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ГУМАНИТАРНЫЕ И ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ
Liu Yuchen 2nd year master's student Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov
Moscow, Russia Scientific supervisor: Adams O. Yu.
associate professor Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA'S DIPLOMACY IN EURASIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CHINA-CENTRAL ASIA SUMMIT AND THE
THIRD BELT AND ROAD FORUM FOR INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
Abstract. In today's world, diplomacy is gradually becoming mainstream, and Eurasia, as one of the world's largest Earth plates, is particularly noteworthy for diplomacy among the countries of the Eurasian continent. Recalling the China-Central Asia Summit and the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, diplomacy between China and the countries of Eurasia is unfolding in a new geopolitical form. It is gradually becoming the focus of the world.
Keywords. Eurasia, the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, China-Central Asia Summit, Diplomatic strategy.
China's diplomatic problems in Eurasia are both long-term, geographical and political, security and development, national and civilizational.
Although the inter-state war pattern is now developing in the direction of hybrid war, and space war, biological war, and high-intelligence war are becoming new war patterns, this does not indicate that national sovereignty, national geographic concept, and geopolitics are unimportant; national sovereignty, geographic boundaries, and geopolitics have always been the fundamentals of a country's founding, and geo-safety has always been a country's primary diplomatic strategy. I'll cover both geopolitics and foreign policy: one belt, one road.
In recent years, the geography and geo-security of China's neighboring countries have sometimes shown drastic changes, but in general, there is a relatively long period of stability, and even if there are some temporary political changes, they should be stable, sustainable and long-lasting in terms of the broader historical framework. For example, political changes in Nepal may affect China-Nepal relations in the short term, but they will not affect Nepal's geo-security importance to China. China's view of the importance of diplomacy
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sometimes doesn't correspond to geo-security importance; diplomacy is a more realistic and goal-oriented politics. Below I will provide a personal ranking of China's diplomatic importance based on its importance to China's real security and political interests.
First is Russia. China-Russian relations are not only related to China's entire northern region, the security and stability of the northern border, and stable and friendly China-Russian relations is the world's most important force against U.S. hegemony, as long as the China-Russian relations are stable, the United States will never be able to truly realize the purpose of world domination, it will never be able to achieve its enslavement, plundering the globe, just as the U.S. -European alliance, U.S. -Japanese-South Korean alliance is essential to the U.S. as well as the strategic relationship of Russia and China. The China-Russian strategic and cooperative relationship is the most important one for both China and Russia to safeguard their national strategic security and political sovereignty. Therefore, Russia should be the main direction for Chinese diplomacy to surpass the United States, and the Belt and Road foreign policy and the Eurasian Economic Community in recent years have just proved this conjecture.
The second is Pakistan. Pakistan has become an important hub for China's strategy for Eurasia and its relations with India. Closer development of political, economic and military relations with Pakistan has always been an important diplomatic strategy for China, and the closer the relations between the two sides, the more stable China's western part will be, and the safer and smoother the overland Silk Road will be.
The third is ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). China and ASEAN trade and economic volume has exceeded the United States, the European Union, is China's largest trading partner, with the Trans-Asian Railway to promote, with China and ASEAN deepening economic integration, China and ASEAN's political relations will become closer and closer, China and ASEAN diplomatic relations have exceeded the importance of China's diplomatic relations with Europe and Japan.
In 2019, the COVID epidemic pandemic has caused a global economic crisis, and at this time in Russia on the Eurasian continent there is a sudden Russian-Ukrainian war, and Russia and China, both of which are also being attacked by economic means, have had to move towards the path of cooperation, in other words, the countries of the Eurasian continent have had to move towards cooperation. In other words, the countries of Eurasia had to cooperate. The world is witnessing a trend of the countries of Asia and Europe getting rid of the control of the countries outside the continent such as the United States, and the countries of Asia and Europe have begun to form a kind of geopolitical game with the countries outside the continent such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and other Anglo-Saxon countries, as well as the island countries such as Japan, and this is the situation that we can see in a wider viewpoint.
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In September 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed "jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt" in Kazakhstan, and "jointly building the Maritime Silk Road" in Indonesia in November, and the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee upgraded "Belt and Road" to a national strategy in November the same year. As of October 2023, a number of cooperation outcomes have been implemented and promoted. The "Six Corridors, Six Roads, Multiple Countries and Multiple Ports" is the main framework for the construction
of the "Belt and Road". (Among them, the "six corridors" refer to the six
international economic cooperation corridors of the New Asia-Europe Continental Bridge, China-Mongolia-Russia, China-Central Asia-West Asia, China-Central South Peninsula, China-Pakistan, and Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar. The "six roads" refer to railroads, highways, shipping, aviation, pipelines and integrated spatial information networks. "Multi-country" refers to a group of advance cooperation countries. "Multiple ports" refers to a number of cooperative ports that guarantee the safety and smooth flow of the sea transportation channel.)
The third "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum was held from October 17 to 18 in Beijing. According to Xinhua News Agency, representatives from more than 140 countries and 30 international organizations have confirmed their participation in the conference. The number of registered guests exceeds 4,000. China has launched the Belt and Road Vaccine Partnership Initiative and the Belt and Road Green Development Partnership Initiative with 28 countries. As of April 2023, 32 countries have joined the two initiatives. The China-European Union (CEU) shuttle train has gradually improved its channel network, significantly enhanced the capacity of ports along the route, continuously strengthened its hub function, and stepped into a high-quality development track, and has become a flagship project and iconic brand of the "Belt and Road" initiative.
All the data show that China's foreign policy in Eurasia is successful, and the concept of "community of human destiny" is widely accepted by Eurasian countries, just as Russian President Vladimir Putin said at the second forum: "The Belt and Road Initiative has a promising future and meets the needs of the vast majority of countries in the world. In the future, China's diplomacy with Eurasia will be centered on this iron network, which will break the geopolitical pattern.
References:
1. "Building an open, inclusive, interconnected and co-developing world" -President Xi Jinping's keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the 3rd Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, (Beijing, Oct. 18, 2023) Xinhua News Agency
2. "China's Relations with Russia," Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, July 2023.
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3. Jeffrey Parker. Western geopolitical thought in the twentieth century [M]. Beijing: press, 1992: 20-23.
4. Sun Zhuangzhi. Geostrategic position of the five Central Asian states [j]. East European Central Asian Studies, 2000, (4).
5. Liang Qiang, "China's Eurasian Grand Strategy", Nanfengchuang, No. 2, 2013.
6. Zhao Baomin, "Return to Eurasia: China's Grand Strategic Transformation", Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 2, 2012.
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