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17ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ
NAKHCHIVAN, THE LAND OF OGUZ IN ANCIENT SOURCES
SABUHi iBRAHiMOV1
Abstract
In the article, by providing information about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz home in handwritten texts, researches were conducted on the sources reflecting the region's rich historical past, culture, literature, economic power, science and the value given to science. Thus, the valuable handwritten texts used allow us to say that Nakhchivan, the ancient land of Oguz, had great opportunities and is still maintaining its position today. The notes in our fiction about the ancient Oguz land of Nakhchivan and its regions, which keeps its historical past alive, are always given in a certain context according to the plot and composition of the works. The handwritten texts that revive its geographical beauty andpoetic way of thinking allow us to say that Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, is an integral part of the Turkic world.
In the research, sufficient and important information was obtained about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, information about its centers of science, information about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland in Ottoman manuscripts, and also about scientists who can be distinguished by their creativity.
Keywords: Oguz homeland, Nakhchivan, manuscript, text, knowledge, literature, creativity.
1. Introduction:
Nakhchivan, the ancient home of Oghuz, has been famous throughout history for its artists. The magnificent monuments built by the architect Ajami Nakhchivani are considered rare art pearls of the whole East. Toponyms existing in Nakhchivan are related to a number of Eastern legends. Even the name of Nakhchivan is connected with the name of Prophet Noah. Researchers show that these places were once called "Nuhchular". "Then that word changed and took the form of "Nakhchivan"" [11, p. 24]. In fact, "...the first information about Noah's flood was given in the holy book "Torah". The connection of the word Nakhchivan with the word Noah is related to this narration" [8, p. 4]. Researchers based on Arabic-Persian sources associate the word Nakhchivan with the Arabic and Persian words "Naqshi-Jahan" ("Pattern of the World") [see 11, p. 26].
All these provisions show that Nakhchivan was an ancient Oghuz-Turkish land, but also a center of culture, art, economy, and commerce of the East. The local Turkic tribes called it "Nuhchu" in Turkish, and the Eastern merchants who built trade routes from here called it "Naqshi-Jahan". In the famous book "Oguzname", the lands of Nakhchivan are presented as the homeland of Azerbaijan.
2. Information about Nakhchivan in the texts.
1 Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Nakhchivan Branch Manuscripts Fund, Head of the Cataloging Department of Manuscripts, Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan MR. Heydar Aliyev prospectus 35, AZ 7000. E-posta: [email protected]
Gamigaya written monuments and other stone inscriptions, pictures, images and epigraphic monuments were among the sources of written monuments that existed in the territories of Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan, which is an integral part of it.
According to the fundamental scientific information provided by the researchers, identifying the Gamigaya images and carrying out archaeological excavations lead to the solution of the rock images once again. "From the archeological excavations and petroglyphs carried out in Gamigaya, it can be concluded that these grasslands were the temporary residence of local tribes, and nomadic grassland cattle breeding was the basis of their occupation. Archaeological excavations conducted in Nakhchivan are not limited to Gamigaya" [16, p. 46]. However, "in 1926, A.K. Alekbarov determined the presence of ancient monuments in the Alinjachay valley during a visit to the Nakhchivan territory" [16, p. 3]. Alinjachay Khanegah, which belongs to the 15th century in Nakhchivan, an ancient Oghuz homeland, is rich in many textual ornaments, one of which is a chest found during excavation.
"Avesta" is the first written monument created in the territory of Azerbaijan known to us from separate sources of the middle centuries. Considered the most valuable example of pre-Islamic manuscript books in the Muslim East, this rich ancient monument with 815 chapters in 21 books was written for the first time during the Achaemenid era (at the end of the 6th century BC), and for the last time during the reign of the Sassanids. The components of "Avesta" belong to the end of the 2nd millennium BC and the first half of the 1st millennium BC. This monument, which has passed through various historical stages, was built in BC. It was written on parchment made of 12,000 ox hides in the 6th century and was one of the largest examples of the flat book type (canon) in the world. Although it was not possible to restore the text of this huge book, which was destroyed during the invasions of Alexander the Great, in the 4th century AD, Azerbad (Atropat), the son of the chief Zoroastrian priest Mahraspand, reorganized and improved the "Avesta" and wrote it in a special alphabet created by himself. During the Sassanid era, a scribe named Tansar wrote the "Zand-Avesta" (New Avesta) texts based on the texts left in the memory of fire worshipers. These texts themselves are of special importance in the history of textology.
After that, it is said that "Avesta" was compiled by someone named Azerbadin, a famous philosopher and cleric in the world. After that, "Avesta" was not changed again and voluminous commentaries were written. These comments are usually called "Zand".
One of the important sources in the study of manuscript texts on Nakhchivan is the book "Pandname" compiled in the 5th-7th centuries and the books "Dingart", which is considered an encyclopedia of Zoroastrianism. Although these books are written in the Pahlavi language, they also belong to the ancient religious beliefs of the Azerbaijani people.
Notes in our fiction about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, are always given in a certain context according to the plot and composition of the works. For example, the events in the legends of "Astiyak" and "Tomiris", known to us from the book "History" of Herodotus, take place in the territory of Azerbaijan before our era. Although the name "Nakhchivan" is not specifically mentioned in those legends, historical events in the region are described.
"Oguzname", a treasure of wisdom and wisdom, is one of the oldest examples of our book culture. "Historical information about the existence of "Oguzname" in the form of a book in the 6th century AD gives us the right to say that it belongs to an earlier period. There is such historical information that in the margin of a book "Oghuznama" read by Mamluk nobles in Egypt in the 13th century, there was a note by Abu Muslim, a prominent general from Azerbaijan who lived in the first
half of the 8th century, that this book was left to me by my great-grandfather Bukhtu Khan. Another "Oghuzname" was translated from Persian to Arabic in the early years of the 9th century" [19, p. 5]. S. Alizadeh states in his research that "Oghuzname" proves that in the 9th-12th centuries - at the time when Arabic and Persian languages violently took over the rights of the written language in Azerbaijan, and even much earlier, the Oghuz language was active in literary and artistic activity, a rich human created a literature distinguished by its content, socio-historical cut, and high literary-aesthetic level" [6, p. 15]. The following meaningful verse of Manuchohr Damgani, a well-known poet of the 11th century, once again confirms what has been said:
I like that Turkmen face very well.
Read from the Turkish and Oghuz poem you mentioned [17, p. 124].
In the epic "Kitabi-Dade Gorgud" [9], which is one of the "Oghuznames" and is considered a rare example of our native literature of the 7th century, which is called the "national passport" of the medieval Turkic peoples, the toponyms of the Nakhchivan region, which is the ancient Oghuz homeland, are specifically given. In the tenth section of the monument, called "Us's old son Sayrak's section", we find the following notes: "...then they ransacked the field as far as the Goyca Sea on the edge of Shirokus. They got a lot of booty. Eyrey's road fell to Alinca Castle. Black tekur had made a reserve there. He filled this circle from birds with geese, chickens, deer and rabbits from animals, and made this place a trap for Oghuz braves" [9, p. 208].
Professor Safarali Babayev, a well-known geographer and scientist, writes about this in his research work entitled "Toponyms of Kitabi-Dade Gorgud in Nakhchivan": "I was drawn to the fact that some of the toponyms mentioned in the text of the epic are in the land of Nakhchivan" [2, p. 9-10]. The author also notes that "16 of the toponyms mentioned in "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" are also in Nakhchivan" [2, p. 10].
In 1997, according to the decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaij an Heydar Aliyev on the 1300th anniversary of the "Kitabi-Dade Gorgud" epic dated April 20, 1997, the anniversary of the epic was held on an international scale. The epic "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" is especially related to the land of Nakhchivan. A number of events described in the epic take place directly in the territory of Nakhchivan. This is proven by the fact that the geographical objects mentioned in the saga are mainly located in Nakhchivan and its neighboring areas. It is known that a branch of the Oghuz settled in the south of Azerbaijan, including in the territory of Nakhchivan. More than 50 toponyms related to "Kitabi-Dade Gorgud" figures and their characters have been determined in Nakhchivan, which is located in the center of the ancient Oguz lands" [13, p. 297].
The words "Alinja" and "Shirokus" in these records in the "Kitabi-Dade Gorgud" monument, which is considered our "mother book", are related to the toponyms of Nakhchivan. Alinja Castle has not lost its grandeur, as it was in ancient times. The word "Shirokus" is probably the archaic form of the current word " Sharur". At first glance, the saga has a negative attitude towards Alinj a and Shirokus (Sharur) districts, which are charming corners of Nakhchivan, but in fact, a deep philological, historical-ethnographic analysis of these records shows that the population of Azerbaijan had not fully accepted Islam in the 7th century. Therefore, both negative (Shoyklu Malik - i.e. his picture, Kipchak Malik - i.e. Kipchak Turk) and positive characters (Dade Gorgud, Gazan Khan, Bayandir Khan, etc.) in the epic are Turks. Simply put, Shoyklu Malik, who has a picture, Qipchak Malik, who is from Kipchak Turks, and those from Alince, are Turks who have not yet accepted Islam and remain in the "godliness" which is the old religion of Turks. Those who are presented as a positive image are
Muslims who have already accepted Islam. As non-Muslims are called "kafir" in Islam, the Turks who worship the god in the epic are called "kafir".
Thus, it is far from the Muslim way of life for the hero of the epic to pray and then take a sword and fight and kill people, or to drink wine. These discrepancies in the Dresden and Vatican manuscripts of the epic can be explained by the fact that the calligrapher apparently did not change the plot, but simply added Islamic episodes where he could. Most likely, there were no such episodes in the pre-Islamic versions of the epic. There were not a few people who used the name of Islam in Nakhchivan for their own personal gain, and Ahmad ibn Ajam al-Kufi informed about this in his work "Kitab al-Futuh" ("The Book of Conquests") and wrote: "...Abu Muslim left his place came to the city of Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan, captured it, collected tribute and distributed it among his comrades-in-arms. From here, he goes to the city of Dabil, he besieged it for four months, but he could not take it" [3, p. 62]. Thus, based on the sources, the author writes: "Undoubtedly, there were representatives of the caliph appointed from the center of Islam and they worked in Nakhchivan" [3, p. 196].
In the literary history of Azerbaijan, we find notes about Nakhchivan, the ancient home of Oghuz, in the works of our 11th century poet Qatran Tabrizi (1012-1088). About 50 verses in the poet's divan refer to Nakhchivan and its rulers. He praises the victory of the 11th-century Rawwadi ruler Abu Dulaf over the enemy and writes:
Fear of his sword turned to dark night, Those who covet Nakhchivan, those who approach it. He left there forever, said goodbye to Nakhchivan, Let me go, O king, for my staying here,
It will be a loss for me, and there will be no benefit for you [19, p. 85].
From those verses, it is known that he personally accompanied the victory of the judge of Nakhchivan over the enemies. During those bloody days, Nakhchivan was repeatedly attacked, and the heroic Nakhchivan judge Abu Dulaf repelled all of them and saved the people of Nakhchivan from danger. Such texts are torches that shed light on the dark past of Nakhchivan, the ancient homeland of Oghuz. As we read those verses, we witness the tragedies experienced by the people of Nakhchivan in the 11th century and the joy of their victory over the enemy.
In the praises of the poet, many truths about the ruler of Nakhchivan are revealed, and it is clear to us that Abu Dulaf is one of the Turks from the local tribes:
O angel with a Turkish statue, O Turk with an angelic character!
You are both an ornament of paradise and an ornament of the Caspian Sea...
He, who is the crown of kings, by the hand of Abu Dulaf,
Both the price of gems increased and the price of gems decreased.
At the time of giving, the pen is the sun of good,
In battle, the dagger is the evil sky...
Science cannot be far from your nature,
Accident cannot avoid your sword [19, p. 128-129].
Indeed, the borders of the Ravvadi state, whose capital was the ancient Oghuz homeland of Nakhchivan, covered a wide area up to the Caspian Sea. The fact that Qatran Tabrizi says about Abu Dulafs nationality puts an end to all disputes. Thus, some historians say that the Rawwadis are sometimes of Arab origin, and sometimes of other origins: "Ibn al-Asir shows that Mamlan definitely
belongs to the Arab Rawwadi lineage" [19, p. 236]. From these records of Qatran Tabriz, it is known that the Ravvadis were of Turkish origin. From those records, it is clear that the Ravvadis gave a high value to science. This fact has great historical significance. So, only huge countries have allocated certain funds from their budgets for the development of science.
3. Science centers of Nakhchivan, the ancient home of Oguz. The 12th-century Nakhchivan madrasahs, which we find in manuscripts about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, can be considered one of the first centers of education in the Middle Ages of Azerbaijan. The first written information about them is found in the 13th century manuscript called "Ajaib ad-dunya" whose author is unknown. In that work, it is said about Nakhchivan: "Nakhchivan is a large and well-populated city in Azerbaijan. It is located in a high area. It is heavily fortified. Many palaces, pavilions, and balconies were built (there). They built a fortress on a rock near the city, built madrasahs, mosques, and there is a beautiful fountain in the fortress. They say that there is no more prosperous city on earth. All buildings are late and built of baked bricks. Most of the mansions are three-story and four-story like a castle. good (suburban) area (savad), running water, gardens and abundant greenery, delicious fruits (have). Araz river touches the city limits. They say that there is no better and more auspicious grape in the whole world than the Nakhchivan grape" [12, p. 150]. Also, referring to another source of the manuscript, it is said: "They say that there are no buildings, mosques and madrasahs in any village or city as many as in the Nakhchivan cemetery" [152, p. 150]. These data indicate the rich culture of Nakhchivan, the ancient home of Oguz in the 12th century. Of course, handwritten texts were widely used in those madrasahs.
The manuscript written in 1263-1284 by "Sahib divan" ("chief vizier") Shamseddin Muhammad Juveini, who managed financial affairs in the Elkhanid state, contains extensive information about Nakhchivan madrasahs. Another manuscript refers to the foundations of the mausoleum built personally for Momina Khatin in the city of Nakhchivan in 1186. This manuscript can be called the "Regulation" of madrasas in Nakhchivan. Here, the issue of management of madrasahs and the management of educational work, as well as the mutual relations of teachers and students are defined, and a number of useful methodical instructions and advices related to educational work are given. From these manuscripts, it is known that secular sciences were taught in madrasahs along with religious sciences. This indicates the level of development of Nakhchivan in the 12th century.
One source where we find mentions of Nakhchivan is Abubakr ibn Khosrow al-Ustad's book "Munisnameh". The story of the "Ashabi-kahf" (Cave Owners) in the book is widespread among the people and is even reflected in the Holy Quran. Leading intellectuals such as Farabi, Mujireddin Beylaghani, Asireddin Akhsikati, Abu Bakr Ibn Khosrov al-Ustad, Ashhari, doctor Akmeleddin al-Nakhchivani lived and created in the court of the Atabays, and even the great thinker Nizami Ganjavi was connected to their court. The manuscripts of those people that have reached our time provide enough information about the 12th century literary environment of Nakhchivan. Nizami Ganjavi dedicated the poem "Khosrov and Shirin" to the rulers of Atabay. Abu Bakr ibn Khosrow, a friend of the poet, often visited Nizami when al-Ustad was in Ganja. In the palace, he brought up the children of the Atabays. He brought up Atabey Jahan Pahlavan and Gizil Arslan from their childhood and taught them various sciences. His valuable manuscript book "Munisname" was also used as a textbook in madrasahs. In the last chapter of this manuscript, which has more than 20 chapters, 33
interesting stories are given [see 5, p. 6]. Those texts also tell about the rich cultural treasure of 12th century Nakhchivan.
The 26th narrative in "Munisnama" is called: "The narrative about the cave owners and Mount Yunis" [5, p. 558]. As we mentioned, the story of the famous "Ashabi-Kahf" pier in Nakhchivan is widely narrated in this tale. As it is known, the stories of this old man were reflected in verses 9-25 of the 18th chapter of the Holy Quran. The fact that the pirs of Nakhchivan are shown in certain manuscripts and are reflected in sacred sources also shows that this land has always been the center of attention of the East. Abu Bakr ibn Khosrov al-Ustad put this story in his work "Munisname" and once again highlighted the sanctity of the land of Nakhchivan.
In this topic, which was involved in the research of the ancient Oghuz homeland of Nakhchivan for the first time, it became clear that the works of Nakhchivan authors are preserved in London, Warsaw, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Istanbul, Bombay, Lucknow, Paris, Tbilisi, Tabriz and other big cities. is highly protected. Since the works of many Nakhchivan authors are not studied enough, their names are not so famous in the world of science.
During the study of the manuscripts of Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, the Middle Ages are of great importance. So, in those days, Nakhchivan had a high creative ability, as well as a book culture. In general, in the Middle Ages and the early period, the number of manuscript books in Azerbaijan reached a million. "Thus, as a result of increased attention and care to science at that time, there were 400,000 manuscript books in Maraga Academy (XIII) alone" [10, p. 7]. The scientist Nasreddin Tusi of Nakhchivan, the ancient home of Oguz, was also one of the famous poets of his time and one of the people who valued science. His divan of 700 verses, which he wrote in Persian language, has reached our time. As a poet, Tusi's poems contain the philosophical judgments and poetic thought of his time:
Hear from me one by one, remember
In Turks, the names of the years are in this order.
Mouse, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake,
Sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, boar, horse believe [18, p. 25].
As it can be seen, the topics in Nasreddin Tusi's poetry are also scientific in nature. In the Ancient and Middle Ages, artistic creations of literary figures were also enriched with scientific information. It is no coincidence that the ideas on various fields of science are reflected in the poetry of Nizami, Nasimi, and Fuzuli. Nizami's poetry is more rich in wisdom and logic. In Nasimi's work, there is a poetic expression of unity-body, which is a special concept in ancient Indian philosophy. Fuzuli's poetry reflects not only the religious and philosophical meetings of ancient India and China, but also medical judgments in the example of the "Health and Disease" narrative.
In the research, there are substantial facts that indicate that Tusi was a patriot from Nakhchivan: Safavid ruler Shah Abbas exempted Nasreddin Tusi's hometown Ordubad from state taxes by a special decree for his high services in Oriental science. In the 19th century, when Nakhchivan became a part of Russia, the people of Ordubad presented the decree to the Russian Tsar and said that they had cultivated a person like Nasreddin Tusi, who had special services in the development of world science, and thanks to these services, they deserved the mercy of Shah Abbas. The Tsar of Russia did not want to see himself as inferior to Shah Abbas and exempted the people of Ordubad from state taxes by a special decree. These words written in his decree attract attention: "The
Ordubad region should be exempted from taxes. Basis: the decree of Shah Abbas". That document is still kept in the Hermitage archive of Russia.
In our literary history, we also find notes about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, in the poem "Farhadname" by Arif Ardabili (1310-...): There is a gem on Gulistan, But it is covered and the top is free. A ghost left over his grave, Among the rarest types, he found jamal [7, p. 175].
About the Gulustan temple here, Nushaba Arasli writes: "Among the 13th century tombs, there is a magnificent stone building near the village of Juga (Gulustan) on the banks of the Araz river, which reminds of Atababa and Atabay's tombs by its characteristics, and is popularly known as the "Gulustan tomb". Probably, there were legends about this monument in the Arif period, which the poet used when writing his poem" [1, p. 170].
Hindushah Nakhchivani (...-1330) was one of the 14th century Nakhchivan intellectuals. According to his informant Kamaladdin ibn al-Fuvati, "Fakhreddin Hindushah's father, Sanjar ibn Abdullah al-Nakhchivani, had four sons: 1. Nasreddin Gutlughshah; 2. Izzeddin Devlatshah; 3. Husameddin Tugunshah; 4. Fakhreddin became Hindushah. Among them, Fakhreddin was known as an outstanding scientist of the Hindushah period, he showed special interest in many sciences -astronomy, mathematics and philosophy, and various fields of literature. He has beautiful poems in the Persian language... About 50 verses of his poems have been preserved only among the examples of individual words in the dictionary of his son Shamseddin Muhammad "Sihah al-furs" [15, p. 308]. It is a pity that it was not possible to get extensive information about the meaningful life of the writer with a great vocabulary. "We have very little information about the life of this prominent Azerbaijani scientist from Nakhchivan" (15, p. 6). Although he wished to join the land of Nakhchivan at the end of his life, fate did not allow him to do so.
0 Lord! O creator of space and time,
who sent the prophet,
God sent down the Quran from the sky!
Give me strength to the dervish,
1 send healing to the wounded heart.
I also wish that
You will bring me to the land of Nakhchivan [15, p. 7].
Longing for the homeland, love for the homeland was his separation from his native place. "Nakhchivan is the homeland of the poet, and the reason for his sadness is that he is far from Nakhchivan" [15, p. 7].
The intellectuals of the ancient Oguz land of Nakhchivan, who have been bright representatives of the world of science for generations, have developed in all directions of their creative activities and achieved certain achievements.
Science always gives a bar in the field of skill, Everything that grows in the land of Ordubad [20, p. 300].
The book "Jame-et-tawarikh" written by Fazlullah Rashidaddin in the 13 th century is of great importance. The section of this book about the Oghuz Turks talks about Azerbaijani toponyms and
the marches of Oghuz. At the same time, the Nakhchivan region, which is the ancient homeland of Oghuz, is presented as a part of Azerbaijan.
The campaigns of Oghuz, the father of the Oghuz Turks, are described in the "Oghuzname" in the book "Jame al-tawarikh" by Fazlullah Rashiduddin. In the so-called manuscript book, Nakhchivan is included in Arran or Shirvan province.
The famous world traveler Evliya Chalabi in his famous handwritten book "Travelogue" mentions that Nakhchivan district was "created by Alp Er Tunga" [4, p. 236]. In the manuscript, Alp Er Tunga is considered the grandfather of all Turks. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, his name is given as Afrasiyab. Ferdowsi praises him as the king of Turan. "O.Ch. The Nakhchivan region, whose population is mostly Muslim-Turks, is a prosperous and prosperous place, and he especially mentions the hospitality of its people. The author has a "10,200 covered house" in Nakhchivan. information about is particularly noteworthy. He writes: "There are 40 mosques, 20 caravanserais, 7 beautiful baths, and approximately 1000 shops in the city. Most of its buildings are beautiful." Despite some controversial and inaccurate information, "Travelogue" is a valuable source for studying the history of Azerbaijan, including Nakhchivan" [13, p. 215-216].
3. Information about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, in Ottoman manuscripts. "Manuscript "Detailed Notebook of Nakhchivan Sanjak" which informs about the history and social-cultural life of 18th century Nakhchivan is the records of the Ottomans about taxes in Nakhchivan" [14, p. 5].
During that period, there were certain state documents, and one of them is the "Important Book". Before the original of the letters reflecting the decision of the court was sent to the proper place, the face of the document was copied in the office. With this decision, this notebook was changed and replaced with a new one every year. "The "Muhimma-daftar" reflecting the content of state documents of the years 1553-1869 reflected the struggle of the Ottomans for the land of Nakhchivan in the 16th-18th centuries" [14, p. 7].
"The land of Nakhchivan, which was a part of the Azerbaijani states for thousands of years, became part of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century (1588-1603) and the beginning of the 18th century (1724-1735), and the Ottoman administration system was applied here. Extensive information about the political, social and economic history of Nakhchivan during this period was reflected in Ottoman sources" [14, p. 5]. One of those sources is the "Detailed notebook of the Nakhchivan Sanjak". The late academician Ziya Bunyadov brought the microfilm of that manuscript stored in the Prime Minister's Archive of Istanbul (code N-1727) and in 2001 the manuscript was published in "Elm" publishing house.
It should be noted that the historical information about the Nakhchivan region in that archive does not end only with this manuscript. The manuscripts of Pechevi, Naiman, Katib £elebi, Evliya £elebi, Ku9uk £elebizadeh among the Ottoman authors of the 16th-18th centuries about the history of Nakhchivan region contain valuable information.
The manuscript "Tabakat ul-mamalik fi detajat ut-masalik" ("Unification of kings in the path of people") of Jalalzade Mustafa £elebi, kept in the Fateh library in Istanbul, was written in 1557. This manuscript reflects the visits of Sultan Suleyman Qanuni (ruled 1520-1566) to Nakhchivan and the Ottoman-Safavid military conflicts in the 20s-50s of the 16th century. The strange thing is that in the manuscript, the Nakhchivan region is presented as the "Eastern" lands of the Ottomans.
17th-century chronicler Jarrahzade Mehmed's 46-page book "The History of the Siege of Ravan". This manuscript is stored in the Ravan Pavilion (code N-1290/3) in the library of the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul. The museum workers tentatively called the manuscript "History of the War of Ravan". In fact, the author did not give a specific name to his book. In the manuscript, the author talks about how Shah Abbas I besieged the city of Iravan and eliminated the Ottomans. At the same time, the author mentions Nakhchivan in the manuscript and talks about the sympathy of the people of Nakhchivan towards the Ottomans and Shah Abbas I's anger towards them.
Istanbul's Prime Ministerial Archive also contains decrees of Ottoman sultans regarding Nakhchivan, letters sent to Nakhchivan and letters from Nakhchivan. In general, during the Ottoman period, all the documents of the palace Divan were sorted and bound under the name "Muhimma notebook". The total number of these notebooks is 263 volumes and they are stored in the Istanbul Prime Ministerial Archive. For example, it is known from the notes in the "Muhimma notebook" No. 53 that "when Murad III (1574-1595) tried to capture the city of Nakhchivan, the commanders of the Nakhchivan direction asked Farhad Pasha to make serious preparations for these measures, or according to a letter written to Safar Khan, his son Ahmed Bey was appointed the Sanjakbey of Nakhchivan announced that it would be done and ordered him to rebuild the Nakhchivan fortress. According to the verdict sent to Shahgulu sultan, the judge of Marand, he is ordered to take part in the capture of Nakhchivan, Ordubad and Gafa in case the Ottomans attack" [14, p. 7]. Ottoman sources also contain notes on the socio-political life of Nakhchivan. From those records, it is known that a part of the population, who could not bear the suffering caused by the officials, was forced to leave their villages. There is information about relevant state measures for the return of that population.
Volumes 131 and 132 of "Muhimma Dafteri" also contain notes on the life of Nakhchivan in the 18th century. From those notes, it is known that special instructions were given to Arifi Ahmed Pasha, who was the commander in the direction of the Caucasus, regarding the acquisition of the city of Nakhchivan. He is ordered to prepare the boats to cross the Araz river.
The "Complaint Book", "Decision Book" and "Sanjag Tovcih Book" stored in the Istanbul Prime Minister's Archive contain scientifically important information about 18th century Nakhchivan. The "Khatti-Humayun classification" and "Jovdat khariyya" funds of the Prime Ministry contain valuable information about the period of the khanates of Nakhchivan.
There are notes related to Nakhchivan in the "Tahrir" notebooks of the Ministry Archives. "Tahrir" notebooks themselves are divided into two groups: "Mufhasal" and "Ijmal" notebooks. They contain extremely valuable historical information about the social-political-economic life of Nakhchivan in the 16th-18th centuries.
H. Mammadov, who talks about the specific features of detailed notebooks as a manuscript, writes: "After two copies of the "detailed notebook" come into legal force, as a rule, the sultan's signature is drawn on it, and below the signature, the date from which the "detailed notebook" came into force is drawn. the text "ordered" was written. Some "detailed notebooks" have not been marked. "Ya fattah" was written instead. For example, "Detailed notebook of Ganja-Caucasus province" dated 1727 begins with the address "Ya fattah". However, there are also notebooks where both the tughra is drawn and the appeal "Ya fattah" is written at the same time" [14, p. 9].
During the Ottoman period, a "detailed notebook" of two copies of Nakhchivan was compiled, but we still have one of them. From the notes there, it is known that the manuscript was compiled in
1727 and consists of 302 pages. It should be noted that some pages of that notebook were left blank and the law was not added to the beginning. Apparently, the manuscript we have is the second copy, the first copy does not have these defects. The manuscript is written in the siyaqat and qirma siyaqat lines of the Arabic alphabet. On it is the coat of arms of Ahmed III, who ruled from 1703 to 1730. The tughrah of the Sultan was drawn and the words "Ahmad Shah Ibn Muhammad Khan Al-Muzaffar Daima" were written.
4. Conclusion
As a logical result of the research, we assume that Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, and the handwritten texts that provide extensive information about it are based on valuable sources. Handwritten texts about Nakhchivan, which reflect our historical past, are recognized as basic and valuable source materials, even though they are distinguished by different language and script patterns. In the research, information about Nakhchivan, the ancient Oghuz homeland, the region's rich historical and social past, cultural centers, literary treasure, the growth and development of the economic power of these regions during the Ottoman period, the expansion of scientific innovations and the attention given to them, the life and creativity of scientists have been reflected in the research. We assume that these studies will be of great importance in the study of the historical past of Nakhchivan, the ancient land of Oghuz.
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