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9ketones and aldehydes neutral character (X 370) (mmol / g protein) 1,51 ± 0,12 3,26±0,12 (р<0,01) 1,77±0,16 (р<0,01) 1,82±0,18 (р<0,01) 2,94±0,9 (р>0,05)
ketones and aldehydes of main character (X 430), (o. O. H / g protein) 19,48 ± 2,6 41,88±2,8 (р<0,01) 23,54±2,5 (р<0,01) 25,68± 1,9 (р<0,01) 34,89±2,5 (р>0,05)
Note: p - the probability is compared with patients before treatment;
References
1. Балаболкин М.И Лечение сахарного диабета и его осложнений: Руководство для врачей. / Балаболкин М.И., Клебанова Е.М., Креминская В.М. — М.: Медицина, 2005. — 512 с.
2. Бурчинский С.Г. Возможности, антиокси-дантной фармакотерапии в неврологической практике / С.Г. Бурчинский // Укр. неврол. ж. - 2007. -№2. - С. 68-73.
3. Бурчинский С.Г. Нейропротекторная фармакотерапия в гериатрии: защита от чего и для чего / Бурчинский С.Г. Здоров'я Украши. - 2006. - №8. -С.42-43.
4. Галстян Г.Р. Поражения нижних конечностей у больных сахарным диабетом / Г.Р. Галстян // Consilium medicus. - 2006. - Т.8, №9. - С.4-8.
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY
Bilous I.I.
MD, PhD;
Department of Nervous Diseases, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology HSEEU "Bukovinian State Medical University», Chernivtsi
Pavlovych L.B. MD, PhD;
HSEEU "Bukovinian State Medical University», Chernivtsi Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology
ABSTRACT
The authors carried out a comparative description of cognitive and emotional personality characteristics of patients with endocrine pathology. It was established that neurosis-like syndrome in patients with primary hypothyroidism was practically obligatory. Patients in most cases complained of mild irritability, tearfulness, emotional lability. Most patients with primary hypothyroidism, regardless of its cause and severity, had a high personal anxiety, and the reactive one was moderate. One of the features of neurosis-like syndrome in primary hypothyroidism is the prevalence of its manifestations in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
Keywords: autoimmune thyroiditis, subclinical hypothyroidism, neurosis-like syndrome
Introduction. Across the globe, the attention of scientists and clinicians to the problems of etiopatho-genesis of neurological disorders in endocrine diseases is increasing. The role of thyroid hormones deficiency in the development of neurological pathology is well-known. Neurological disorders make up a clinical picture for virtually all thyroid diseases, and in some cases they form a syndromic nucleus, being significantly ahead of other manifestations of the disease. However, the issues of the connection between the two systems in the clinical picture is not paid enough attention.
The development of cretinism in children, which manifests itself as a delay in psychoneurological and physical growth is the most severe complication of hypothyroidism. Psychoneurological disorders in children suffering from congenital hypothyroidism are far from having a constant tendency to reverse development, even with the early administration of the substitution therapy. This is due to the significant influence of thy-
roid hormones during the period of the prenatal development of the nervous system and to the inability to eliminate the defect in newborn infants.
Chronic hypothyroid encephalopathy is most often manifested by emotional disturbances. The brain is very sensitive to a deficiency of thyroid hormones in the body. It manifests itself in a depressed mood, a feeling of sorrow and severe depression. Joffe R.T. and Levitt A.J. examined 139 patients with unipolar depression. 19 of them were diagnosed with subclinical hypo-thyroidism. The authors came to the conclusion that depression in subclinical hypothyroidism differs from that without subclinical hypothyroidism with the presence of panic and ineffective administration of antidepres-sants. The study by Howland R.H. confirms a connection between hypothyroidism and treatment-resistant depression. 52% of patients with treatment-resistant depression were diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroid-ism.
The subclinical hypothyroidism patients'cognitive function, memory and attention are impaired as well as their intelligence declines manifestly or masked. Mon-zani F. et al. in their work evaluated neuropsychological and behavioral features in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and in the control group. When evaluating them by using the Wechsler Memory Scale, the authors found that the memory in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism was impaired. Determining the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index showed a discrepancy in hysteria, anxiety, somatic disturbances and depression scales between patients with subclinical hypothy-roidism and those in the control group. But in general, Crown-Crisp Experiential Index was higher in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. When the substitution therapy with thyroxine was administered for the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism their memory and cognitive function got improved and their anxiety disappeared. Baldini I.M. et al found the worsening of logical thinking in patients with subclinical hypothy-roidism (compared with those suffering from euthyroid goiter) but did not find any affective disorders in them. According to some authors, subclinical hypothyroidism is not the cause of depressive states.
Asthenia, neurosis-like states, insomnia are frequent companions of hypothyroidism as well. So-called "sleep apnea", associated with soft tissue edema of the neck and vocal cords is common, manifesting itself by numerous episodes of respiratory arrest for more than 10 seconds, which is often accompanied by snoring.
Cases of acute psychosis in patients with hypothyroidism of the thyroid gland are also described. In general, the behavior of patients with hypothyroidism is monotonous, equal, a spontaneous, but both exogenous organic psychoses and those approaching, by their structure, the endogenous ones- schizophrenic, manic-depressive and others - can sometimes appear as secondary ones. Anxiety-depressive, delirious and hallucinatory as well as paranoid states are described.
Vestibular atactic syndrome is the best studied among organic disorders. The incidence of this pathology, according to various literature data varies from 10% to 33%. The onset of these disorders is associated with a decrease in cardiac output, a decrease in cerebral blood flow, as well as the use of oxygen and glucose by the neurons of the cerebellum. Adams R. and al explain the development of ataxia by slowing muscle relaxation, rather than cerebellar dysfunction.
In the literature there are also data on extrapyramidal syndrome in case of hypothyroidism.
The aim of the study. To improve the effectiveness of medical care for patients with neurological disorders in those with endocrine pathology by studying pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical features in patients with thyroid gland dysfunction, taking into account non-psychotic mental disorders.
Objectives of the study. To study neurological disorders in patients with endocrine pathology. To investigate cognitive functions and emotional and personality features of patients with endocrine pathology.
Materials and methods. Patients with neurological disorders secondary to endocrine pathology. Methods: clinical-neurological and psychodiagnostic ones.
In order to determine the peculiarities of cognitive functions, we used the MMSE test (Mini Mental State Examination), methods of evaluation of attention on the Schultz tables modified by Horbova F.D. and memory was tested by "Memorizing 10 words" (by Luria A.R.). To assess the personal and reactive anxiety, the Spiel-berger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale, adapted by Hanin Yu.L., and the degree of depressive disorders was determined by the Beck A.T. scale.
Research results discussion. The study involved 26 patients with hypothyroidism as a result of AIT (autoimmune thyroiditis) and 20 patients with hypothy-roidism without AIT. The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy individuals. 34 (73.9%) of patients were on synthetic derivatives of L-thyroxin substitution therapy, and 12 (26.1%) patients had subclinical hypo-thyroidism. Cognitive impairment was noted in 74.8% of the patients. No one of these patients had severe cognitive impairments leading to a violation of social adaptation. In most patients (64.9%) cognitive impairments were mild. Patients complained of a slight decrease in memory, absent-mindedness, which did not reduce their working capacity and did not lead to a social maladaptation. Among patients with hypothyroid-ism secondary to AIT and with hypothyroidism without AIT, the incidence of cognitive impairments was practically the same. For instance, in patients with AIT, impaired attention and memory were noted in 75.7% of cases, and in patients with hypothyroidism without AIT in 72.4% of individuals. There were no significant differences in the severity of cognitive impairment in patients of both groups either. Among patients with sub-clinical and clinical hypothyroidism, there were no significant differences in the incidence or the severity of cognitive impairment. Disturbances in memory and attention were noted in 75.9% of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Among patients with clinical hypothy-roidism, these disorders were found in 75%.
Neurosis-like syndrome was observed in 93% of the patients under study. Patients complained of slight irritation and emotional lability. In patients with hypo-thyroidism secondary to AIT neurosis-like syndrome occurred in 91% of cases, in patients with hypothyroidism without AIT - in 97%. The same number of patients with subclinical and those with clinical hypothyroidism complained of high irritability and tearfulness, but it was the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism whose neurosis-like syndrome was more pronounced. The incidence in them was 90%, and in those with clinical hypothyroidism - 94%.
The level of personal anxiety that characterizes it as a character trait on the Spielberg and Hanin scale of anxiety self-esteem had no probable differences in the studied groups and was high in patients both with and without AIT, as well as in patients with varying degrees of severity of hypothyroidism. The average index of personal anxiety in patients with hypothyroidism of the thyroid gland secondary to AIT was 55.13 ± 9.62 points, and in patients with hypothyroidism without AIT - 53.09 ± 8.24 points. In subclinical hypothyroidism, it was 54.90 ± 9.10 points, and in clinical hypothyroidism - 55.30 ± 9.02 points.
The reactive anxiety allows evaluating anxiety as a transient clinical condition. It was moderate in most patients with primary hypothyroidism, regardless of its cause and severity. However, the average index of reactive anxiety was higher in patients with AIT and amounted to 45.13 ± 9.20 points, and in patients with hypothyroidism without AIT - 32.72 ± 9.20 points. The reactive anxiety was also more pronounced in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and amounted to 45,95 ± 8,10 points, and in patients with clinical hypothyroidism - 33,80 ± 8,20 points.
Conclusions.
Neurosis-like syndrome in patients with primary hypothyroidism was practically obligatory. Patients in most cases complained of mild irritability, tearfulness, emotional lability. In the majority of patients with primary hypothyroidism, regardless of its cause and severity, there was a high personal anxiety, and the reactive one was moderate. One of the features of neurosis-like syndrome in primary hypothyroidism is the prevalence of its manifestations in patients with autoimmune thy-roiditis and in patients with subclinical hypothyroid-ism.
References
1. Association of MRI markers of vascular brain injury with incident stroke, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality / S. Debette, A Beiser, C. De-Cardi et al.// Framingham Offspring Study. Stroke. -2010. - № 41(4). - 574 p.
2. Rare Manifestation of Hypothyroid Myopathy: Hoffmann's Syndrome /Lee, Kang Won; Kim, Sun Hwa; Kim, Kyoung Jin A et al // Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea). -2015. - T. 30 (4). - P. 626630.
3. Hoffmann's disease: MR imaging of hypothy-roid myopathy / Chung, Jeewon; Ahn, Kyung-Sik; Kang, Chang Ho et al // Skeletal radiology. - 2015. -T. 44 (11). P. 1701-1704
4. Circulating Irisin Concentrations in Rat Models of Thyroid Dysfunction - Effect of Exercise / Samy, Doaa M.; Ismail, Cherine A.; Nassra, Rasha A. // Metabolism-clinical and experimental. - 2015. - T. 64 (7). - P. 804-813.
АКТИВНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ СТУДЕНТОВ
Деревянченко С.П.
Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет
Денисенко Л.Н.
Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет
ACTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING STUDENTS
Derevyanchenko S.P.
Volgograd State Medical University Denisenko L.N.
Volgograd State Medical University
АННОТАЦИЯ
Активные методы обучения способ активного взаимодействия студентов с проблемно -представленным содержанием обучения, в ходе которого он приобщается к объективным противоречиям научного знания и способам их решения, учится мыслить, творчески усваивать знания.
ABSTRACT
Active methods of teaching the way of active interaction of students with the problem-presented content of training, in the course of which he becomes attached to the objective contradictions of scientific knowledge and the methods of solving them, learns to think, creatively absorb knowledge.
Ключевые слова: активные методы, ролевые игры, компетентностный подход.
Keywords: аctive methods, role play, competence approach.
Активные методы обучения - это система методов, которые обеспечивают активность и многообразие мыслительной и практичной деятельности студентов при освоении учебного материала. Студенты обязаны получать глубокие теоретические знания по медицинским дисциплинам, а также овладевать профессиональными мануальными умениями и навыками. Педагогическая технология это модель совместной педагогической деятельности по проектированию, организации и проведению учебного процесса с безусловным обеспечением комфортных условий для преподавателя и студента
[1,2]. Совершенствование профессиональной подготовки кадров на основе компетентностного подхода определяют необходимость разработки и применения инновационных образовательных технологий. Внедрение активных инновационных методов обучения на стоматологическом факультете приводит к тому, что обучающийся становится активным участником образовательного процесса. Это позволяет формировать активную личность, обладающую всеми нужными навыками и качествами современного квалифицированного специалиста. Обучаемый усваивает информацию быстрее,
