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UDC 634.26.631.526.32:631.541.1
NEW SELECTIVE SEED STOCKS OF DRUPACEOUS CULTURES FOR
NECTARINE
1 2 Yevgeny Petrovich Shoferistov , Anatoliy Nikolayevich Kabar ,
2 3
Vladimir Fedotovich Opanasenko , Dmitry Alekseyevich Chelombit , Natalja Aleksandrovna Lutsay
Nikita Botanikal Gardens - National Scientific Centre, the city of Yalta, 298648, Republic of the Crimea, the city of Yalta, urban vil. Nikita fruit culture@mail.ru Botanical Garden of Dnepropetrovsk National University named after O.Gonchar,
Dnepropetrovsk 3Dzhankoy IKP, vil.Medvedevka, Republic of the Crimea
Introduction
Previous joint researches of Nikita Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Centre and Botanical Garden of Dnepropetrovsk National University named after O.Gonchar covered results in search of new origins and donors for valuable economical and biological properties, formation the new planting stock what makes it possible to improve selection of modern nectarine, peach cultivars and their seed stocks [5, 6, 24]. Breeding new or enriching real cultivars of nectarine, peach and their seed stocks are caused by climatic zone requirements to get effective cultivation of fruit production in the Crimea, Dnepropetrovsk and Kherson regions. Our joint researches gain great importance due to low frost-resistance of almond seed stocks, which are used to grow nectarine and peach seedlings in different regions of Russia and Ukraine [4, 16, 24]. Thereby it's necessary to breed new stocks resistant to winter frost. Scientists of Nikita Botanical Gardens contributed a lot into study of seed stocks for nectarine and peach cultivars [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 - 15, 17 - 22, 24, 25].
For efficient selection of better seed stocks of drupaceous cultures it would be more reasonable to use bred in Nikita Botanical Gardens genotypes of intraspecific hybrids with wild Chinese co-genuses of Persica Mill. - Peach of David (P. davidiana (Carr. Franch.), Peach of Gansu (P. Kansuensis Rehd.), peach of the world (P. mira Koehne) and nectarine cultivar Kuldzhynsky (2x), as they possess cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Among hybrids mentioned above the following are recommended: F1 40-99, F141-99, F1 47-99, F1 48-99, F1 55-99, F1 62-99, F1 65-99 and etc. [23].
Horticulture nursery of the Crimea should follow experience in research of drupaceous seed stocks, gained by scientists of Central Republic Botanical Garden AS USSR (Kiev)
I.M. Shaitan, L.M. Chuprina and V.A. Anpilogova [12]. According to their study results valuable peach and almond hybrids 2151,4-0 and 3669 were identified as seed stocks for drupaceous cultures. These hybrids bring balanced seed generation in the second and further cohorts. Intraspecific hybrid Sputnik 1 (Stock 1), bred by I.M. Shaitan and L.M. Chuprina in CRBG of AS USSR applying crossing of Mao-tha-or and wild Chinese peach cultivar - P. davidiana Carr., is a successful seed stock for peach [12]. Seed stock Sputnik 1 is recommended for cultivated peach and nectarine species in regions with possible freezing of root system in winter [8].
Objective research is to sort out new best seed stocks of drupaceous cultures for nectarine
in terms of study genotypes in Kherson State University, Steppe branch of Nikita Botanical Gardens, Dzhankoy IKP for further use in horticulture nursery of the Crimea and Ukraine.
Objects and methods of the research
Research objects were seed stocks of drupaceous cultures, sowed in different years in horticulture nurseries in November-January where their germinating capacity was determined (%, points). Seed germinating capacity registered from 1-10% was equal to 1 point (too low); 11-25% - 2 points (low); 26-50% - 3 points (middle); 51-75% - 4 points (high); 75% or more
- 5 points (very high).
In 2009 seed sowing of stock forms was realized in Kherson State University, in 2011
- in Steppe branch of Nikita Botanical Gardens, in 2014 - in Dzhankoy IKP, village Medvedevka. Seed sowing, soil and plants treatment and stock growing were carried out according to standard technology in horticulture nursery [2].
Results and discussions
Analyzing study results in seed germinating capacity of drupaceous cultures stock forms within three nurseries it was found out that not all study stock specimens possess high germinating capacity, close to control specimen, almond (table 1, table 2), and to intraspecific hybrid Sputnik 1 (table 3).
The best seed stock in the nursery of Kherson State University was registered form 11-35, as its seed germinating capacity made 79,1% (5 points). Almond seeds germinating capacity was 66,5% (4 points). Too low seed germinating capacity was fixed for stocks: 1-144 - 3,1% (1 point), 1-2-17 - 3,2% (1 point), alycha 61-88 st. - 5,0% (1 point). Stock forms with too low germinating capacity of seeds are out of interest for further research. In the nursery of Steppe branch of Nikita Botanical Gardens (table 2) the best seed germinating capacity was marked for 3 selective forms of stocks: 1-1-35 - 56,6% (4 points), 1-2-26 -53,7% (4 points), 2-7-10 - 51,6% (4 points). It's reasonable to exclude form 2-03-3 out of further experiments, as its seed germinating capacity made 5, 7% (1 point). In the nursery of Dzhankoy IKP (table 3) high seed germinating capacity was presented by three stock forms: 2-01-12 - 61,6% (4 points), 2-02-08 - 70,0% (4 points), 2-05-14 - 56,2% (4 points). The prime selective forms, by germinating capacity, close to control specimen - Sputnik 1, are forms 2-06-20, 2-07-9, 171-00 and 174-00. Forms with only 2 points germinating capacity needs to be studied in future.
Table 1
Seed germinating capacity of drupaceous cultures on an experimental area of Kherson State University
( November the 17th 2009)
№ Stock, Selection form A number of seed, units. Seed germinating capacity
sowed germinated % point, ^points-scale)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3-9-11* 75 28 37,3 3 (middle )
2 3-7-5a-16* 74 31 41,9 3 (middle)
3 Peach of the world 13-1-4-51* 200 85 42,5 3 (middle )
4 644-89* 170 74 43,5 3 (middle )
5 631-89* 300 134 44,7 3 (middle )
6 2-10-8* 85 35 44,6 3 (middle )
7 3-9-16* 200 86 43,0 3 (middle )
8 F1 (peach x almond) 13 block.* 170 91 53,5 4 (high)
9 621-89* 200 120 60,0 4 (high)
10 1005-88* 165 98 59,4 4 (high)
11 3-9-33* 200 62 31,1 3 (middle)
12 1-1-37** 149 102 68,5 4 (high)
13 3-9-63* 200 112 56,0 4 (high)
14 2-6-9** 80 47 58,8 4 (b high)
15 1-2-14** 139 17 12,2 2 (low)
16 3-11-37* 200 20 10,0 1 (too low)
17 1-1-35** 139 110 79,1 5 (very high)
18 1-1-41** 270 87 32,2 3 (middle)
19 1-1-44** 96 62 64,6 4 (high)
20 1-2-5** 166 5 31,1 1 (too low)
21 1-2-11** 190 19 10,0 1 (too low)
22 1-1-1** 197 37 18,8 2 (low)
23 1-2-27** 260 123 47,3 3 (middle)
24 1-1-42** 138 51 36,9 3 (middle)
25 2-4-25** 200 118 59,0 4 (high)
26 1-2-26** 200 75 37,5 3 (middle)
27 1-2-17** 95 3 3,2 1 (too low)
28 Shalakha apricot* 49 11 22,4 2 (low)
29 Apricot from Kherson 880 196 22,3 2 (low)
30 Apricot (mix of cultivars)* 112 13 11,6 2 (low)
31 Peach* 200 39 19,5 2 (low)
32 Almond* 200 133 66,5 4 (high)
33 ALycha Stock yellow* 200 31 15,5 2 (low)
34 Alycha 61-88 st.* 200 10 5,0 1 (too low)
35 Alycha 7-1-4-38 st.* 200 64 32,0 3 (middle)
36 ALycha Pissardi Large-fruited* 200 44 22,0 2 (low)
*Seed stocks, bred in Nikita Botanical Gardens
**Seed stocks bred in Botanical Gardens of Dnepropetrovsk National University.
Table 2
Seed germinating capacity of drupaceous cultures in Steppe branch of Nikita Botanical Gardens
(November the 9th 2011)
№ Stock, Selective form A number of seeds, units Seed germinating capacity
sowed germinated % point, (5-points scale)
1 1-1-1** 269 125 46,5 3 (middle)
2 1-1-35** 189 107 56,6 4 (high)
3 1-1-42** 102 47 46,1 3 (middle)
4 1-2-26** 616 331 53,7 4 (high)
5 1-2-27** 112 12 10,7 2 (low)
6 1-2-33** 267 49 18,4 2 (low)
7 1-3-2** 57 7 12,3 2 (low)
8 2-01-13** 133 23 17,3 2 (low)
9 2-02-4** 373 62 16,6 2 (low)
10 2-02-30** 135 15 11,1 2 (low)
11 2-03-3** 1070 61 5,7 1 (too low)
12 2-05-4** 102 23 22,5 2 (low)
13 2-7-10** 64 33 51,6 4 (high)
14 Peach* 238 13 5,5 1 (too low)
15 Almond* 260 239 86,6 5 (very high)
*Seed stocks, bred in Nikita Botanical Gardens
**Seed stocks bred in Botanical Gardens of Dnepropetrovsk National University.
Table 3
Seed germinating capacity of drupaceous cultures in Dzhankoy IKP, village Medvedevka (January the
24th in 2014)
№ Stock, Selective form A number of seeds, units Seed germinating
sowed germinated % point, (5-points scale)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1004-88* 260 74 28,5 3 (middle)
2 1-1-1** 327 108 33,3 3 (middle)
3 1-2-36** 40 13 32,5 3 (middle)
4 1-3-2** 42 21 50,0 3 (middle)
5 2-01-12** 73 45 61,6 4 (high)
6 2-01-13** 112 45 40,1 3 (middle)
7 2-01-15** 53 15 28,3 3 (middle)
8 2-01-16** 127 51 40,1 3 (middle)
9 2-02-2** 96 32 33,3 3 (middle)
10 2-02-8** 157 110 70,0 4 (high)
11 2-04-17** 13 5 38,4 3 (middle)
12 2-04-19** 214 92 42,9 3 (middle)
13 2-05-4** 150 60 40,4 3 (middle)
14 2-05-14** 16 9 56,2 4 (high)
15 2-06-13** 183 70 38,2 3 (middle)
16 2-06-15** 67 21 31,3 3 (middle)
17 2-06-20** 28 6 21,4 2 (low)
18 2-07-9** 94 23 24,4 2 (low)
19 10-02-27* 32 12 37,5 3 (middle)
20 171-00* 496 117 23,5 2 (low)
21 173-00* 387 116 29,9 3 (middle)
22 174-00* 200 32 16,0 2 (low)
23 Apricot* 122 42 34,4 3 (middle)
24 Sputnik 1(Stock 1) - control specimen* 28 16 57,1 4 (high)
*Seed stocks, bred in Nikita Botanical Gardens
**Seed stocks bred in Botanical Gardens of Dnepropetrovsk National University.
Analyzing eyelet (bud) establishment rate of nectarine cultivars, grafted on seed stocks of drupaceous crops in Dzhankoy IKP (table 4) it was found out that a number of selective forms (2-04-19, 2-05-14, 2-06-20 and 10-02-27) presented very high nectarine eyelet establishment, that meets control seed stock Sputnik 1. We recommend to give these stock forms widespread in nurseries of the Crimea and Dnepropetrovsk region. Currently used in nurseries of Russia and Ukraine in regions with severe ecological conditions almond seedlings as stocks are not so effective. Their root system is often subjected to freezing, what destroys nectarine and peach trees grafted on them. Absolute minimum of air temperature in different zones of the Crimea is too low - from 27-350C below zero in the eastern piedmont zone till 31-370C below zero in the central steppe zone of the Crimea [1].
Table 4
Eyelet establishment of the nectarine cultivars grafted on seed stocks of drupaceous crops in Dzhankoy
IKP, village Medvedevka (2014)
Grafted eyelets, units Established eyelets
№ Stock, Selective form Graft, nectarine cultivar units % points (5-point scale)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1004-88* Nikitsky 85 36 16 44,4 3 (middle)
2 1004-88* Super Creamson Gold 36 25 69,4 4 (high)
3 1-1-1** Nikitsky 85 49 25 51,0 4 (high)
4 1-1-1** Super Creamson Gold 49 34 69,4 4 (high)
5 1-2-36** Nikitsky 85 5 3 60,0 4 (high)
6 1-2-36** Super Creamson Gold 8 4 50,0 3 ( middle )
7 1-3-2** Nikitsky 85 11 5 45,5 3 ( middle )
8 1-3-2** Super Creamson Gold 8 5 62,5 4 (high)
9 2-01-12** Nikitsky 85 26 17 65,4 4 (high)
10 2-01-12** Super Creamson Gold 24 15 62,5 4 (high)
11 2-01-13** Nikitsky 85 23 14 60,7 4 (high)
12 2-01-13** Super Creamson Gold 20 13 65,0 4 (high)
13 2-01-15** Nikitsky 85 5 2 40,0 3 ( middle )
14 2-01-15** Super Creamson Gold 10 2 20,0 2 (low)
15 2-01-16** Nikitsky 85 23 9 39,1 3 ( middle )
16 2-01-16** Super Creamson Gold 22 14 63,6 4 (high)
17 2-02-2** Nikitsky 85 16 9 56,3 4 (high)
18 2-02-2** Super Creamson Gold 16 11 68,8 4 (high)
19 2-02-8** Nikitsky 85 54 27 50,0 3 ( middle )
20 2-02-8** Super Creamson Gold 54 29 53,7 4 (high)
21 2-04-17** Nikitsky 85 2 0 0 -
22 2-04-17** Super Creamson Gold 3 2 66,7 4 (high)
23 2-04-19** Nikitsky 85 49 24 49,0 3 (middle)
24 2-04-19** Super Creamson Gold 49 39 79,6 5(very high)
25 2-05-4** Nikitsky 85 29 17 58,6 4 (high)
26 2-05-4** Super Creamson Gold 32 24 75,0 4 (high)
27 2-05-14** Nikitsky 85 4 2 50,0 3 ( middle )
28 2-05-14** Super Creamson Gold 5 4 80,0 5(very high)
29 2-06-13** Nikitsky 85 30 10 33,3 3 ( middle )
30 2-06-13** Super Creamson Gold 40 25 62,5 4 (high)
31 2-06-15** Nikitsky 85 10 6 60,0 4 (high)
32 2-06-15** Super Creamson Gold 11 7 63,6 4 (high)
33 2-06-20** Nikitsky 85 2 2 100,0 5(very high)
34 2-06-20** Super Creamson Gold 4 4 100,0 5(very high)
35 2-07-09** Super Creamson Gold 14 10 71,4 4 (high)
36 10-02-27* Nikitsky 85 6 4 66,7 5(very high)
37 10-02-27* Super Creamson Gold 6 5 83,3 5(very high)
38 171-00* Nikitsky 85 49 21 42,9 3 ( middle )
39 173-00* Super Creamson Gold 49 28 57,1 4 (high)
40 173-00* Nikitsky 85 56 24 40,7 3 ( middle )
41 173-00* Super Creamson Gold 40 15 37,5 3 ( middle )
42 174-00* Nikitsky 85 12 7 58,3 4 (high)
43 174-00* Super Creamson Gold 13 3 23,1 2 (low)
44 Apricot* Nikitsky 85 22 7 31,8 3 ( middle )
45 Apricot* Super Creamson Gold 22 6 27,3 3 ( middle )
46 Sputnik 1 (Stock 1) - control specimen* Nikitsky 85 8 7 87,5 5(very high)
47 Sputnik 1 (Stock 1) - control specimen* Super Creamson Gold 8 8 100,0 5(very high)
*Seed stocks, bred in Nikita Botanical Gardens **Seed stocks bred in Botanical Gardens of Dnepropetrovsk National University.
Researching the nursery properties of drupaceous crops seeds it was found out that seed stocks shouldn't be considered for further investigations. Like seed stocks with low
germinating capacity mentioned above, apricot, peach and alycha with 2-3 points seed germinating capacity are possible to exclude them out of experiments (Tables 1, 3).
Conclusions
1. Investigated seed stocks of drupaceous crops in three Crimean nurseries gain a great practical importance for Russia and Ukraine, where almond stock for nectarine and peach is of little use due to low frost resistance of its root system.
2. Seed stocks of selective forms - 1-1-1, 1-3-2, 2-01-12, 2-01-13, 2-02-2, 2-05-4, 206-15, 2-06-20, 10-02-2 - and seed stocks for nectarine and peach - Sputnic 1 of CRBG AS USSR selection, presented a high efficiency in the Crimean nurseries, are possible to recommend for experimental studies under different soil and climatic conditions of Russia and Ukraine.
3. Seed stocks of drupaceous crops with low indices of their nursery properties are to exclude out of further investigations.
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The article was received at editors 07.10.2015.
Shoferistov Ye.P., Kabar A.N., Opanasenko V.F., Chelombit D.A., Lutsay N.A. New selective seed stocks of drupaceous cultures for nectarine // Bull. of the State Nikit. Botan. Gard. - 2015. - № 116. - P. 4046.
New selective seed stocks of drupaceous cultures of the joint breeding work (Nikita Botanical Garden and botanical garden of Denpropetrovsk National University named after O.Gonchar in Dnepropetrovsk region) used for nectarine cultivation were researched. The most promising Crimean seed stocks of the following genotypes were sorted out: 1-1-1, 1-3-2, 2-01-12, 2-01-13, 2-02-2, 2-05-4, 2-06-15, 2-06-20, 10-02-27.
Key words: stock, nectarine, peach, breeding, starting material, genotype, qualities appreciated in nursery field.
