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NERVOUS COMPONENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION AND _REHABILITATION_
DOI: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2020.3.79.1052
Cherkasov A.D.
The institute of general Pathology and pathophysiology.
Moscow. Russia. 125315, Moscow, Baltiyskaya st., 8.
Petrova E.N.
Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institue),
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. 127051, Moscow, Bolshoy Karetnyper. 19, build. 1.
НЕРВНЫЙ КОМПОНЕНТ АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ГИПЕРТЕНЗИИ. ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ И РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ
Черкасов Анатолий Данилович1, Петрова Елена Николаевна2
1Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Научное Учреждение "Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологии ".
125315, Москва, ул. Балтийская, д. 8.
2Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем передачи информации им. А.А. Харкевича Российской академии наук (ИППИРАН). 127051, г. Москва, Большой Каретный переулок, д.19 стр. 1. .
ABSTRACT
The article provides a theoretical analysis of the causes of arterial hypertension, describes a 3-month observation of the initial stage of the development of hypertension and experiments on non-drug normalization of blood pressure on a group of volunteers. It was shown that arterial hypertension is associated with spastic conditions of the intervertebral muscles in the lower thoracic spine, which lead to compression of sympathetic nerves that control the transport of water through the kidneys and disturb the balance of fluid circulation through the circulatory system.
Theoretical analysis and experimental data made it possible to formulate a hypothesis about the dominant role of disorders in the activity of the sympathetic part of the nervous system in the development of primary and persistent arterial hypertension. The possibility of prevention of arterial hypertension and non-drug rehabilitation of patients with this disease has been shown.
Key words: arterial hypertension, non-drug methods of treatment, rehabilitation, spine, muscles, kidneys.
Introduction
WHO experts believe that in 95% of cases the causes of primary arterial hypertension are unknown, and in 85% of cases the causes of persistent arterial hypertension are unknown [9]. Known causes of hypertension are chronic and acute inflammatory processes in the kidneys, which increase both upper and lower blood pressure. Another more rare condition is inflammation of the adrenal glands, which leads to an
increase in pulse pressure - the difference between upper and lower pressure.
In recent publications devoted to arterial hypertension, the problems of the effectiveness of treatment of arterial hypertension, the possibility of intensifying treatment and the resulting safety issues of a significant decrease in blood pressure are discussed [4].This is because, in clinical trials, the intensive treatment group had a higher incidence of serious
adverse events (hypotension, syncope, electrolyte imbalance, and acute kidney injury or acute renal failure) compared to the standard treatment group. Therefore, the main focus of clinical research is to reduce the risk of complications arising during treatment.
Modern medicine believes that one of the main mechanisms for the development of hypertension is the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which leads to cardiovascular disorders and damage to target organs. The main principle of the treatment of hypertension is blockade of type 1 angiotensin II receptors. These ideas are at odds with the results of physiological studies.
Russian doctor G.F. Lang believed that hypertension is not a disease, but a reversible functional disorder in the vascular tone regulation system [7]. G.F. Lang regarded hypertensive illness as "vascular neurosis." He saw the cause of the disease in the obvious impact of extreme external stimuli - conflict situations, emotional overloads, and if the "vascular neurosis" is eliminated at the initial stage, then hypertension will not arise.
A number of researchers have convincingly proven that emotional stress is one of the leading causes of arterial hypertension [7, 10]. Russian scientists were the first to present convincing evidence that the cause of the development of arterial hypertension is primary disorders of the nervous mechanisms of blood pressure control [7, 2, 8].
It has been shown that baroreceptors located in the aorta are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. They respond with an increase in impulse activity to an increase in blood pressure and inform the hypothalamus about pressure [3, 2, 11]. The frequency of baroreceptor impulses depends to a large extent on the rate of change in pressure and to a lesser extent on the level of blood pressure. The prolonged state of high pressure leads to adaptation of the baroreceptors to the pressure level.
Pressure regulation mechanisms are divided into short-term mechanisms (reaction time of the order of a few seconds), intermediate action (minutes and hours) and long-acting mechanisms (up to three days). Short-acting mechanisms are neural mechanisms. Signals from baroreceptors located in the aorta enter the hypothalamus [5, 6]. Intermediate mechanisms of blood pressure regulation include changes in transcapillary metabolism and relaxation of the tension in the vessel wall. Both of these mechanisms are aimed at reducing pressure.
A longer-acting mechanism that increases blood pressure is realized in the renin-angiotensin system.
The renin-angiotensin system is a protective system for normalizing blood pressure in case of pathological decrease in blood pressure and / or blood volume (blood loss caused by trauma). This mechanism is also not relevant to arterial hypertension as it only works at low pressure and for a limited time.
Long-term mechanisms of blood pressure regulation include mechanisms that affect the relationship between intravascular blood volume and vascular capacity. It has been shown that a slight (by 2
- 3%) constant increase in the volume of fluid in the circulatory system when the sympathetic nervous regulation is turned off leads to an increase in blood pressure by almost 50%. Normally, an increase in pressure with an increase in the volume of fluid in the circulatory system is compensated by the activation of nervous vascular reflex mechanisms of short-term regulation, and excess fluid is excreted by the kidneys until the adaptation of nervous mechanisms to new conditions [14, 15].
Arterial hypertension progresses with age and lasts for years. There must be pathological factors that interfere with the powerful mechanisms of blood pressure stabilization. These factors persist for the rest of your life and often cause a person's life span to shorten, causing strokes and heart attacks.
Purpose of the study: Search for the causes of violations of the processes of stabilization of blood pressure and non-drug methods of normalization of blood pressure.
The contingent of people who participated in the research
The research involved 33 people - participants in the health improvement course with an average age of 43 ± 7 years. The group consisted of 3 doctors who took part in the examinations and supervising research.
Research methods
The study participants underwent examinations of the condition of the muscular corset of the spine, which included: the study of the mobility of the motor segments of the spine by functional tests for lateroflexia
- bends of the spine to the right and left, manual diagnostics of the state of the intervertebral muscles.
On the basis of functional tests and manual diagnostics, we revealed the presence of spastic conditions of the intervertebral muscles. As a rehabilitative treatment, the participants were given deep spinal muscle massage, which eliminated spastic conditions of the intervertebral muscles. Each participant in the study once a week underwent a massage session from 3 to 7 times and performed a set of exercises for the spine. We studied the influence of gymnastics for the spine and health jogging on one subject who had been regularly involved in jogging and gymnastics for 30 years. Blood pressure was measured immediately before the massage and 10 minutes after the massage with the Omron M2 Classic tonometer.
Results
In a clinical setting, for 3 months in one of the subjects, we studied the development of arterial hypertension from the very beginning and used an experimental non-drug effect on the patient to normalize the blood pressure level. Anthropological parameters of the patient: 60 years old, weight 74 kg, height 174 cm, absence of chronic kidney disease and any other chronic diseases for more than 20 years. This patient had been running jogging for 20 years and had a stable blood pressure of 125/80 mmHg. In our study, he participated in the study of the effect of running and Tibetan gymnastics on the spine.
After prolonged stress, this participant had a blood pressure of 193/90 mmHg with a pulse of 57 - 60.
Taking drugs that lower blood pressure, had no effect. We applied relaxation techniques based on Chinese chi kung, which lowered blood pressure in 3 days. The upper pressure dropped to 160 mmHg, and the lower pressure increased to 110 mmHg with a pulse of 100 -110 at rest. This pressure level was maintained for more than two weeks before the patient developed a sensation of back pain in the region of the 8th to 12th thoracic vertebrae. The patient underwent a massage session of the muscular corset of the spine.
An hour after the massage, the pressure dropped from 160/103 mmHg to the level of 137/86 mmHg, and after another 2 hours it was stable at 130/83 mmHg. This level was already the norm for the patient. The state of chronic stress in our patient persisted, and 2 weeks after the massage, the pressure returned to the level of 160 - 180 mmHg. We again performed 3 massage sessions with blood pressure control. In the first case, after the massage, the pressure decreased from 176/97 mmHg up to 136/83 mmHg. In the second case, after the massage, the pressure decreased from 160/97 mmHg up to 137/88 mmHg. In the third case, after the massage, the pressure decreased from 159/100 mmHg up to 144/95 mmHg.
Three series of experiments were conducted with the patient:
1) Tibetan gymnastics for 8 days on the shore of the warm sea;
2) 7 experimental runs: each run in 3 stages of 1650 meters each at a speed of 10 km / h, and performing gymnastic exercises for the spine after each stage;
3) 10 experimental runs of 5 km per day at a speed of 10 km / h with Tibetan gymnastics exercises for the spine after running.
Each series of experiments resulted in blood pressure normalization.
1. Rest with the daily Tibetan gymnastics "Five Tibetan Pearls" gradually led to the normalization of blood pressure. We quote the figures for daily monitoring (mmHg / hr): 160/100 - 100; 154/104 - 96; 158/90 - 94; 150/90 - 93; 152/91 - 93; 144/90 - 73; 134/82 - 75; 133/81 - 65. Indicators were measured at the same time and under the same conditions.
2. An experimental run in 3 stages of 1650 meters each at a speed of 10 km / h and performing gymnastic exercises for the spine after each stage led, on average, to a decrease in the upper level of pressure from 150 to 135 mmHg and an increase in the lower pressure level from 88 to 91 mmHg.
3. Experiments with a combination of running and Tibetan gymnastics, which took place over 9 days, were especially revealing. Average blood pressure at the beginning of the day for the first three days of the experiment was 141/89 mmHg and at the end of the day 123/86 mmHg. Over the past three days, the average blood pressure at the beginning of the day was 126/83 mmHg, and at the end of the day - 129/81 mmHg. As a result of the nine-day period, blood pressure returned to normal, which was maintained for 3 months while the patient was under observation.
Functional tests for the mobility of the motor segments of the spine and manual diagnostics showed
that stress caused spastic conditions of the muscles of the spine in the lower thoracic region in the patient.
Massage of the muscular corset of the spine eliminated spastic conditions in the muscles. After jogging and gymnastics, the spastic states of the muscles disappeared. We have found that the condition of the muscular corset of the spine affects the regulation of blood pressure. Hypertonicity and spastic conditions of the intervertebral muscles in the lower thoracic spine lead to a persistent increase in blood pressure. A likely mechanism of this effect is the compression of the sympathetic nerves that control the transport of water through the kidneys.
Elimination of spastic conditions of the intervertebral muscles with the help of massage and gymnastics for the spine regularly led to the normalization of blood pressure.
For 6 months at the Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, we studied the influence of health-improving factors on the value of blood pressure. We had 33 subjects - volunteers, among whom were persons suffering from arterial hypertension. We divided all subjects into three groups: persons with normal pressure, SBP 90 - 120 mmHg -16 people, persons with prehypertension, SBP 120 -140 mmHg - 11 people and persons with arterial hypertension, SBP more than 140 mmHg - 6 persons. For all of them, we applied deep spinal muscle massage, which removes muscle blocks in the muscular corset of the spine, 3 to 7 times.
In persons with normal blood pressure, immediately after the massage, the pressure decreased on average by less than 2 mmHg. Before massage: 108 ± 8.5 / 69.3 ± 7.2mmHg. After massage: 106.5 ± 12.2 / 69.5 ± 8.2mmHg (N = 39).
In persons with high blood pressure, immediately after the massage, the pressure decreased on average by 6.8 mm Hg. Before massage: 124.8 ± 9.1 / 77.5 ± 7.6mmHg. After massage: 118 ± 8.2 / 74.5 ± 6.0 mmHg (N = 39).
In persons with high blood pressure, immediately after the massage, the pressure decreased by an average of 9 mm Hg. Before the massage, the pressure was 149 ± 11.8 / 86 ± 12.6 mmHg. After the massage, the pressure significantly decreased: 140 ± 12.7 / 87 ± 13.4 mmHg (N = 22).
Gymnastics for the spine led to a persistent decrease in pressure. Before the exercises, the pressure was 147 ± 14.4 / 91 ± 6.7 mmHg. Immediately after the exercise, the pressure rose by an average of 3 mm Hg. and reached 150 ± 17.7 / 88 ± 6.8 mmHg. After 15 minutes, it decreased by an average of 7 mm Hg. in relation to the initial and amounted to 140 ± 10/89 ± 7.4 mmHg (N = 13) and persisted for a long time (more than 2 hours).
Jogging led to a decrease in blood pressure by an average of 7 mmHg 10 minutes after the end of the run. The pressure before the start of the run was 141 ± 12.8 / 85 ± 6.42 mmHg. After the end of the run, the pressure dropped to 134 ± 13.2 / 87 ± 7.3 mmHg (N = 9). An hour later, the pressure dropped to 121 ± 9.8 / 80 ± 6.8 mmHg (N = 7) and remained so for up to several hours (4 - 6).
These observations show that arterial hypertension is associated with the condition of the muscular corset of the spine. All volunteers who took part in the study and had high blood pressure had problems with the spine. Elimination of spastic conditions in the intervertebral muscles led to the normalization of blood pressure in people with high blood pressure and a significant decrease in pressure in people with arterial hypertension. The effect of gymnastic exercises for the spine and jogging on blood pressure also confirms the existence of a neural component of hypertension. All these methods can be recommended as preventive and rehabilitative measures to combat arterial hypertension [13].
Inflammatory processes in the kidneys - the second cause of persistent arterial hypertension
There are two more factors that lead to arterial hypertension.
These are inflammatory processes in the kidneys -pyelonephritis and inflammatory processes in the adrenal glands, leading to an increased production of adrenaline. These are the same 15% of cases known from the point of view of WHO experts as the causes of persistent hypertension. In the first case, with a high upper pressure, the lower pressure is also high, and the difference between them can be normal or reduced, i.e. 40 mmHg or less. In the second case, the lower pressure is normal or slightly reduced, and the difference between the upper and lower pressure is 60 to 100 mmHg.
Such a big difference is caused by the powerful cardiac output under the influence of adrenaline, but the cause of the adrenaline release is not stress, but the inflammatory process in the adrenal glands. This condition manifests itself as a sympatho-adrenal crisis. And until the inflammatory process in the adrenal glands disappears, the upper pressure will not decrease. There is a third option - simultaneous inflammation of the kidneys and adrenal glands. In this case, a high low pressure and a large difference between the upper and lower pressure are possible. In both of these cases, it is necessary to eliminate the causes of the inflammatory process.
In our practice, we have encountered conditions characterized by a pressure of 193/100 mmHg, 208/110 mmHg and even 234/115 mmHg with a pulse below 70 beats per minute. These conditions were also reactions to stress, but they disappeared only after the elimination of inflammatory processes in the kidneys and adrenal glands. The cause of the inflammatory processes was the accumulation of metabolites in the blood, caused by the poor condition of the large intestine, and hypothermia of the kidney area was the provocateur. Elimination of inflammatory processes led to the normalization of pressure at the level of less than 140 mmHg without the use of antihypertensive therapy.
Discussion
Analysis of the causes of arterial hypertension Water transport through the circulatory system
Every day, up to 10 liters of fluid is absorbed into the circulatory system and excreted from it, which is almost 2 times the volume of blood in the circulatory system. This is up to 3 liters of water consumed with
food, up to 6 liters of digestive juices produced by the stomach (2.5 liters), pancreas (0.7 liters) and the proximal part of the small intestine (the first half of the small intestine, 2.5 liters). All these 10 liters are absorbed back into the circulatory system in the distal part of the small intestine and along the entire length of the large intestine.
Blood from the intestinal wall passes through the liver and is pumped back into the bloodstream. Another way of injecting fluid from the intestine into the circulatory system is through the lymphatic system of the small intestine through the main lymphatic vessel into the subclavian vein (on average, up to 1 liter per day). In addition, the oxidation of carbohydrates in the body produces an additional 0.5 liters of metabolic water. Some of the water is excreted from the body through respiration and sweat, but most of it is excreted by the kidneys. At the same time, the level of blood pressure remains stable. In fact, there is a "third circle of blood circulation" in the circulatory system - the circulation of fluids through the circulatory system. And whatever the blood pressure, and whatever the tone of the blood vessels, the "pumps" of the small and large intestines will still "pump" these 10 liters of fluid into the bloodstream. This volume of fluid from the circulatory system will be transported back to the gastrointestinal tract, and its excess will be excreted from the body through the kidneys. In this case, the question arises: what kind of system maintains the balance in the movement of 10 liters of fluid per day (200% of the volume) through the circulatory system? It is quite obvious that this is the metasympathetic nervous system of the kidneys controlled by the hypothalamus. With an increase in pressure by 1 mmHg excretion of water by the kidneys increases by 100%. The excretion of water by the kidneys can increase by 8 times even with a slight increase in blood pressure up to 10 mmHg [14]. This is what stabilizes blood pressure under the control of the hypothalamus. The denervated kidneys reduce their characteristic "pressure - speed of water transport" 6 - 8 times [14].
The sympathetic nerves of the kidneys exit the spine at levels 9, 10, and 11 of the thoracic vertebrae. When muscle blocks appear in this part of the spine, compression of sympathetic nerves is possible, which, unlike motor and sensory nerves, do not have a strong myelin sheath. Compression of the sympathetic nerves that control the kidneys manifests itself similarly to denervation, and transfers the kidneys to control from their own metasympathetic nervous system, which continues to stabilize blood pressure, but at a higher level. In fact, we are dealing with functional partial denervation of the kidneys. In this we see the main cause of arterial hypertension.
We believe that the data we have obtained are sufficient for the formation of a hypothesis that needs to be tested in a clinical setting.
Hypothesis
Persons suffering from persistent arterial hypertension also have a stabilization of blood pressure, but at a higher level. Control over the level of pressure is carried out by the sympathetic division of the nervous system along the chain: baroreceptors,
hypothalamus, sympathetic nerve paths passing inside and out of the spine in the region of thoracic vertebrae 9-11, sympathetic fibers of the spinal nerves, neurons of the sympathetic trunk, neurons of the celiac ganglion and metasympathetic nerve kidney system. Fibers of the sympathetic nerves do not have a strong myelin sheath and can be compressed as they pass between the stiff spasmodic muscles of the spine. When the sympathetic nerve fibers of the kidneys are compressed in the region of the 9-11 thoracic vertebrae, the normal control of fluid excretion from the circulatory system is impaired. The meatsympathetic nervous system of the kidneys, which has a higher threshold for regulating the pressure of fluid transport, stabilizes the volume of fluid in the circulatory system, but already at a higher blood pressure. This regulation at a higher level of blood pressure manifests itself as persistent arterial hypertension.
Rehabilitation measures to restore the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys are aimed at eliminating spastic conditions of the intervertebral muscles (massage, gymnastics for the spine and good rest). They are able to prevent the development of hypertension at its initial stage. At later stages of the development of arterial hypertension, dystrophic processes in the sympathetic innervation and metasympathetic nervous system of the kidneys are very likely, which will not allow you to quickly defeat the state of arterial hypertension. However, this does not mean that rehabilitation measures will be useless. Massage of the muscular corset of the spine leads to a prolonged decrease in pressure from 7 to 15 mmHg. A regular and long-term healing effect on the muscular corset of the spine leads to the disappearance of muscle blocks and eliminates the compression of the sympathetic nerves emerging from the spine as part of the spinal nerves [12, 13].
Conclusions.
1. Primary arterial hypertension is not a disease, but a reversible functional disorder in the sympathetic part of the nervous system, which regulates the excretion of fluid from the circulatory system through the kidneys.
2. Rehabilitation measures to eliminate spastic conditions in the intervertebral muscles and to restore the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys (massage, gymnastics for the spine and good rest) can prevent the development of hypertension at its initial stage.
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«РОЛЬ ВИТАМИНА Д ВО ВРЕМЯ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19»
Шакирова А. Т., Койбагарова А.А., Кожанов А.С., Калыбекова Г.М., Дилмурату Т.
КГМА им. И.К. Ахунбаева кафедра дерматовенерологии, МВШМ, кафедра инфекционных болезней и дерматовенерологии
Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
"THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D DURING THE PANDEMIC COVID-19"
Shakirova A. T., Koibagarova A.A., Kozhanov A.S., Kalybekova G.M., Dilmurat u T.
KSMA them I.K. Akhunbaev Department of dermatovenereology, ISM, department of infectious diseases and dermatovenerology
Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
РЕЗЮМЕ
В данной статье представлена информация о роли витамина Д при COVID -19, дана информация о его влиянии на органы и системы. Витамин Д укрепляет иммунитет, играя большую роль в борьбе и профилактике новой инфекции, кроме того, повышает защитные функции слизистых оболочек, через которые, как известно, коронавирус попадает в организм.
SUMMARY
This article provides information on the role of vitamin D in COVID-19, provides information on its effect on organs and systems. Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, playing an important role in the fight and prevention of a new infection, in addition, it increases the protective functions of the mucous membranes, through which, as you know, the coronavirus enters the body.
Ключевые слова: солнце, пандемия, холекальциферол, рахит, COVID-19.
Key words: sun, pandemic, cholecalciferol, rickets, COVID-19.
Новый коронавирус СОУГО-19 в настоящее время официально объявлен Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ) пандемией, и большинство стран мира принимают решительные меры для сдерживания инфекции. Карантинные меры уже показали свою эффективность в снижении распространенности этой инфекции. Чаще всего болезнь проявляет себя под маской острых респираторных заболеваний. В этой ситуации очень важны врачебные рекомендации, направленные на снижение рисков ОРЗ. В период карантина из-за пандемии СОУТО-19 вопрос витамина D стал как никогда острым. Данные последних исследований по коронавирусу показали прямую корреляцию между ростом бронхолегочных заболеваний и нехваткой вит. Д. Специалисты ряда стран провели исследования и определили средний уровень этого витамина у населения 20 европейских стран, а затем сравнили данные с долей смертей от СОУГО-19. Оказалось, что, чем ниже средний уровень витамина D по стране, тем выше смертность. К тому же, оказалось, острая нехватка витамина D в организме на 15 % повышает вероятность развития тяжелой формы коронавирусной инфекции. Ранее ученые из Фонда
больницы Королевы Елизаветы и Университета Восточной Англии также выяснили, что недостаток витамина D может стать причиной повышенных рисков летального исхода при коронавирусной инфекции. Оказалось, что чем ниже средний уровень витамина D по стране, тем выше смертность от СОУТО-19. При этом особенно низкий уровень данного микроэлемента ученые зафиксировали у жителей Италии, Испании и Швейцариия. где и наблюдалась высокая смертность от СОУГО-19.
Также, по данным ученых из Северо-западного университета в Эванстоне (город в США в штате Иллинойс), острая нехватка витамина Б в организме на 15% повышает вероятность развития тяжелой формы коронавирусной инфекции. Риск положительного результата теста на СОУГО-19 был в 1,77 раза выше для пациентов с вероятным дефицитом витамина D.
На сегодняшний день проведено уже более 80 000 исследований, посвященных витамину Dз и это грандиозная цифра, которая убеждает в том, что этот витамин играет большую роль в укреплении иммунитета. Особенно актуальным в период пандемии является исследование группы
