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7МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ НАУКИ (MEDICAL SCIENCES)
УДК 1
Meghna Banerjee
Perm State Medical University
NEOPLASM. NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
Abstract: In this paper, we will research the neoplasm and neoplasm diseases. Key words: Neoplasm, neoplasm diseases.
A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells, also known as a tumor. Neoplastic diseases are conditions that cause tumor growth — both benign and malignant.
Benign tumors are noncancerous growths. They usually grow slowly and can't spread to other tissues. Malignant tumors are cancerous and can grow slowly or quickly. Malignant tumors carry the risk of metastasis, or spreading to multiple tissues and organs. Types
In the human body, there are trillions of normal, healthy cells. These cells grow, divide, multiply, die, and are replaced in a controlled, paced manner. However, in the case of a neoplasm, the cells may grow more rapidly or survive for longer than they are supposed to.
What is benign neoplasm?
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that serves no purpose. A benign tumor is not a malignant tumor, which is cancer. It does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body the way cancer can. In most cases, the outlook with benign tumors is very good
What is malignant neoplasms? ICD-10 classifies neoplasms into four main groups: benign neoplasms, in situ
neoplasms, malignant neoplasms, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior. Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as cancers and are the focus of oncology.
Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, as neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia. The word is from Ancient Greek vso^- neo ("new") and nMa^a plasma ("formation", "creation"). Causes
A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused
by genetic mutations. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue,
however (such as leukemia or carcinoma in situ) and similarities between neoplasmic growths
and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been
pointed out
Diagnosing neoplastic disease
blood tests, and possibly a biopsy on visible masses.
Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects
Frequency Frequency
Cancer Gene Ref.
in Cancer in Field Defect
Colorectal MGMT 46% 34% [25]
Colorectal MGMT 47% 11% [27]
Colorectal MGMT 70% 60% [46]
Colorectal MSH2 13% 5% [27]
Colorectal ERCC1 100% 40% [32]
Colorectal PMS2 88% 50% [32]
Colorectal XPF 55% 40% [32]
Neck Head and MGMT 54% 38% [47]
Neck Head and MLH1 33% 25% [48]
Neck Head and MLH1 31% 20% [49]
Stomach MGMT 88% 78% [50]
Stomach MLH1 73% 20% [51]
Esophagus MLH1 100% 77%- 23%-79% [52]
Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size while 40% grew in size.
Genome instability
Cancers are known to exhibit genome instability or a mutator phenotype. The protein-
coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA. Within this protein-
coding DNA (called the exome), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60
to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the
remaining ones may be "passenger" mutationsHowever, the average number of DNA sequence
mutations in the entire genome (including non-protein-coding regions) within a breast cancer
tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have
45
a higher exome mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans. Conclusion
It may lead to somatic evolution in cancer
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