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Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики - 2016. Том 2
УДК 621.316.
ВНЕДРЕНИЕ НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКУЮ ТЕХНИКУ -МАГИСТРАЛЬНЫЙ ПУТЬ СОЗДАНИЯ МКА
А. Д. Бормин Научный руководитель - М. Е. Баранов Руководитель по иностранному языку - Т. Н. Куренкова
Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева
Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31
Е-mail: Anbormin@yandex.ru
Статья посвящена проблемам при создании малых космических аппаратов. Рассмотрены основные подходы по внедрению нанотехнологий в ракетно-космическую технику. Описан магистральный путь создания малого космического аппарата как одно из перспективных направлений.
Ключевые слова: малые космические аппараты, нанотехнологии, ракетно-космическая техника.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE ROCKET AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY -
THE MAIN WAY OF CREATING THE SS
A. D. Bormin Scientific Supervisor - M. E. Baranov Foreign Language Supervisor - T. N. Kurenkova
Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation Е-mail: Anbormin@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to problems in technological process of the small spacecrafts creation. The basic approaches for the implementation of nanotechnology in space rocketry are reviewed. The main way of creating small spacecraft as one of perspective directions is described.
Keywords: small spacecrafts, nanotechnology, rocket and space technology.
Today, the main problems of the new space systems creation are: information technologies, new materials, a fundamental change in the spacecraft shape, economic efficiency. The object of this research is a technological process of creating the Small Spacecraft (SS). We analyzed the problems of space systems creation on the basis of a new generation of ultra-small spacecrafts. A strategy of nanotechnology introduction in the SS is developed. The research results can be used for modeling of nano-sized devices.
The SS as a space technology object appeared in the 60s of the 20th century. That spacecraft was, for example, the first Artificial Earth Satellite. As military-purpose vehicle it was the American electronic reconnaissance spacecraft 'GRAB' (its main characteristics: mass 16-19 kg, an orbit height 600-1000 km, stabilization by rotation, 5 items were placed into orbit, 2 items worked).
However at that time there was the technologies level that didn't allow achieving the necessary efficiency of the SS. Therefore, the main part of the orbital groups consisted of medium and heavy (often universal) spacecrafts. The cost of these spacecrafts was, as a rule, estimated in hundreds of millions of dollars that greatly inhibited the further exploration of outer space [1]. As a result, an increase in the number of spacecrafts in orbit group became extremely difficult because of economic and information (cybernetic) inexpediency.
It is believed that at the beginning of the XXI century, more than 80 % of the orbital groups of space systems will be the SS. At present abroad as the SS is meant an apparatus which mass allows to put it into orbit by a light class rocket carrier, or as a passing loads during placing larger spacecrafts, including these spacecrafts placing by the carriers, created on the basis of intercontinental ballistic missiles removing from service [2]. Usually they include spacecrafts, which mass is no more than 1 ton and in the US - no more than
Секция «Актуальные на учные проблемы в мире (глазами молодьш исследователей)»
1500-2000 pounds (680 -820 kg) and the following classification of the SS is accepted (despite of their purpose):
- picosatellites (pico-spacecrafts) - less than 1 kg;
- nanosatellites (nano-spacecrafts) - up to 10 kg;
- microsatellites (micro-spacecrafts) - mass 50-100 kg;
- mini satellites (mini-spacecrafts) - mass 200-300 kg;
- small satellites (small spacecrafts) - mass 680-820 kg.
True value of spacecrafts balance mass (for the SS) is 0.45-0.5, for traditional spacecrafts - 0.3, on the basis of this we get payload masses values. Continuing decomposition till element it is possible to build a parametric series of mass characteristics for each system, block and the SS element that can allow attributing corresponding components to a particular SS type. But the considered classification by one criterion -spacecraft mass or a block (element) does not reveal the full depth, diversity and complexity of technological processes of the SS creation.
Implementation of the whole variety of the SS is not possible without further miniaturization up to the nanostructures, the creation of which is the field of nanotechnology, i.e. transition from research within structures from units and hundreds nanometers to micro devices to the organization of their industrial production.
Today, practical nanotechnology is directed to solving the following objectives:
- creating solids and surfaces with a required molecular structure;
- the synthesis of new chemical substances by designing molecules;
- development of devices of different functional purposes;
- the creation of self-organizing and self-replicating nanoscale structures;
- connection of nanoscale devices with electronic systems on the basis of a wireless information network.
The solution of the above problems provides opportunities for the production of new semiconductor and magnetic structures, molecular, fullerene and other constructional materials, components of nanoelectronics and nanooptics, nanoenergetics and nanoelectromechanics, nanotools and nanorobots [3]. All this allows authors to provide a simple and evident classification of nanotechnologies and the sequence of their introduction into the SS or other products of the perspective rocket and space technology (RST) objects ^ methods ^ materials ^ devices ^ objects of the RST.
It is possible to detail this classification by using each of the concepts as the column root word, for example, it is offered to state the category "methods" as: mechanical alloying, detonation synthesis, chemical deposition, impulse compression, others.
We use a common definition: the development of space assets (SA) is a process of natural changing, the transition from one state to another, more perfect; the transition from an old qualitative state to a new, from simple to complex, from lower to higher.
In systems theory a natural transition to a higher level is usually characterized by the emergence concept, that is a new quality formation result, due to changes in the RST and introduction of innovations, appropriate means foundation, organization of military space activities (as a two-tier education, including experimental and practical ways to organize the MSA). We can rightly attribute the SS to such means and nanotechnology as one of the crucial means to create them.
References
1. Acta Astronautica (1996). The enigma of small satellites for earth observation. London Vol. 39. № 9-12.
2. Mars Program Independent Assessment Team (MPIAT) report (2000) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, California. Available at: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov [10 Dec 2015].
3. Ward D. (2010). Faster, Better, Cheaper Revisited. Program Management Lessons from NASA. P. 48-52.
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