Natural chlorins octadecylamides -upconversion nanoparticles complexes for the study of energy transfer process Текст научной статьи по специальности «Химические науки»

Porphyrins Порфирины

Макрогэтэроцмклы

http://macroheterocycles.isuct.ru

Communication Сообщение

DOI: lG.6G6G/mhcl6llSln

Natural Chlorins Octadecylamides - Upconversion Nanoparticles Complexes for the Study of Energy Transfer Process

Andrei V. Nechaev,ab@ Marya E. Nikolaeva,a'b Ilya M. Asharchuk,b Kirill V. Khaydukov,b Evgeny V. Khaydukov,bc Vladimir A. Semchishen,b and Andrey F. Mironova

aInstitute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Moscow Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia

hFederal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow,

Russia

cCenter of Bioimaging, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

@Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

A series of natural chlorins with octadecylamine residue in pyrrole rings A and D have been prepared on the basis of chlorophyll a derivatives. The compounds are capable to form intermolecular conjugates with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) due to hydrophobic interactions with oleic acid on the surface of nanocrystals. Coincidence of the intensive chlorin absorption band with UCNP fluorescence in red range of spectrum results in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).

Keywords: Upconversion nanoparticles, natural chlorins, chlorinp pyropheophorbide, octadecylamides, FRET.

Комплексы октадециламидов природных хлоринов с апконвертирующими наночастицами для изучения процесса переноса энергии

А. В. Нечаев,a'b@ М. Е. Николаева,^ И. М. Ашарчук,ь К. В. Хайдуков,ь Е. В. Хайдуков,Ьс В. А. Семчишен,ь А. Ф. Миронова

Московский технологический университет, Институт тонких химических технологий, 119571 Москва, Россия bФедеральный научно-исследовательский центр "Кристаллография и Фотоника" Российской академии наук, 119333 Москва, Россия

сФГБОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России, Институт регенеративной медицины, лаборатория экспериментального оптического имиджинга, 119991 Москва, Россия @E-mail: [email protected]

На основе производных хлорофилла а получена серия природных хлоринов с гидрофобным остатком октадециламина в пиррольных кольцах А и D макроцикла. Полученные соединения способны образовывать межмолекулярные конъюгаты с апконвертирующими наночастицами за счет гидрофобных взаимодействий с остатками олеиновой кислоты на поверхности нанокристаллов. Практически полное совпадение интенсивной полосы поглощения хлоринов и красной области флуоресценции апконвертирующей частицы позволяют наблюдать явление Ферстеровского резонансного безызлучательного переноса энергии (ФРЭТ).

Ключевые слова: Апконвертирующие наночастицы, природные хлорины, хлорин р6, пирофеофорбид, октадециламиды, ФРЭТ.

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess the unique photophysical and spectral characteristics11"31 that have found potential applications in theranostics for visualization and therapy of malignant tumors. UCNP represent a nontoxic inorganic crystal matrix of the composition NaYF4 co-doped with various lanthanides (Yb, Er, Tm). The UCNP spectral properties can be easily tuned via adjusting the percentage of lanthanide ions in composition.[4-6] One approach for application of UCNPs in theranostics is producing of intermolecular complexes of such phosphors with various photosensitizers (PS) for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer.[7,8] Excitation wavelength (980 nm) and the main photoluminescence peaks of UCNP are in infrared, red and green ranges of spectrum. Therefore, investigation of these complexes is considerably simplified due to the absence of the luminescence of biological tissues. Both natural and synthetic photosensitizes[9"13] are applied as components of a complex.

In this paper we describe the synthesis of noncovalent complexes of natural chlorins with UCNPs for energy transfer investigations from the particle to PS. Due to synthetic procedure features, the particles have oleic acid residue with hydrophobic nature on the surface. Nanoparticle structure P-NaY078F4,Y02Er02 is most widely used. The photoluminescence spectrum of nanoparticles has two main peaks at 540 and 650 nm when excited by 975 nm laser radiation. [14] In the current work we used nanocrystals b-NaY0798F4, Y0 2Er0 02 with 10 times smaller erbium content. Such change of structure causes the prevalence of red peak in the spectrum, and almost completely coincides with the intensive chlorin absorption band.

28 nm b-NaY0798F4,Y02Er002@NaYF4 core/shell UCNP was synthesized as described in our recent work.[15] The produced nanocrystals indicate 3 % upconversion efficiency at the excitation intensity 10 W/cm2 (Figure 1). The inactive shell is used to decrease the surface effects of fluorescence quenching and allows increasing UCNP brightness by 6 times. The synthesized nanocrystals are well dispersed in nonpolar organic solvents, such as hexane, chloroform, etc.

Easily available pyropheoforbide a (1)[16] and chlorinp6 dimethyl ester (2)[17] were used as starting chlorins for conjugates synthesis. At first the vinyl group in 1 was converted to aldehyde 3[18] and then it was oxidized to carboxylic acid by sodium chlorite treatment.[19] The obtained acid (4) was activated by disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) and conjugated with octadecylamine to form the octadecylamide (5) in 56 % yield (Figure 2). Presence of carboxyl group in 173-position allows further modification of the molecule.

Similarly, chlorin p6 dimethyl ester (2) was converted to octadecylamide derivative 6 in 88 % yield. Octadecyl-amine had a similar length as the oleic acid residue on the nanoparticle surface, that provided the good hydrophobic interaction between conjugate components.

Then obtained chlorins were conjugated with UCNPs, using hydrophobic interactions between octadecylamine and oleic acid residues. Results of photophysical researches were similar in both cases, therefore herein the description for compound 6 is represented. Nanoparticles were dispersed in chloroform in concentration 1 mg/ml. Then excess of chlorin in chloroform was added and mixture was sonicated for 3 min. Further suspension was diluted with an isopropanol and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 30 minutes. Resulting black-green precipitate was separated from excess of chlorin and centrifuged in isopropanol/chloroform mix three times, and then dispersed in chloroform and subjected to the energy transfer study (Figure 3).

Fluorolog-3 HJY fluorimeter (HJY, France) equipped with photomultiplier tube (PMT, Hamamatsu R929P) was used to measure photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and kinetics of the nanoparticles and conjugates. The PMT signal was registered by means of the high-speed oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS 6804B, USA). The quartz cuvette with sample was placed in a fluorimeter cuvette compartment. The semiconductor ATC laser (Semiconductor devices, Russia) was utilized as an excitation source. Exciting radiation at 975 nm from optical fiber was focused in the cuvette compartment using the quartz lens. Power density was a constant at all measurements and was equal to 50 W/cm2. The duration of laser pulses was 2 ms at repetition rate of 70 Hz.

500 600 700 800

Wavelength, nm

Figure 1. TEM image and photoluminescence spectrum of UCNPs. 362

A. V. Nechaev et al.

н,с

С02Ме

С02Ме

Figure 2. The synthesis of chlorins.

Chlorin 6

Oleic acid residue

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of UCNP/Chlorin complex. Макрогетер0циmbl /Macroheterocycles 2016 9(4) 361-365

Figure 4 illustrates excitation of the chlorin and PL of the colloid of UCNP in chloroform. Nanoparticles possess the intensive PL lines around 540 and 650 nm when excited by laser radiation at 975 nm. Chlorin has absorption bands at 540 and 660 nm. It is visible that several bands of chlorin absorption coincide with certain bands of the upconversion luminescence of nanoparticles. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the acceptor and the donor occurs in this conjugate (Figure 4). Efficiency of energy transfer in the case of dipole-dipole interaction is inversely proportional to the sixth degree of distance between the donor and the acceptor.

Figure 5 demonstrates the spectrum of an anti-Stokes luminescence of conjugate NaYF4:Yb3+Er3+@NaYF4/chlorin in chloroform excited by the semiconductor laser at 975 nm wavelength and spectrum of the Stokes fluorescence of chlo -

Figure 4. UCNP photoluminescence spectrum (green curve) at 975 nm excitation and power density 50 W/cm2, and chlorin absorption spectrum (orange curve) in the range from 450 to700 nm.

rin. The spectrum of the molecular conjugate has the wide band of chlorin fluorescence with the maximum at 706 nm when excited by IR radiation. The bands of nanoparticle luminescence which are blocked with bands of excitement (absorption) of chlorin have low intensity in comparison to free UCNP at the similar conditions.

The measurement of luminescence lifetime of the donor at the presence and lack of the acceptor is required for estimation of resonance energy transfer efficiency, proceeding from the Forster formalism. Therefore, the following expression allows calculating the efficiency of the FRET process (n):

acceptor. The FRET efficiency can be also expressed as the percentage: n %=iy100 %.

For estimation of FRET efficiency we have measured the lifetimes of the excited state of Ef+ ions in nanoparticles. Results of measurements are presented in Figure 6. Lifetime of the excited state of Ef + ions is 730 ^s in case of lack of the acceptor and 600 ^s in case of a conjugate. Thus, energy transfer efficiency from the donor (UCNP) to the acceptor (chlorin) at 650 nm is ~18 %.

Figure 6. Time dependence of a luminescence at excitement by 2 ms pulse duration for nanoparticles (black curve) and a conjugate (red curve) at 650 nm. The time profile of the exciting pulse at 975 nm is shown as the blue curve. The signals are normalized to unity. The starting of a timeline coincides with the beginning of excitement pulse. The quenching kinetics in half-logarithmic scale is presented in the inset.

n=1 - (VU

where tDA is the lifetime of the donor at the presence of the acceptor, and tD is the lifetime of the donor at lack of the

Figure 5. Stokes fluorescence spectra of chlorin at excitement by the light at 650 nm (red curve) and conjugate UCNP/Chlorin of anti-Stokes luminescence at excitement at 975 nm (blue curve).

Thus, it has been shown that chlorin derivatives with octadecylamine residue are capable to form intermolecular conjugates with UCNP due to hydrophobic interactions with oleic acid on the surface of nanocrystals. The FRET efficiency in such conjugates is around 18 %. Further therapeutic agents on the basis of such complexes can be applied for fluorescent visualization of tumors.

Acknowledgment. This work was supported by the RSF grant No. 16-13-10092 in the part of chemical synthesis, and by the grant of RFBR No. 15-02-08697 in the part of photophysical experiments and FRET study.

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Received 22.11.2016 Accepted 09.12.2016