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разные эпохи — сегодняшний день перетекает в прошлое, которое в свою очередь пластично переходит в завтра. Такое свободное перемещение временных потоков дает возможность запечатлеть главное в судьбе Нефертити, глубже проникнуть в ее внутренний мир, передать своеобразие исторической эпохи. Периодически в структуру повествования включаются авторские отступления, когда мать Магды, ведущая записи в дневнике, вступает в диалог с Нефертити, что позволяет создать ситуацию, когда автор в роли и свидетеля, и участника их коротких реплик, что помогает четко видеть движение времени, его символы, определяющие духовные интересы и ценности героев произведения.
Суровая земная реальность, в которой невыносимая жара сменяется зимней стужей, и новая действительность, открывшаяся в волшебном замке, вдруг сошедшем с картины художника, органично совместились в сюжетно-композиционной структуре текста «Космос Дроздовича» (Дроздович Язеп (1888-1954) — белорусский художник, скульптор, археолог, этнограф. — Н. К.). Образ одновременно земной и космический, нисколько не утративший своей простоты и непосредственности. Автор вводит читателя в сложный внутренний мир художника с помощью ретроспекции — в прошлом остались его творческие работы, в основном картины,
и в сегодняшнем дне — размышления об искусстве, живописи и о месте белорусского языка на родине, вообще о судьбе Беларуси. Такое раздвоение во времени, обусловленное художественной организацией произведения, не нарушает целостности образа художника, наоборот, можно лучше осмыслить его творчество в прошлом, оценить его значение для завтрашнего дня.
По-своему интересны модели художественного времени в рассказах «След Сапфо», «Музыка созвездий», «Профиль на песке». Здесь членение текстовой структуры происходит в соответствии с замыслом, видна ключевая роль символов, также используются разные виды связи между событиями, и это, как и другие темпоральные элементы, определяется творческими задачами в конкретном произведении.
Очевидно, по своей насыщенности событиями, имевшими место в разные эпохи, по их эмоционально-ценностной значимости и месте в сюжетно-композиционной конфигурации модели художественного времени в произведениях малой формы Галины Богдановой достаточно разнообразны; модификации их разнятся в соответствии с конкретными художественными задачами. Данные модели естественно складываются на основе художественно-эстетической концепции, определяющей выбор художественно -изобразительных средств в произведении.
Shamsieva Olima Abdivalievna, teacher English language Odilov Orifjon Odiljon ugli, student, Jizakh state Pedagogical institute E-mail: z-mamadaliyeva@inbox.uz
Mutual comparative analyses of war subject in Asian and European literature
Comparing examples were taken from the novels of E. M. Remarque “All quiet on the Western Front” and U. Khoshimov “Tushda kechgan umrlar” (“Lived lives in dream”)
Abstract: In this article, two great members of XX century’s great members, namely U. Khoshimov’s and E. М. Remarque’s novels about wars have been analyzed in comparative methods. It should be mentioned that taking the European and Asian literature as the main objects of detailed analytical comparison is of significant importance.
Keywords: East and West literature, literary idea, parallel images, spirituality, peyzaj, conflict, portrait.
The war is one of the literary subjects that make literature critics to work on this subject for many ages. Many wars happened in the history of the world. Wars have been the subject of literary works across centuries
for one reason: war is as human nature and a common tie between all civilizations.
It was so long passed for the last World Wars happened in XX century. Being witness ofthe two world wars
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of XX century changed thoughts in belles-lettres. At that time more than hundred novels were written by writers which showed the misfortunes of war in both East and west literature. The papers were appeared full in battle spirit. For example valuable models of world literature “A Farewell to Arms" by E. Hemingway, E. M. Remarque “All quiet on the Western Front", A. Voinov “Bolds”, L. N. Tolstoy “Peace and War”. Besides we can state other writers like Irvin Show, John Steinbeck and Jan Poll Sartor. They tried to inform the reader about front tortures and the western people spirit of that time in light lines of their novels.
Fortunately, illuminating war theme was also the leading part in Uzbek prose of Eastern literature. “Ufq” (“Horizon”) trilogy by Said Ahmad, “Toshkentliklar” (“People of Tashkent”) by Khamid Gulom, “Ikki eshik orasi” (“Between two doors”), “Tushda kechgan umrlar” (“Lived lives in dream”) by U. Khoshimov are the few precious examples presented War difficulties and disasters of that time which based on real war life situations.
This theme made East and West literature members to take a pen. Still there are some differences between their approaches, point of views and inner spirit of them. However, in Western prose the conflicts between humanity and society were the main points of western novels. Consequently, the beginning of the XX century the spiritual conflict became the leading part of Eastern literature. We can see the differences in their creating styles, choosing place and time, having artistic concepts. We should consider that the European writers were the witness of front horrors directly. The main of characters’ speeches in the novels were spoken by soldiers ofwar and social system and political crisis of that time in European countries are one of the main reasons.
However it is important to point out that there is proportionality and relations between the two world literature representatives in creating novels about war and human. The article deals with comparing the war theme in European and Asian writers’ works and examples were taken from E. M. Remarque and U. Khoshimov novels.
Firstly it is important to mark the concept of the two novels. E. M. Remarque by his novel “All quiet on the Western Front” described the First World War horrors by a simple German soldier. From the beginning of the novel, the reader may notice the aim of the author clearly. From the beginning ofhis novel, the author was not fear to show his feelings and opinions about how deep war can make people senseless. In the first chapter, approximately 2/3 part of the battalion were destroyed. As a result, the rests who were alive had more evening food than usual. Even they felt
regret about their companions in the button of their hearts, they were gratified ofhaving much food. Without looking their loss, the main hero ofthe novel Paul Baumer gave his unusual explanation about above situation.
“We are at rest five miles behind the front. Yesterday we were relieved, and now our bellies are full of beef and haricot beans. We are satisfied and at peace. Each man has another mess-tin full for the evening; and, what is more, there is a double ration of sausage and bread. That puts a man in fine trim. We have not had such luck as this for a long time” [1,4].
Or another episode: Muller was interest in his friend’s boots, who was in bed and his legs were cut. However, Muller did not give up his hope about getting his friend’s boots. We are just introducing you two passages from the novel which characters may wake up someone’s hatred or someone may consider them as an egoist. But Remarque proved those motions with meaningful logic by his hero Paul Baumer: “Though Muller would be delighted to have Kemmerich’s boots, he is really quite as sympathetic as another who could not bear to think of such a thing for grief. He merely sees things clearly. Were Kemmerich able to make any use of the boots, then Muller would rather go bare-foot over barbed wire than scheme how to get hold of them. But as it is the boots are quite inappropriate to Kemmerich’s circumstances, whereas Muller can make good use of them. Kemmerich will die; it is immaterial who gets them. Why, then, should Muller not succeed to them? He has more right than a hospital orderly. When Kemmerich is dead it will be too late. Therefore Muller is already on the watch” [1, 19].
U. Khoshimov’s “Tushda kechgan umrlar” (“Lived lives in dream”) novel also speaks about the war tragedies by fighting man. His novel speaks about the grief and alarm fate of Uzbek young men in Afghan War 1980th-1990th years ofXX century. Another Uzbek writer Asror Samad characterized his novel as: “Loss years and perish young men”.
The war is such a calamity, makes people to turn out another person. It forces people to conceive strangely. We can see similar passages from two novels. “Rustamn-ing birinchi kundaligidan” (“From Rustam’s first diary”) chapter, a soldier Hayriddin says the followings to his friend Rustam (hero of the novel): “Buddy, do you know that I think war is reverse truth. If you want to be a person, just be furious. If you don’t want to die, just kill others. It is just strange” [2, 115-116].
U. Khoshimov addressed such situation in his another novel “Daftar hoshiyasidagi bitiklar” (“The writings on notebook margins”) in “Urushlar haqida” (“About wars”)
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chapter: “There is no victor and happy king, victor and happy army, victor and happy country, victor and happy country system in war. But gratified victor and happy person do not exist. Because, war force people to kill a person. The person who kills someone can never be happy in life" [3, 10].
The war is the reverse appearance of the truth there is no truth in the war. As it is clear for us that the author just not only tried to remind people how the tragedy of the War spilled blood of innocent people, how it ruined hundred of cities, they also want the reader to know how the war tortured the spirituality and high humanity feelings of people.
Therefore, a very closely knit idea links were given by them, even the events happened in different wars (World the war I and Afghan the war).
It doesn’t matter where the War happens when it happens, with which nation or kinsman it might happen. It never leads humanity to the happiness. Remarque proved it by these following passages:
“We march up, moody or good-tempered soldiers-we reach the zone where the front begins and become on the instant human animals" [1, 19]. What kind of situation a person might exist he always strives to a beauty of life. Spirituality comes together with beauty of life sometimes closely, sometimes openly.
No one could deny it.
However, the landscape description is the bright side of the literary work. But what kind of landscape is there in the novel which describes war flames? It is not easy to describe the nature scenery by soldiers’ speech, who are fighting in blood front horrors. Fortunately authors handle their job skillfully.
Example: (Remarque). “Over us is the blue sky. On the horizon float the bright yellow, sunlit observation-balloons, and the many little white clouds of the anti-aircraft shells. Often they rise in a sheafas they follow after an airman. We hear the muffled rumble of the front only as very distant thunder; bumble-bees droning by quite drown it. Around us stretches the flowery meadow. The grasses sway their tall spears; the white butterflies flutter around and float on the soft The Warm wind of the late summer. We read letters and newspapers and smoke. We take off our caps and lay them down beside us. The wind plays with our hair; it plays with our words and thoughts. The three boxes stand in the midst of the glowing, red field-poppies” [1,10].
Now, let’s see landscape description in “Tushda ke-chgan umrlar” (“Lived lives in dream”) novel.
“The torn tank chains were lying rusty on the side of the big road. When I came closer I saw something
red in it. Young grass was growing up rapidly among rust tank chains. Two red poppies were swinging in spring breeze. I und stood wonderful truth that spring never acknowledged the War” [2, 114].
The passages serve for one purpose that great mankind feelings grow in the soul of humanity. People pleased from the nature by this feeling. Only this feeling can release the soldier who is staring to the red poppies from the front pains for a while. The name of this feeling is spirituality.
There are very close connections between E. M. Remarque and U. Khoshimov’s creative works in creating the description of inner and outer portraits of novel heroes and creating their character styles.
They both choose 18-20 years old young men as their novel heroes. This figure is natural for being a youthful front soldier. We my notice similarities of two heroes of different novel as if are parallel images Paul and Rustam. They were enlightened young men of their nations who had high hopes and dreams in life. Unfortunately the fate throws them into the war fire. The War calamity ruined lives of many young men as Rustam and Paul. Remarque said in the beginning part of his novel the followings: “This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the War” [1, 3]. To our mind it is also suitable for U. Khoshimov’s novel “Tushda kechgan umrlar” (“Lived lives in dream”) because Remarque’s hero Paul was died in last days of the War in front. What about Rustam? He came back home, unfortunately he broke his soul, he came back with unhealed pains in his heart, he came back with the images of his died friends. Those pains in his heart made him to kill himself. He preferred to be with his front companions. It is important to analyze their last words.
Rustam’s last words were given at the beginning of the novel in chapter “Rustamning ohirgi kundaligi” (From “Rustam’s last diary”). Paul’s last words, his thoughts and his inner feelings were given in the last part of the novel. The following example fulfills the above paragraphs.
“Autumn looks like a sick person in bed. The ailing leaves are groaning on the ground. The silt canals became clear which were flowing fully in spring days. Now we can see leaves instead of waving grass in depth of water. How old is my age now, twenty two ? No, no, I am seventy two years old. Maybe I am eighty two years old. There is no sense... Now I am not exist at all. Who
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benefits from my existence, who harms from my absence in life" [2, 19-285].
The authors compares heroes’ last days of their life with autumn season. The autumn is falling tree leaves season much more like declining of nature. Autumn brings a change of seasons and nature begins to go dormant in preparation for, the symbolism of things such as leaves turning and falling from the trees often stands for deterioration, and dying. Autumn symbolism is a natural dichotomy. It is both beautiful and sad. Writers have always been fascinated with both sides of this season. Novel characters’ inner feelings, unhappiness in their mood, hopelessness were mixed with natural processes of nature.
Still there are differences between their moods. Paul Baumer searches beauty from autumn he hoped from life because he had many dreams. He did not know that war would throw him into its torture. The hope had not been left him till his last moments of his life. By this method Remarque wrote about millions of young men whose pure dreams were destroyed by the shells of the war.
U. Khoshimov describes Rustam’s last moments differently from Remarque. He doesn’t search beauties in autumn. The autumn remembers him groaning of dying man, he watches dying nature sorrowfully.
Why U. Khoshimov described Rustams last days by this way? Hadn’t Rustam any dreams as Paul? Undoubtedly he had. War ruined his hopes and dreams.
As a conclusion we can state the followings:
Firstly, the subject of war has been in the centre of discussion in literature as well in history for a long time and many literary works have been created by Uzbek and
world literature representatives. Using war as a subject for literature allows people to experience and learn from past. Two world wars influenced on humanity life and belles-lettres fiction so much in XX century.
Secondly, the conflict between society and humanity is hegemony in the war compositions in western literature. In eastern literature it is important to show the reader the inner feelings of person and how a person knows himself.
Thirdly, concluding E. M. Remarque’s “All quite in Western Front" and U. Khoshimov’s “Tushda kechgan umrlar” (“Lived lives in dream”) novels’ idea and subjects, the novels have the same subject which were revealed by two different ideas. Remarque, as a witness person of the war, described its horrors with mercilessness. U. Khoshimov mainly not describes war fears; he described matchless wounds, incurable pains in hearts of people. We can say that war does not only affect people’s physical lives, but war also affects people psychologically.
The description of nature views created by graceful eyes, of enlightened man who seeks beauty in any condition. Fortunately two heroes Rustam and Paul were young educated men of nations. In the description of clear sky, poppies, autumn views, the reader have a chance to know connections between the nature’s affects on person’s soul, oppositely the views in characters’ soul with novel landscapes.
The War is a great social event. In our investigated novels, the result of novel authors’ creative works, the war subject, its influences on human and nations’ life turned into spiritual and artistic event.
Reference:
1. Ремарк Э. М. Эсизгина ёшлигим (Тарж: Н. Комил). - Тошкент: Гофур Гулом, - 2011.
2. Хошимов У Тушда кечган умрлар. - Тошкент: Мериюс ХМНК, - 2011.
3. Хошимов У Дафтар х;ошиясидаги битиклар. - Тошкент: “Шар^”, - 2010.
4. Remarque E. M. All quiet on the Western Front. Translation by A. W. Wheen. /www.myteacherpages.com/.
Leontieva Anna Yurievna, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University, candidate of philological sciences, associate professor department of Russian and literature E-mail: aleontieva13@mail.ru
Astral communication is in the poetry of acmeists
Abstract: In this article the interpretation of astral communication by Acmeists is discussed. Intertextual relations with the poem by M. Y. Lermontov “I go out on the road ...” are being analyzed.
Keywords: Acmeism, intertext, communication, precedent text, tradition.
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