic of Karelia in a total area of 537.67 ha. - 1Karelian Branch of FGBU "VNIIKR", Petrozavodsk, 185033, Russia; e-mail: ovbio@mail.ru; 2PetrSU, Petrozavodsk, 185031, Russia; e-mail: slyabzina@petrsu.ru; 3"Karelian GSAES", Petrozavodsk, 185030, Russia; e-mail: levstratova@yandex.ru.

SMOL N. International Master of Science in Agro- and Environmental Nematology: perspectives for Russian students to attend this course.

The MSc Nematology of Ghent University has changed its programme and name. The original title, Postgraduate International Nematology Course (PINC), has changed into International Master of Science in Agro- and Environmental Nematology (IMAGEN), focusing on the agricultural as well as environmental aspects of Nematology. Key objectives of the new programme include: (1) disseminate knowledge of nematode effects on crops and their role in disease complexes; (2) transfer of information to implement sustainable farming practices and improve agricultural productivity under rapidly changing environmental and climate conditions; (3) facilitate the use of nematodes as biological control agents; (4) advance the knowledge of nematodes in their role as ecosystem service providers. The multidisciplinary approach allows nematologists to be active both in the field of biology and agro-engineering and medicine, work in sophisticated laboratories (advanced molecular and genetic research) as well as in suboptimal conditions where there is hardly any basic equipment as in some developing countries. Currently a course on Identification of aquatic nematodes, open to a broad audience, can be followed on a biennial frequency. Current possibilities and application procedures for Russian students to follow the programme and the Identification course will be explained. - Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium; e-mail: nic.smol@ugent.be.

SMOL N., BEZERRA T.N., DECRAEMER W., EISENDLE-FLOCKNER U., HOLOVACHOV O., SANTIAGO R.P., LEDUC D., MILJUTIN D., SHARMA J., TCHESUNOV A.V., MOKIEVSKY V.O., VENEKEY V., ZHAO Z., HODDA M. & VANREUSEL A. Update on NeMys - an evolving online database with taxonomic and ecological information on nematodes.

NeMys is the online nematode biodiversity database erected in 1998 from the taxonomic filing cabinet of the marine Biology Research unit at Ghent University (Belgium). Now NeMys has been integrated into the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Originally started as database for Antarctic marine nematodes, it was expanded to all marine nematodes and, since 2018, the database also includes freshwater, soil and parasitic nematodes. An international crew of nematode taxonomists, experts in particular orders and families, manage and regularly update the online database. This includes providing the most authorative list of taxon names of all marine and estuarine species ever published and classified according to the classification of De Ley & Blaxter (2004), with further amendments by Schmidt-Rhaesa (2014). It also includes ecological information and distribution records in a user-friendly surface. As such, NeMys is an indispensable tool for taxonomic and ecological research and can be used for educational purposes. Registered users will have full access to the PDF of entire taxonomic papers and to snippets of species descriptions. This worldwide easy access to old and new taxonomic and ecological literature is a major step forward for correct identification of nematodes. Some of the most recently added or updated features and tools will be shown. - Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium; e-mail: nic.smol@ugent.be.

SUSHCHUK A.A., KRIVOROT I.V., YURKEVICH M.G. & MATVEEVA E.M. Vertical distribution of soil nematodes in a meadow biocenosis, South Karelia.

The vertical distribution of soil nematodes in a meadow biocenosis was investigated in southern Karelia, Russia (62°13'41,41" N; 34°2'17,09" E). Samples were collected from soil depths of 0-5, 5-26, 26-30 cm, which corresponded to the sod, A and BCg horizons. The soil of the study site was classified as Cleyic Retisol. The dominant species in the plant cover were Alopecuruspratensis L. and Deschampsia cespitosa L. Analysis of the nematode fauna and the trophic structure of the nematode communities showed that the upper soil layer was characterised by the highest values of nematode abundance (1833 ind. (100 g soil)-1) and taxonomic diversity (26 genera), the dominance of bacterial feeders and omnivores in the community (genera Mesodorylaimus, Eudorylaimus and Rhabditis). The numbers of Rhabditis were the highest in the sod horizon, where decaying plant residues, the bulk of organic matter and bacteria were concentrated, contributing to the high density of rhabditids and other bacterial-feeding nematodes. Their populations declined with depth. In the 5-26 cm horizon the nematode abundance and diversity decreased (112 ind.; 18 genera) and nematodes associated with plants (Aglenchus) dominated in the community, since this layer has a high density of living plant roots (according to soil profile description). In the gleyic horizon (26-30 cm, rich in clay and compacted) the nematode abundance (85 ind.) and diversity (15 genera) were the lowest. The trophic structure changed in this horizon: omnivores and fungal feeders dominated in the nematode community structure. Analysis of the ecological indices showed that the Enrichment Index, associated with available organic matter in the soil, gradually decreased with depth, whereas the values of SI and EMI did not change. Thus, the total nematode numbers and diversity decreased downward into the soil of the meadow biocenosis; the vertical distribution of dominant taxa and nematode community structure were related to the gradual change of soil depth (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075, RFBR 18-34-00849). -Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: anna_sushchuk@mail.ru.

SUSHCHUK A.A.1, MATVEEVA E.M.1, BUTORINA N.N.2, POPOVA E.N.3, 4, POPOV I.O.3 & GAGARIN V.G.5 Comparative analysis of the soil nematode communities in meadows and agrocenoses: regional features.

To identify the role of the latitudinal gradient in the formation of the soil nematode fauna and the structure of soil nematode communities we investigated meadows and agrocenoses (potato fields) in northwestern (Republic of Karelia, 61°-66° N) and central (Yaroslavl and Moscow, 58° N) regions of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the nematode fauna of meadow soils revealed higher values of diversity in Karelia compared to the Yaroslavl Region (30 vs 24 genera, on average), possibly due to a small dataset for Yaroslavl. The total nematode abundance, by contrast, was higher in more southern areas (8540 vs 2404 ind. (100 g soil)-1 in Karelia). Bacterial feeders (49.6%) and fungal feeders (12.3%) dominated in the eco-trophic structure of nematode communities in Karelian meadows; omnivores (52.2%) and bacterial feeders (26.6%) prevailed in meadows of the Yaroslavl Region. Notable differences were observed in the complex of phytotrophs, which consisted of plant parasites and nematodes associated with plants. The contribution of these groups to the nematode community in Karelia was higher (21.5%) compared to the Yaroslavl Region (2%). The comparison of potato field nematode communities showed that Karelia had higher values of nematode abundance (1498

vs 633 ind.), but fewer genera (25 vs 29). Agrocenoses of more southern regions were characterised by the dominance of plant parasites in the community structure (35.7%) and the presence of taxa that have not yet been found (Xiphinema, Longidorus) or are rare (Trichodorus, Paratrichodorus) in potato fields of Karelia. In the northern conditions, bacterial feeders dominated in the communities (61.2%). There were marked differences in the abundance of omnivorous nematodes, which were subdominants in the fields of the Moscow Region (27.5%) and had a much lower abundance in the agrocenoses of Karelia (9.8%). The similarity of the nematode community structures was seen in the abundance of predators and nematodes associated with plants - both groups were scarce in arable soils, regardless of the region. Research contributing to the understanding of the zonal-geographical features of the soil organism distribution will be continued (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075, Program № 41 of the Presidium RAS "Biodiversity of natural systems and biological resources of Russia", RFBR 18-34-00849). - institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: anna_sushchuk@mail.ru; 2A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: nbut@list.ru; 3Yu.A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, 107258, Russia; e-mail: igor_o_popov@mail.ru; 4Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, 119017, Russia; e-mail: en_popova@mail.ru; 5I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, RAS, Yaroslavl Region, Borok, 152742, Russia; e-mail: gagarin@ibiw.yaroslavl.ru.

TABOLIN S.B. On the faunistic diversity of nematodes of the family Hoplolaimidae in the European part of Russia.

The purpose of this work was to study the fauna of nematodes of the family Hoplolaimidae in European Russia. There were several objectives in the study: 1) to collect soil samples from different location in European Russia and identify hoplolaimid species; 2) to compile and systematise data from the literature on the nematode fauna of this family in the territory. From 2010 to 2019, about 700 soil samples were collected from natural and agricultural ecosystems in the Northwestern, Central and Southern regions of Russia. Nematodes were extracted using two methods: the Baermann funnel method and Flegg's decanting and sieving method. Then, the nematodes were killed with hot water, fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted in glycerin on slides using the Seinhorst technique. The identification of individual species was conducted by morphometric characters under a light microscope. The total taxonomic list of species of the family Hoplolaimidae registered in European Russia is as follows: Rotylenchus agnetis Szczygiel, 1968, R. buxophilus Golden, 1956*, R. cf. capitatus Eroshenko, 1981*, R. cypriensis Antoniou, 1980*, R. fallorobustus Sher, 1965*, R. goodeyi Loof & Oostenbrink, 1958, R. pumilus (Perry, 1959) Sher, 1961, R. quartus (Andrassy, 1958) Sher, 1961, R. robustus (de Man, 1876) Andrassy, 2007, Helicotylenchus canadensis Waseem, 1961*, H. digonicus Perry, 1959*, H. multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956, H. pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956*, H. ryzhikovi Kulinich, 1985, H. varicaudatus Yuen, 1964, H. vulgaris Yuen, 1964*. Species marked with * were found during this study. -A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: stabolin@mail.ru.

TCHESUNOV A.V. Species of the order Desmoscolecida (Nematoda: Chromadoria) in the southeast Atlantic abyss and a review of deep-sea Desmoscolecida.

The Order Desmoscolecida comprises free-living marine nematodes characterised by simple and thin cuticle with prominent rings covered by clay particles, large vesicular amphids, paired reddish ocelli, peculiar locomotion by means of body setae, parental care of eggs attached to the female body, etc. Molecular data support the relationship of Desmoscolecida to the order Monhysterida; both taxa share also outstretched female gonads and non-spiral amphids. Desmoscolecid species occur worldwide in marine sediments from supralittoral belt to the maximal depths of the deep-sea; a few species inhabit even soil and freshwater sediments. However, desmoscolecid species look very similar everywhere regardless of the geographical region and milieu. The diet of desmoscolecid species remains unknown thus far. All the specimens either examined, from shallow or from deep-sea areas, showed no content in the intestine. The percentage of desmoscolecids in nematode assemblages reaches about 10% in deep-sea silty sediments whereas the highest taxonomical diversity is documented in shallow medium sands. The study of desmoscolecids in the Angola Basin (SE Atlantic, about 5500 m deep) revealed 16 species of Desmoscolex, one species of Protricomoides and one species of Tricoma (altogether 7.5% of all nematode specimens). Sixteen species of them are new for science while one species of Desmoscolex and one species of Protricomoides were described formerly from SE Pacific deep-sea. The deep-sea fauna of Desmoscolecida is characterised by comparatively high abundance, low species diversity with dominant genera Desmoscolex and Tricoma and widespread to cosmopolitan distribution of species in the World Ocean abyss (Support: RFBR 18-04-00237-a). - Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; e-mail: AVTchesunov@yandex.ru.

TIKHOMIROVA N.D.1, PRIDANNIKOV M.V.1 & RYSS A.YU.2 Migrating root nematodes on the fields of agrocultures in the Central Black Earth Region.

One of the main groups of plant-parasitic nematodes, along with cyst-forming, root-knot and stem nematodes, are the root migratory nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus. According to data in the literature, pratylenhids are dangerous parasites of agricultural plants in the USA, and the cultivation of main crops include various methods for nematode control. In our country, the root migratory nematodes, as pests of cultivated plants, have recently received limited attention. The species composition of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus and their influence on various industrial crops were studied. Soil samples for analysis were collected over two years (2017-2018) on the territory of six regions of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia under planting of potatoes, sugar beet, soybeans and rapeseed; nematodes from soil and roots were isolated by the funnel method. According to test results, nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus were found in 90% of soil samples and in 80% of root samples from all crops. The faunal composition of the pratylenhids for all samples included five species: Pratylenchus crenatus, P. neglectus, P. penetrans, P. pratensis and P. thornei. Pratylenchus penetrans and P. crenatus were dominant species in the samples. The quantity of pratylenhids was from 30 to 370 specimens 100 cm-3. In lateral roots with necrosis the quantity was up to 10 ind. (g wet weight)-1. On two fields, the foci of oppression of sugar beet and soybean plants were found. The quantity of nematodes in these samples was up to 400 ind. (100 cm soil)-3, and their number in the roots was 18 sp. g-1. At the same time a high quantity of other plant-parasitic nematodes were also noted (Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp.). Probably, the plant's poor growth is a consequence of the joint invasion of these nematodes. Thus, it has been established that root migrating nematodes are obligatory participants of the nematodofauna of field agrocenoses (Support: Program №41 of the Presidium RAS "Biodiversity of natural systems and biological resources of Russia"). -1A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: tikhomirova9669@gmail.com; 2Zoological Institute, RAS, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.

TREBUKHOVA YU.A.1, PAVLYUK O.N.1, LUTAENKO K.A.1, LI BAOQUAN2 & BO SONG2 Taxonomic composition and spatial distribution of free-living marine nematode communities from the intertidal zone in Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea coast in Northern China.

Free-living marine nematodes in the tidal zone of the Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea coast (northern China) were investigated. The coastline of the bay is occupied by Yantai City, which is currently the second largest industrial city in Shandong Province. The intertidal zone of the studied area is mainly represented by sandy beaches, although we also sampled a mudflat near the shrimp and scallop farms. The tidal regime is semidiurnal with a maximum tide range from 1 to 3 m. Three sampling sites were established and triplicate samples in each transect were randomly taken for nematode communities. Three transects (A, A' and A") in the muddy zone and two transects (B and C) in the sandy zone were sampled at low tides. During the sampling period the temperature of the bottom water layer ranged from 18.1 to 19.2°C; salinity 21-29%o. A total of 73 species were identified from the area, belonging to 61 genera and 17 families. The dominant families were Thoracostomopsidae, Oncholaimidae, Tripyloididae and Chromadoridae. The highest density was found in the middle tidal zone at all transects. The average nematode density in muddy sediments was 413±175 ind. (10 cm-2). The highest density and diversity levels were recorded for the station A'2, the taxonomic composition consisted of 31 species, and the most abundant were Bathylaimus sp.1 and Ptycholaimellus sp.; species diversity indices were d-6.5 and H-2.63. The average nematode density in sandy sediments was 342±72 ind. (10 cm-2). The nematode distribution density in transect B was similar to that found at transect A. The density was low in the middle tidal level (B 2) - 140±51 ind. (10 cm-2), only 12 species of nematodes were found, dominated by Bathylaimus huanghaiensis, Enoplolaimus sp.3 and Oncholaimus sinensis. It was noted that the Shannon index (1.8) and the Margalef index (2.3) were the lowest. The highest density was recorded at transect C at the low tidal level (433±108 ind. (10 cm-2)), 17 species of nematodes were found, dominated by B. huanghaiensis and O. gingdaoensis, the lowest values of the indices (H')-1.7 and (d)-3.4 were recorded there. Thus, the density and species diversity of nematode communities were uneven in both muddy and sandy sites of the Sishili Bay tidal zone. Substantial differences were detected between the density of nematodes in muddy sediments and that of communities in the sandy zone. Based on cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, all stations were separate at 20% level; however, stations from sites B and C were clearly grouped together at 40% level (Support: The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA23050304, XDA23050202 and 133337KYSB20160002), the joint project CAS 2015FY210300, the Key Research Project of Frontier Science of CAS QYZDB-SSW-DQC041, and the self-deployment project of Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences YIC755021012). -1National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia; e-mail: trebukhova@gmail.com; 2Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.

TSKITISHVILI E.T.1' 2, JGENTI L.T.3, BAGATHURIA N.L.1, TSKITISHVILI T.D.1, GIGOLASHVILI M.G.1 & ELIAVA I.J.1 Plant-parasitic nematode communities in agroecosystems of Bolnisi (Eastern Georgia).

Among cultivated plants that are especially invaded by nematodes, potato is the most important one. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes in Bolnisi (Eastern Georgia) potato fields and their relationship with soil and climatic variables. Soil samples were collected from potato fields in Nakhiduri (N 41.295694, E 44.210649), Savaneti (N 41.332697; E 44.237023), Chapala (N 41.336384; E 44.296202) and Khatissopheli sites. During research in the studied ecosystems, 128 forms of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes were recorded, from which 87 forms were identified up to species. The recorded nematodes belong to 8 orders and 58 genera. The largest variety of nematodes species was observed in Nakhiduri - 76 species, and the smallest was in Savaneti - 39 species. The richest by the number of species was in the order Dorylaimida, which was represented by 61 species (47.6% of the total species composition). As the quantitative composition of nematode communities does not give comprehensive information about their similarity, a symmetric matrix of values of the coefficient of Jaccard index was compiled. All nematodes that were found can be divided into five groups according to their feeding habits: plant-parasitic, fungivorous, saprobiotic, predatory and omnivores. The proportion of individual trophic groups in nematode communities was characterised by the prevalence of omnivores followed by plant parasites. The group of omnivore nematodes, which was represented by 58 species (45.3%), constituted the core of nematode communities. Plant-parasitic nematodes were represented by 19 species (14.8% of species composition). The most common species were Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 and Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865. (Support: Ministry of Science and Education of Georgia). - department of Nematology, Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia; e-mail: eka.tskitishvili@iliauni.edu.ge; 2Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Biosystems Engineering, Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, 0192, Georgia; 3Faculty of Natural Sciences and Health Care, Batumi Rustaveli State University, Batumi, 6010, Georgia.

UDALOVA ZH.V.1, 2, GINS M.S.3, GINS V.K.3 & ZINOVIEVA S.V.1 Influence of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on oxidative processes in tomato plants.

Phytonematodes are one of the factors that cause stress in plants. The earliest response of the plant organism to parasite infection is the local generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) - an oxidative burst that triggers the chain of subsequent protective reactions. Free radical oxidation leads to the destruction of organic molecules, primarily lipids, activating the processes of their peroxidation (LPO), which leads to damage to the structure of biological membranes. One of the end products of LPO is malonic dialdehyde (MDA). The content of MDA in the leaves and roots of tomatoes infected with Meloidogyne incognita was higher than in healthy plants. The MDA content on the 5th day after invasion was higher by 63.6% in the leaves, - and by 28.8% in the roots - by; on the 14th day it was higher by 84.2%in leaves and by 81.9% - in the roots. Peroxidase (PO) is involved in the detoxification of LPO intermediates. Investigation of the activity of benzidine-dependent and guaiacol-dependent forms of peroxidases showed that infection by plant-parasitic nematodes was accompanied by an increase in the activity of PO in roots with a maximum on the 14th day, after which the activity of enzymes decreased. In addition to direct action on the physiological and biochemical processes in the cell, ROS also have indirect effects, which are manifested in a decrease in the content and ratio of the main pigments of photosynthesis. A lower level of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the chloroplasts of infected plants was established compared to healthy ones, which indicates changes in the photosynthetic chain of the electron transport of C3 tomato plants. Our studies have shown that in chloroplasts isolated from leaves of plants infected with root-knot nematodes, the electron transfer to molecular oxygen along the pseudocyclic pathway increased dramatically (up to 67%) and decreased non-cyclically to 80% compared to non-infected plants. The formation of reactive oxygen forms, superoxide radical and H2O2, which can increase oxidative stress in chloroplasts, is associated with pseudocyclic electron transport. - 1A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia; e-mail: udalova.zh@rambler.ru; 2K.I. Skryabin and Ya.R. Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants, Branch FSBSI "FSC - ARSRIEVM RAS", Moscow, 117218, Russia; 3Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre, Moscow Region, VNIISSOK, 143080, Russia; email: vniissok@mail.ru.

YAKOVLEVA G.A. & LEBEDEVA D.I. Nematodes of the red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator L.) in Karelia.

The red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) is a widespread bird in Karelia. It is more numerous in the northern part of Karelia, near the White Sea. Data on parasites of the red-breasted merganser are scarce. Therefore, any such information is very important. The first data on the parasitic nematodes of Mergus serrator in Karelia were obtained. In total, six bird specimens were collected during the spring hunting season of 2013 (three specimens) and the autumn

hunting season of 2015 (three specimens) from the southeastern coast of Lake Ladoga. Five nematode species were identified. Larvae of two species - Eustrongylides mergorum and Contracaecum rudolphii - develop in fish, which is the main food source for the merganser. Both nematode species were rare in birds. The developmental cycles of the nematodes Streptocara crassicauda and Tetrameres fissipina are associated with invertebrates (freshwater crustaceans and scuds), whereas fish is their paratenic host. S. crassicauda is the most common and numerous species among the merganser's parasites. The nematode Pseudocapillaria mergi has a direct life cycle. Specimens of this species were found in all the examined birds. All nematodes of the red-breasted merganser identified in our study are typical parasites of this bird species, as well as widespread in the Palearctic (Support: State Order 0218-2019-0075). - Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia; e-mail: galina_il87@mail.ru.

YUSHIN V.V.1, GLIZNUTSA L.A.1, SOKOLOVA E.A.2 & ZOGRAF J.K.1 Male gametes in Ecdysozoan worms: everything's alright!

The metazoan clade Ecdysozoa indicates the close relationships between the moulting invertebrate phyla where worm-like aschelminth taxa Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera and Priapulida are phylogenetically distant from the arthropod related phyla. Relationships of worm-like ecdysozoans are discussed here using male gamete morphology as the character reflecting their phylogeny. Primitive spermatozoa with a rounded head, an acrosome, a nucleus with a nuclear envelope, mitochondria and a flagellum were found in the most primitive ecdysozoan worms, Priapulida. Flagellate elongated modified spermatozoa were found in the interstitial priapulids and Loricifera. The spermatozoa of Kinorhyncha have a well developed axoneme but unusual ultrastructural features. Data on spermatozoa do not contradict the traditional association of Priapulida, Loricifera and Kinorhyncha as the supertaxon Scalidophora. Aflagellate aberrant spermatozoa are characterised by the absence of an axoneme, an acrosome and a nuclear envelope; they usually include multiple mitochondria and unique membranous components. These features were well demonstrated in Nematomorpha and Nematoda. Spermatozoa of nematomorphs are rod-shaped cells with an expanded anterior 'acrosomal complex' and a posterior part with axial cylindrical nucleus surrounded by layers of cisterns. There is no axoneme, but usual mitochondria occur in the acrosomal complex. The aberrant nematode spermatozoa have no axoneme and acrosome; these are bipolar cells with the anterior pseudopod and the cell body that includes the nucleus without a nuclear envelope, mitochondria and membranous organelles. Analysis of the newest original data on the sperm development in the kinorhynchs, nematomorph Gordionus alpestris and several free-living nematodes of the class Enoplea supports the association of Nematoda and Nematomorpha as the supertaxon Nematoida (Support: RFBR 17-04-00719-a). - 1National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; e-mail: vvyushin@yandex.ru; 2A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia.

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Prof. Irakli Eliava is awarded an Honorary Membership of the Russian Society of Nematologists

Irakli Eliava Ph.D., D.Sci. is the founder of plant nematology in Georgia, the corresponding member of Academy of Sciences of Georgia, and Emeritus Professor of Ilia State University. Irakli Eliava was born on December 23, 1928. He graduated from Tbilisi school №2 with a gold medal and proceeded to study at Tbilisi State University, which he attended for a year. Then he continued his education at Lomonosov Moscow State University, having completed it in 1953.

He carried out his post-graduate studies at the Institute of Zoology of the Georgian Academy of Sciences where in 1962 he received his doctorate. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled "The Nematofauna of the Family Solanacea in Georgia" and was supervised by Prof. A.A. Paramonov, a co-founder of plant nematology in USSR from the Helminthological Laboratory of Academy of Sciences of USSR. Since then, the scientific activity of Prof. Irakli Eliava was always connected with the Georgian Academy of Sciences.

Many fellow researchers of the Institute of Zoology in Tbilisi, such as Alexander Machabeli, Hans Rekk, David Kobahidze, Alexander Sadovskii, Boris Kurashvili and Pavel Chanturia, contributed to the development of Irakli Eliava as a scientist.

Prof. Eliava was appointed Head of the Laboratory of Nematology and he and his colleagues from the laboratory undertook many field trips throughout Georgia where he collected plant-parasitic nematodes. They also took part in the international scientific activities. The Institute of Zoology is proud of its rich collection of scientific literature, obtained mainly due to the laborious work of the staff of the Prof. Eliava Laboratory.

Since the 1970s, Dr Eliava supervised Ph.D. studies on plant nematodes of Georgia. Seven Ph.D. and two D.Sci. theses were obtained under his supervision. Here in the Institute of Zoology, he received his D.Sci. for the thesis entitled "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Ecology of the Order Dorylaimida". In 1985, he became a professor and in 1988 a corresponding member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. In 1989, he was appointed as a Director of the Institute of Zoology, a post he held until his retirement in 2005. For all this period he also taught students at Ilia State University, which awarded him the Professor emeritus status. He was still frequently seen in the Laboratory of Nematology.

Dr Eliava was at the beginning of plant nematological studies in Georgia and his work contributed greatly to their development. For a long time, he taught on the Faculty of Biology of Dzhavahishvili Tbilisi State University (the former Pushkin Pedagogical Institute) being Head of Zoology Department and then Dean of the Faculty.

He published his research results in several monographs and 160 research articles, participated in many conferences, symposia, and congresses on nematology, and was involved in the editorial work in many scientific journals including Zoosystematica Rossica. Many national and international projects in the area of plant nematology were carried out under his supervision. His work was highly acclaimed and he was awarded Petre Melikishvili award by Tbilisi State University.

Great support in his scientific activities has always been his family. He has two daughters and two grandchildren.

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