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NEW SOCIAL VARIABLES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE WOMEN'S COMMISSION OF CRIME
DR. SABAH ABDULLAH TAHA ABDULLAH
Assistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Social Studies, College of Arts, King
Faisal University-Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia sabdulla@kfu.edu.sa
Abstract:
The paper dealt with the issue of the new social variables and their relationship to women's attitude towards crime, and it aimed to know the nature and type of contemporary social variables and how this affected the push of women to crime. Crime and the development of digital means and technologies resulted in the difficulty of detecting and tracking the perpetrators, and it was explained through studying the tendency of women to crime, which the technical means contributed to its commission and what was newly called electronic and digital crimes, in its methodological aspect, the paper described and analysed the social variables and their impact on women's commission of the crime in particular, and the study reached some results.
- The pattern and form of the crime changed according to contemporary changes and its dependence on the technical and computer offenders.
- The study showed the difficulty of discovering crimes of a technical nature, as well as prosecuting their perpetrators. The development of crimes into intercontinental crimes increased their rates.
- The need for security and police agencies to keep up with the new crimes and know how to deal with them and control them.
- Establishing high-tech electronic monitoring so that all suspicious movements are monitored, tracked technically, and reduced.
Keywords: social variables, new crimes.
INTRODUCTION:
The study of crime has occupied a large share of the interest of many countries since ancient times and in recent years in particular, especially with the increase in crime rates and the change in their forms and methods, and crimes have become electronic and digital.
Looking at the crimes of women, it was found that their rates are relatively low compared to the rates of crimes of men, especially at the level of Arab and African countries. Terrorism is one of the manifestations of new crimes among women, murder, theft, and other crimes.
This paper seeks to shed light on the new variables at the level of social communication, the media, globalization, and others, which have contributed to the increase in the rate of women's crimes, regardless of the type of crime.
THE STUDY'S IMPORTANCE:
The paper's importance is due to its connection with the attempt to uncover new crimes and the most important factors that prompted women to commit them. Therefore, the scientific and practical importance of the research is represented in the following:
Scientific Importance:
- The importance of the paper is highlighted in its handling of a topic of local and global interest, as reflected in the social issues related to women's crimes.
- This study can provide an important database, scientific reference, and contribution to the scientific library, and researchers and those interested in the field of crime can benefit from it.
- The importance of the study stems from the importance of the segment it targets, which is women.
- The importance of the study also lies in focusing on the new variables and their relationship to women's commission of the crime.
Practical importance:
- It is expected that this study will come out with important results that explain the new variables that pushed women to commit crimes.
- Attempting to benefit from the results, recommendations, and suggestions of the paper and to benefit the relevant authorities such as penal institutions and so on.
Paper problem:
Women are experiencing several new social variables, such as the electronic revolution and the resulting spread of the use of social networking sites and the emergence of some associated crimes such as electronic extortion, as well as the relative liberation of women and what resulted from the globalization of the relative liberation of Arab women from the social restrictions that were imposed on them and their openness and what happened from a social change that helped facilitate access to crime, and also accompanied this change with development in work systems, where women's jobs were previously in education and the medical field and women's jobs were limited, but they became practicing most professions, and despite the positiveness of that, it contributed relatively to the commission of some crimes of serious importance. The new qualitative nature of the women's work field and their pioneering in the field of electronic commerce, and their lack of knowledge of the legal culture related to labor legislation and laws may be a reason for them to commit electronic crimes such as fraud, and money crimes, especially with the prosperity of electronic commerce and so on.
Regarding the foregoing, the paper's problem is summed up in standing on the new social variables and their relationship to women's commission of the crime.
RUSSIAN LAW JOURNAL Volume XI (2023) Issue 9s
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The paper seeks to achieve a main objective represented in identifying the new social variables and their relationship to women's commission of the crime. From that objective, there are sub-objectives represented: Knowing the new types of the crimes.
Standing on the new social variables and their relationship to women's commission of the crime.
Study questions:
The paper seeks to answer the following main question: What are the new social variables and their relationship to women's commission of crime? From that question, sub-questions branch out:
• What are the new types of the crimes?
• What are the new social variables and their relationship to women's commission of the crime?
Study concepts: A/ Variables:
First: the linguistic definition:
"The term "variable" refers to any quantity that changes or any distinguishing characteristic that can be measured, and it is called everything that is intended to be studied in social research." (Ghaith, 1989, p. 506)
The variable refers to a particular characteristic that deals with several attitudes, values, or properties, and statistics collected by researchers to represent a thing, a property, an attribute, an item, an individual, or some individuals where the word "variable" can refer to a particular concept, which is defined procedurally in terms of research procedures, they are quantitatively measured or described qualitatively because they have the same value, degree or level for all individuals. (Khidr, 1434, p.299).
In sociology, the things to be studied in social research are called variables. The variable of its name is the thing that is not fixed. In the sense that the crime in social research is considered a variable, and the variables are of three types, the first is called independent, the second is dependent, and the third is an intermediate variable.
(The World Wide Web - Abdel-Aziz Al-Kaltham, Incorrect Diagnosis and the Relationship between it and other variables - Social Forum www.socialar.com). Third: The procedural definition:
Variables mean the external factors related to the environment that surround women and affect their behavior. It does not only include material aspects, but also includes moral aspects such as culture, education, and prevailing ideas that can lead to delinquency and the crime.
The variable here refers to the quantitative or qualitative difference between the old and the new during a specific period. She added the word society, becoming
"social variables": They are social variables, in both the material and moral culture of individuals and groups, and new patterns of relationships and roles.
B/ The New:
First: the linguistic definition:
Innovative: (noun) ◦ the object of innovate
◦ invented: new
◦ Innovative speech: it was not prevalent before, innovative, innovative.
◦ New term: a new term, that is, it was not in circulation before. (Omar, 2008, p. 1544)
Second: the terminological concept:
Different patterns of unknown behavior, in which advanced technology contributes to the crime process, and its commission or spread results in damage and harm to society.
In light of the increase in the aspirations of individuals and the occurrence of profound radical changes in their lifestyle and their human and social relations, urgent calls have emerged to address the negative effects of the reality of these results resulting from the types of material and moral harm emanating from those modern changes and their penetration into contemporary societies, which to the extent that they had Positive aspects, as it was reflected in one way or another on the crime and its nature and facilitated access to it." (Selim, 2014, p. 122). Third: operational definition:
The new variables are means brought about by advanced technology that did not exist before, such as globalization, social networking sites in our time, the media, etc., which have produced negative aspects that facilitated access to crime in terms of learning and method and helped in the delinquency and criminality of women.
C/ The concept of criminal behavior: First: the linguistic definition of crime:
It is taken from the source (germ) "and the offense: is cutting off, and the offense is criminalizing the offense: that is, cutting it off, and the offense: It is transgression, sin, and the plural are criminal, so it is said that so-and-so is criminal: that is, he sinned." (Ibn Manzoor, 1408, p. 445)
The Almighty said: (O you who have believed, be upright for Allah, bearers of witness with justice, and let not hatred of a people prevent you from being unjust, be just, that is nearer to piety, and fear God, indeed, God is aware of what you do) (Surah Al-Ma'eda verse 8).
That is, do not make you hate a people to attack them. "The crime is called what was acquired by illegal means, so it is said: He went out to criminalize his family: i.e. he sought and deceived."
"The meaning of crime in terms of language" refers to everything contrary to the truth, and thus you will find a close connection between the linguistic meaning and
what was mentioned in the Qur'an for this concept, as God Almighty singled out this article "crime" to describe undesirable actions in the Sharia" (Yassin, 1413, p.40). Criminal Behavior is any act and behavior that harms society and is directed against the public interest.
Or: It is any type of violation of moral standards accepted by a particular society and stipulated to violate the law.
Crime is defined as every act that contravenes a legal or regulatory rule established to control the behavior of the individual within society.
The idea of crime does not change in essence, but its form changes according to the source of orders and regulations. If the source of judgment is religious, then the crime is religious, and if the source is moral, then the crime is moral. If social values are the source of rules, then the crime is social. Finally, a crime is legal if you break the law.
The social concept of crime:
Sociologists believe that crime is a social phenomenon, and criminalization in itself is the judgment issued by the group on some types of behavior, regardless of the text of the law. people and money. And the artificial crime that constitutes an infringement of emotions that can be transformed, such as religious and national emotions. (Al-Samalouti, 1983, p. 82) and it is thus:
• It is considered a crime resulting from the group's legalization of some of the actions and behavior of its members, whether or not it carries a legal penalty. This shows that the criterion of righteousness or lack thereof is a social reference, not a legal one.
• It was also said that crime is "every act that does not agree with the general feeling of the group," or "every act that disagrees with the ideas and values spread in society."
Procedural definition of Crime:
Any legal or legal prohibition committed by a woman, and she was sentenced by a court ruling for which she was imprisoned.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEVIANCE AND CRIME:
It lies in the degree of society's reaction toward the act. If the members of society content themselves with complaining about the act or its perpetrator or trying to advise him or quit it, or take precautionary measures and treatment without applying punitive measures to prevent him from doing so, then the act is considered a deviation, but it does not reach the level of criminalization.
As for the intended crime through this study, it is all that the legislation or the law stipulates criminalizing actions and words and gives it an explicit punishment. As for deviant acts in their comprehensive meaning, they are acts that are subject in their definition to continuous change in the customs and traditions of society, and they are therefore relative acts that change with the change of circumstances of time and place but to a lesser extent on the concept of crime.
Crime in the Islamic legislation:
The word "crime" refers to the commission of every act that violates truth and justice. And from the word criminality was derived, and they were criminalized, confirming the Almighty's saying in the decisive revelation (Indeed, those who committed crimes were among those who believed, laughing) verse (29) Surah Al-Mutaffifin
The crime is doing something that is not recommended and is reprehensible. Therefore, disobedience to God and committing what He forbade is considered a crime. That the crime is disobeying what God has commanded. Or it is to do a forbidden act that is punished for doing it, or to leave an obligatory act that is punished for leaving it.
The methodology used in the study:
So, the descriptive method aims to reach conclusions that contribute to understanding and developing reality and does not aim to describe phenomena or describe reality." And the role of the media and social networking sites played a role in women committing crimes.
Previous studies:
Some studies dealt with different social factors and their relationship to women's commission of the crime, as follows:
The study (Al-Harbi, 2013) presented a review of the social, family, and societal factors associated with women committing the crime and returning to it. The study concluded that the educational level of inmates and parents is low, and family disintegration, the system of customs and traditions, and social stigma are among the most important factors that the study found.
In the study (Al-Sirat, 2013), which aimed to identify the demographic and social characteristics that lead to women committing murder, the study showed that the loss of parents, early marriage, and poor economic status played a role in women's orientation to crime.
In a study conducted by (Berko, 2007), which aimed to know the psychological and social characteristics of the criminal woman, the study reached some results, the most important of which are improper socialization, feelings of inferiority and frustration, and the inmates' belonging to broken families.
The study (Al-Rabdi, 2004) aimed to identify the social factors associated with women's crimes, and the study revealed that the majority of inmates committed moral crimes, and bad company, their youth, and their lack of experience were among the most important findings of the study.
In a study (Al-Samhari, 2004), which aimed to study the social characteristics of the families of delinquent girls, it was found that the majority of the inmates are young, in addition to having dropped out of school before entering prison.
And in (Steerk 1996) study, which consisted of 30 women who were addicted to cocaine, she explained that they started using it as an experiment and the desire to feel fun and in private parties encouraging some of their friends until they became addicted.
(Hardesty et all 1994) presented a study that included 70 women accused of murder in Oklahoma, USA, which indicated that most of them had been subjected to beatings and physical torture, and had also been subjected to many emotional tremors during their childhood and adolescence before committing the crime and entering prison.
Definition of crime and its types:
Crime is a social phenomenon since the existence of humanity. Claire pointed out that there is no comprehensive definition of crime because it is always changing. The introduction of new crimes is due to the organization of society, which constantly varies in complexity and results in new opportunities and methods for violating the law.
Crime differs according to place and time, factors, motives, and circumstances leading to it. There are crimes against individuals such as beating and murder, crimes against property such as arson and theft, and political crimes such as practices aimed at undermining state security, and there are crimes represented in the violation of social relations, customs, traditions, religious values, and morals, called moral crimes. (Nasha'at, 2004, p. 12).
And in our current era, we are facing a new type of criminality that is new and emerging, called electronic crime or information crime
And what is new in the world of crime is the mechanisms of criminal activities that change with the development and innovations of man. Therefore, criminal means are considered a negative indicator of all development and social progress, and new crime is not limited to breaking the law, but does not hesitate to trade in people, trade in organs, and other new types of crime (Al-Omar, 2012, p.35).
New types of crimes:
They are crimes related to contemporary social and economic changes, which have resulted in qualitative crimes of a mostly digital and electronic nature, namely: 1) Crimes of a political nature, which are crimes:
• Terrorism (terrorism and piracy, Naif University, 2006, p.35).
• Piracy (sea and air) (Ahmed, 1996, p. 61)
• Crimes against humanity (such as mass killing and extermination of some minorities and sects). Our current era witnesses various forms of terrorism and intimidation
crimes and the existence of terrorist organizations that seek to recruit women to achieve their plans voluntarily or unwillingly, as well as genocide for ethnic, racial, and religious factors, as well as the detention of ships, oil carriers, and goods in exchange for huge financial returns or Facilities requested by the pirates in exchange for their release.
2) Crimes of an economic nature:
• Illegal immigration in return for paying a financial reward. Women have become involved in this type of immigration, sometimes accompanied by their children.
• Money laundering crimes have spread due to the high rates of drug crimes and arms sales. Perhaps many studies indicate the high rates of drug crimes for women, whether as abuse or promotion and trade.
• The enslavement of workers and their use of arduous work contradicts human values and the most basic rights of workers.
• The arms trade has become popular due to the desire to own weapons without an official permit, or in the case of countries with different security conditions and gangs, and in light of these conditions, this type of crime is increasing.
3) Crimes of a moral nature:
• Marriage of underage girls and many Arab and African societies still have this type of crime despite the existence of laws that prohibit it, but sometimes the culture of societies overwhelms the aspect of law and its application.
• Trade in human organs.
• Human trafficking, abuse, and sexual harassment of women, as well as the presence of prostitution crimes led by women's organizations, are a variety of organized crimes, and therefore this type of crime is more frequent in women compared to men due to objective factors related to the crime itself.
• The crime of renting wombs (Abu Na'ama, 2000, p. 32) This type is related to women in particular as a kind of trade and illegal gain, and it is perhaps more popular in Western societies.
4) Crimes of a technical nature:
• Information crimes.
• Stealing and copying programs.
• Destroying websites.
• Information terrorism. In its entirety, it takes on new trends and new crimes that women have entered into, and perhaps most of them are the crimes of photography, extortion, and publishing, as well as pornographic sites and the publication of what would lead to moral crimes for those who watch them. It can be said that this last type of crime is more closely related to the new specific crimes, especially for women.
Characteristics of the new crimes: 1/ Using the latest technology:
The new crimes are characterized by the fact that their criminals use the latest technologies to commit their crimes, as most of the new crimes after the
modern technological explosion reflect the various facilities and opened the way for many of these crimes to be committed using advanced technology) (28) (Abu Na'ama, 2000, p. 134). These crimes depend mostly on the technologies in which people live, where the computer, for example, forms the basis of this new environment. Despite its discovery more than half a century ago, it has now become faster, stronger, smaller in size, and less expensive, which helped spread its techniques widely (29) (Abu Na'ama, 2000, p. 135), and therefore criminals deliberately use these technologies and benefit from them extensively. 2/ New crimes transcend time and space:
This feature refers to the types of these crimes are characterized by: It was liberated from temporal specificities and its attachment to a specific place, as it began to be committed in different social structures. 3/ Internationalization of crime:
The new crimes are a clear example of what is called the internationalization of crime. The criminal image associated with local social groups or cultures has acquired an international character (Al-Khalifa, 2008, p. 134). What can be said is that the new crimes are crimes of an international nature that are committed from long distances and are transient crimes The political and geographical borders are not hindered by distance, and the perpetrators are not hindered by any borders on the political and geographical level. 4/ Multinational crimes:
Groups that commit new crimes, especially at the state level, have become multinational, which makes the responsibility for controlling and prosecuting them outside the authority the possibility of the state and its legislation (Al-Beshri, 2005, p. 134). Women's criminality and its entry into global criminal organizations are present and they are attracted, and sometimes they voluntarily belong to this type of crime.
5/ Difficulty controlling it due to its need for international cooperation:
Most of these crimes share the dimension of the lack of legal controls and social control mechanisms for combating these crimes at the local and international levels. This indicates the difficulty of controlling these crimes and punishing the perpetrators for several reasons:
1. There may be no laws in some countries that criminalize these acts because their laws and legislation have not been developed in a way that suits the seriousness of these crimes.
2. Laws may not take the international character
3. The absence of cooperation between countries may be an obstacle in apprehending the perpetrators of these crimes.
6/ Increasing costs and losses on the material and human levels:
It is very difficult to face the problem of victims of new crimes and in programs formulated in the mid-eighties to help victims of crimes of a traditional nature and losses that could have been estimated at that time (Fikri, 2015, p.121). An example of this is the loss resulting from terrorist crimes, illegal trade and drugs,
and the cost of new crimes and their losses, which gives us patterns of Victimization in the twentieth century.
Characteristics of the new offenders:
The picture was not clear, clear, regarding the characteristics of the perpetrators of the new crimes due to the lack of studies and research related to the entire phenomenon on the one hand, and due to the difficulty of knowing its true extent due to the large size of its undiscovered crimes on the other hand (33) http://www.powells.com/biblio?show =1565920864. The best classifications for criminals of newly created crimes (Al-Shinawi, 2009, p. 44) are as follows: Where criminals were classified into three classes:
1. Professionals or hackers.
2. Professional informatics criminals.
3. Haters (and some of them added a group of youth).
Other characteristics distinguish the perpetrators of the new crimes, including:
• Criminals are specialists: as they differ from traditional criminals in that they commit a certain type of crime and do not skip it to other crimes (Afafi, 2002, p. 161).
• They are characterized by superior intelligence and mental and intellectual ability.
• The criminals are considered professional and are similar to white-collar criminals because they possess high specializations and have great control over the technical aspects. (Afifi, 2002, p. 45)
• - The criminals return to crime: they return to re-committing other crimes in the field of computers based on the need to fill the gaps that helped in identifying them and bringing them to justice the first time, and this leads to a return to crime and in the end may end up bringing them to justice again. (Ghannam, 2000, p. 35)
• The criminals are socially adapted: they are normal people who are characterized by good social relations with others, and this exacerbates their seriousness in crime. Rather, their risk increases if their social adaptation increases, and therefore they face a highly skilled criminal (Khalil, 2012, p. 20).
Characteristics of victims of newly committed crimes:
- The number of direct victims is constantly increasing.
- High material and human losses.
- Victims have no role in terrorist crimes.
- The factors and reasons leading to sacrifice are not subject to theoretical or practical study.
- It is difficult to compensate the victims at the expense of the perpetrators because they are unknown and are not arrested.
New social variables associated with women's commission of crime:
The causes and factors of social change are due to some factors that work as an integrated group in causing the difference, and these factors often fall within the
range of different levels of truth of a biological, psychological, and social nature. The occurrence of new social variables associated with the woman's commission of the crime, and is not only due to the causes of family disintegration, addiction to intoxicants, group of comrades, school dropout, etc., but rather a group of interacting causes that reflect the spirit of the developed era, that is, they are crimes that reflect the advanced methods of uses of modern man, and the researcher will present the reasons that it was formed to serve modern man in the performance of his specialized and social functions, then how it was employed and harnessed by criminals to serve their criminal activity, which is as follows:
1. Globalization:
Globalization is represented in the dominance of the global economy and the forces of science and technical modernity and it aims to abolish politics for the benefit of the economy. In addition, it is trying to generalize a different model for the concept of citizenship and limit the state's policy to follow independent national policies and thus adopt consumption as a guide within the framework of culture.
One of the most prominent problems of social globalization is the invasion of people's privacy and terrorism. However, the social imbalance does not depend on the status or status of the family in which the individual was born, as some individuals can acquire skills through hard work alone. Regardless of the color of his skin, his religious sect, or his class affiliation, this is what makes the perpetrators of newly created crimes of an electronic nature not linked with social ties to their communities or families, which weakens the aspect of community and family values, which may push them to the path of crime. Satellite stations become one of the means of social control (Stone, 1991, p.32), where male and female delinquents are not subject to family control methods that make them more disciplined and thus reduce the possibility of them entering the world of crime. Women were affected by the repercussions of globalization and the consequent weakness of social and family values and the opening of the door wide through uncontrolled openness, and thus globalization contributed with its negative implicit values. Contributed to the absolute liberation of women and their commission of the crime.
2. Apparent consumption:
After the process of change reaches the end of its stage, a new stage begins, society afflicts a state of well-being and economic and social prosperity, and individuals move from necessities to luxuries, and here the phenomenon of stereotypical consumption is exacerbated by appearance profiling, which embellishes and beautifies their social positions in their local community and their official organizations. Consumer culture has created an urgent need. To the existence of mediators, cultural contractors, or contractors for private parties, and others in the field of spreading consumer culture (Salama, 2009, p. 28).
In the face of this preoccupation with consuming gluttony, their insides are dead or mummified, as their family relationships and their relationships with their friends are superficial and self-serving, and they are not committed to the requirements of their social roles, but rather they are going towards disintegration
and value and moral emptiness, and they are a burden on productive societies. Towards delinquency and crime, especially in the absence of any kind of moral and social commitment toward their families and societies. Perhaps women are more submissive to this aspect of luxury and outward appearances that are empty from the inside and reinforce their tendencies towards crime to satisfy their outward whims without taking into account the consequences of some of them adopting illegal methods socially and legally. The concept of new knowledge in corruption and damage:
This knowledge emerged at the end of the twentieth century, with the proliferation of computers associated with the emergence of various new ones, such as the deterioration of conditions in third world countries and the lack of seriousness of governments in addressing this deterioration, coupled with the lack of job opportunities, the spread of unemployment, the increase in the emigration of educated and educated workers, the decline in the level of education and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. The outbreak of civil wars is the latest phenomena in modern societies, including human smuggling and trafficking, money laundering, environmental pollution, selling human body organs, network crimes, and other new crimes.
Such criminal activities did not appear to me through the existence of knowledge and experience of the latest technical innovations and harnessing them to serve special purposes and do not belong to one person, but rather require the existence of more than one specialty such as computers, alternative medicine, businessmen and other professions. Thus, they are crimes that harness modern capabilities, and share It has different specializations, criminal activities are carried out remotely, it penetrates international borders and continents, it generates huge profits, and it deals with the secretions of international and international events. Perhaps this is what concerns women in a larger picture, which is the low level of education, job opportunities, and other basic needs that are supposed to satisfy their needs on the other hand, the alternative to the rumors is the initiation of crime and delinquency.
3. Corruption:
It means political, administrative, and financial corruption, which illustrates the bad exploitation of public power to achieve private benefits and to obtain gains in crooked ways. One of its characteristics is that more than one person participates in it. And the anonymous partners play the role of removing obstacles without both of them knowing about the other, and corruption activates in times of wars, economic crises, and the collapse of political regimes. There is no doubt that these circumstances and situations are a catalyst for committing corruption crimes and other new crimes, taking into account that some political leaders that cover up or participate in it, claiming that it is orders and directives that cannot be declared. (Salama, 2009, p. 68). Women, of course, entered the world of politics, although they are not often in leadership positions, but undoubtedly play a pivotal role in
that, and corruption and corruption may be among the doors through which women entered the world of crime.
4. Evidence of scientific excellence:
New crimes are formed through which the criminal can prove that he is superior in penetrating computer systems, and therefore the defendants in such crimes, became clear through the investigation with them that they are trying to prove their scientific superiority through the intellectual challenge while using the computer, and this particular motive is what makes much resort to committing these acts despite the lack of intent to commit a crime, and it is noted that most of them are boys and youth suffering from the problems and disasters that may occur (42) (Al-Roumi, 2003, p. 24). In some problems of an illegal nature, or being a victim of electronic extortion on the one hand, or a member of groups that practice this thing on the other hand.
5. The pursuit of profit:
The pursuit of profit is in the first place one of the motives for committing a crime, and in Barrier's study on reported cases of crimes, it turned out that they are indicators for money, and according to studies, the financial sector is one of the most targeted sectors by computer criminals, and this is due to the fact that banks rely mainly on Electronic finance systems, and thus, as soon as criminals know the electronic transfer codes used in these networks, millions of dollars can be transferred in a few seconds without the criminal leaving evidence against him, and sometimes the goal of committing crimes is the desire for financial return and bargaining by illegal entry into computer systems and hacking Banking systems, the magazine (securite informatigne), which specializes in information security, indicated that 43% of reported fraud cases were initiated for embezzlement of funds, 23% for theft of information, 19% for corruption crimes, and 15% for theft of illegal use of computers in order to achieve benefits. Personality (Al-Roumi, 2003, p. 25). Perhaps this indicates that the new crimes committed by women may be financially motivated and seek to do so in illegal ways and with technical ease without making a physical effort.
6. The love of adventure:
The love of adventure and excitement obtained by the criminal can be a motive for him to commit his crimes. These criminals are adventurous and are distinguished by their ability to take risks. To prove this, what was stated by a hacker in the book: Hackers of Computer Systems when he mentioned that piracy was the last call that his brain sent out and that he was He comes home after a boring working day at school, turns on the computer and becomes a member of the system hacker's elite. He says in the text, "The matter was completely different, where there is no adult sympathy, and where judgment is for your talent only, and this is adventure and excitement among the factors in committing new crimes (44) (Al-Roumi, 2003, P. 46). Perhaps women are not far from that because the pleasure and passion in it lead to addiction to its use and the difficulty of abandoning it.
7. Feelings of inferiority:
The feeling of inferiority is one of the factors influencing the tendency of women to commit the crime, and the feeling of inferiority, whether related to the functional, psychological, or scientific aspect, may lead to the individual feeling that he is of a lower level than others, which leads her to try to prove herself and overcome this deficiency by showing her superiority in another field as compensation for its impotence (Al-Shawaa, 2003, p. 62).
In other situations, paranoia may be the motive for committing these crimes, and the person may feel neglected within the place in which he works, and he may be influenced by a strong desire to confirm his technical capabilities to manage the facility to commit these crimes and even reveal himself and his personality to the public (Salama, 2009, p. 46). This may be consistent with its entry into the fields of work and the desire to prove itself.
8. Revenge:
Revenge is considered one of the biggest factors that lead the individual to crime and revenge is usually for a person who has information about the institution, for example, and he is one of its employees, and he commits the crime with the aim of revenge as a result of his exclusion from work or bypassing him in hooves and the ladder of promotion, so he commits his crime (Al-Abaita, 2004, p. 26) The same applies to some women who try to take revenge by using technical means for other reasons that may have been mistaken for work-related aspects, such as emotional aspects, for example.
9. Political motives:
Political factors have a role that cannot be overlooked in committing new crimes, as Internet networks have been employed in political problems, such as espionage through the Internet and penetration of government security agencies (Bait Al-Mal, 2014, p. 67). The woman plays an influential role in the political and leadership side and may enter the field of crime from this side.
10. Media:
The various media have a great influence on the commission of the new crime, as they indoctrinate individuals or transmit them to them through what is presented in their means, especially the visual through the scientific material that explains the methods and tricks used by criminals in committing their crimes and escaping after committing them and the way to mislead justice. This encourages those who are mentally weak or criminally prepared to imitate and commit various crimes. Also, the media and satellite channels that are spread sometimes without accountability or censorship stir and stimulate the sexual instinct through what is shown of romantic stories and scandalous films that lead to crimes of sexual assault and prostitution, and this is perpetuated by some as acceptable behaviors that are satisfied in illegal ways that result in moral crimes. such as adultery, indecent assault, and lesbianism, and accordingly, the visual, print, and audio media play a role in influencing some women and pushing them to practice criminal acts through education, imitation, suspense, and excitement, and some of those in charge of
commercial media their primary goal is profit in any way and by any means without looking to its moral impact, in addition to the current paid digital platforms, some of which play a role in women's access to crime.
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES:
Social media has contributed to changing the map of social communication, which has been monopolized by traditional media, in a short period since its first launch using the web system in 2004. And social media is represented in some of its applications such as Facebook, blogs, Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Snapchat (Al-Gharbi, 2016, p. 62).
These multiple applications have created new platforms for social communication, enabling independent individuals to create and distribute community-oriented messages. Thus, there has become a strong competition for social media (media), especially in areas of public life that concern the majority of members of society and the formation of public opinion. It is an electronic network that allows users to create their platforms with the possibility of linking them to other sites.
Social media has helped spread traditional and new crime, and some of these platforms have become a source of crimes such as prostitution, homosexuality, atheism, political propaganda, and the recruitment of terrorists, especially women.
And social media has negative effects, most notably:
An introduction to spreading the culture of moral decay and corruption because this means are an open society, in front of all cultures (Al-Gharbi, 2016, p. 104).
And a suitable place for planning and spreading crime and extremism sometimes, as these means represent a fertile ground through which extremists gather and enhance their expertise and criminal experiences. Also, women play an important role in recruiting women. (Al-Gharbi, 2016, p. 120).
It promises electronic terrorism represented by extremist and terrorist parties entering social networks to breathe their poison and spread violent and extremist ideology in the hearts of deceived youth, due to its ease of use and widespread among youth at a tremendous speed, especially since the number of social media users has reached large numbers.
The view of electronic terrorism has changed, which was limited to sabotage and electronic attacks on the websites and social networking pages of media and governmental institutions, it has become more dangerous aspects, and it is evident in the daily use of social networks by terrorist groups to plan their operations around the world. Organizations recruit young people by planting extremist ideologies and then recruiting them, and young people usually fall victim to this (Sabti, 2013, p. 59).
On the other hand, it is a suitable entry point for the enemies, whether inside or outside, to track the youth and their various activities, especially the Arab and
African women, whose social environment was known for its relative strictness, but with the introduction of social networking sites, it facilitated access to some of them and exploited them in various crimes such as fraud, theft, and drug promotion, as well as implicating them in prohibited relationships.
Talking about the social variables that lead to the commission of crimes among women vary greatly and range in levels of severity and damage. What was mentioned is an illustration of some of these factors, but not all of them. Women were affected in one way or another by these new social factors, which undoubtedly played a role in some of them heading toward crime.
Study Results:
Through what was presented and analyzed, the study reached some results, namely:
- The study showed that there are new crimes in which digital and technical means play the largest role.
- The pattern and form of the crime changed according to contemporary changes and its dependence on the technical and computer offenders.
- The study showed the difficulty of discovering crimes of a technical nature, as well as prosecuting their perpetrators, and it became one of the intercontinental crimes, which increased its rates.
- The overlapping of social variables and their variations are difficult to be separated because they include more than one social, psychological, cultural, political, and other aspects.
- The nature of the social variables that cause crime in women is consistent with the contemporary social changes that societies experience that has contributed to changing the type and pattern of crime among women.
- Modern media and social networking sites are the fastest, most widespread, and most sought after as new factors that may lead to women's crimes.
- The relative lack of awareness of women concerning some legal legislation is a prelude to women's delinquency and entry into the field of crime.
- Exploiting the biological status of women and their being peaceful in many cases constituted a qualitative protection for them and in turn, encouraged their willingness to commit crimes and exploited them from other parties to carry out the crime.
- The study showed that economic changes and the rise in the standard of living had an impact on many women's issues and encouraged their access to the field of electronic commerce through illegal means.
- Women resorting to electronic employment resulted in exploitation, defrauding, or blackmailing, and then they may turn from a victim into a criminal.
DISCUSSION:
The first objective of the study is to identify the new types of crimes, namely: crimes of a political nature such as terrorism, air piracy, and bayonet crimes, as well
as crimes of an economic nature such as smuggling immigrants through illegal means and dirty money laundering and there are crimes of a moral nature, such as the marriage of minors, and this is consistent w'th what was indicated by a study (Al-Samhari, 2004) about the young age of female inmates and their early marriage was the cause of their commission of the crime and then their placement in correctional facilities, as well as the trade of human organs, human trafficking, sexual abuse of women, the crime of renting wombs, and crimes of a technical nature, including information crimes, the destruction of websites, defamation, extortion, and others.
These crimes are linked to modern social changes, which in turn resulted in qualitative crimes of a digital and electronic nature, and women are not far from these crimes, as they may be among their perpetrators. (Al-Rabdi's study indicated that the majority of women's crimes are moral, such as adultery, accessing pornographic and suspicious websites, extortion by publishing pictures through social media, and others. The aforementioned indicates women's association with crimes of a modern technical and electronic nature.
The second objective of the study is to identify the new social variables and their relationship to women's commission of the crime.
Perhaps one of the most prominent of them is globalization and one of its most prominent social problems is the invasion of people's privacy and terrorism, which affects the balance of the family and women in particular, and because globalization cancels the political and geographical boundaries, which made women commit electronic crimes. Family societal values and their push to the path of crime, and this is confirmed by the study (Al-Sirat, 2013), where it was found that the weakness of values and the loss of parents who give children sound values and provide the family atmosphere and stability necessarily negatively affects what may lead women to crime.
The process of social change, after it reaches the end of its stage, afflicts society with a state of well-being and economic and social prosperity. Women can move from necessities to luxuries, and from them, the phenomenon of superficial consumption may worsen, which results in embarking on crooked means to collect money to satisfy this unhealthy consumer aspect, and therefore it may deviate Women resort to illegitimate earnings to keep up with it, and bad company and imitation may be an entry point for that, as indicated by (Al-Rabdi, 2013) in his study and agree with the study results.
Likewise, women tend to take revenge for personal motives, mostly through technical means, or what is called electronic blackmail. Perhaps it is the most common crime among women, such as filming, publishing, and so on through social media.
One of the most recent factors in the field of crime is the media, what it presents of films, dramas, and others that can help in committing crimes, especially those who have a mental weakness or a criminal willingness to imitate male and female criminals, and what is broadcast by satellite channels in light of the lack of moral discipline, which leads many to deviation and moral crimes. Women in this
aspect almost outweigh men due to the specificity of the crime itself, which may be the woman in the main motive for the crime, such as adultery, prostitution, and others.
Social media platforms have also contributed to a high rate of women's access to crime, as they have become an entry point for spreading the culture of moral decay as well as a suitable place for planning and spreading crime which contributed to the entry of women into the field of crime.
STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS:
• The need for security and police agencies to keep up with the new crimes and know how to deal with them and control them.
• Establishing high-tech electronic monitoring so that all suspicious movements are monitored, tracked technically, and reduced.
• Conducting security awareness training programs for women to prevent them from entering crime and raising their level of awareness.
• Spreading security awareness on social networking sites, as it is the most influential and widespread in the current era.
• Activating the educational aspect, self-development, and self-monitoring at the family and community levels.
• The media presentation of modern issues that have arisen according to the developments of the times and how to address the negative consequences of that and the work of awareness-raising doses to prevent the occurrence of crime.
• Implementing new security, social and preventive measures that protect women from committing the crime.
• Conducting more in-depth studies in the field of new crimes.
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