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758 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017
MULTILINGUALISM IN THE NATIONAL LITERATURE OF THE WORLD
Abstract
The article discusses contemporary world artistic process. Multilingualism of writers and poets is called one of the specifics of national literatures in the modern world whose creative writings are in several languages on the territory of one State. Multilingualism in Spain, Switzerland, Scotland, Canada, Finland, Belgium has been considered. In Spain, poets and writers write their works in Spanish, Basque and Galician. In Switzerland, poetry and prose is written in French, Italian and German, that are recognized as official languages in these States. Writers in Scotland write in English, Scottish (Scotch) and Gaelic languages. Canadian literature is divided into French Canadian and English Canadian. In Finland, literature develops in Finnish, Swedish and Sami. Belgian literature was popular mainly in French, despite the existence of two other languages - Walloon and Flemish.
Keywords
national literatures, specifics, multilingualism, writer, poet
AUTHORS
Ainur Mashakova PhD in Philology, leading researcher M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art.
29, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty, A10C5D8, Kazakhstan E-mail.ru: [email protected]
Introduction
In modern conditions of integration of the independent Republic of Kazakhstan in the international community, the role of artistic and aesthetic culture as a spiritual foundation for sustainable development of the country is increasing. World artistic process, no doubt, has an impact on the literature of Kazakhstan, which we consider as the most important component of spiritual security of a sovereign state.
The study of the specifics of national literary development in the modern world is relevant for national literary criticism in view of the influence of literary achievements of other nations on Kazakh literary development. One of the specifics of national literatures in the modern world is multilingualism of writers and poets whose creative writings are in several languages on the territory of one State.
Methodological Framework
Investigations are performed based on monographs and scientific publications of the leading literary critics of the largest research centers in the world I.Ayhinger (Ayhinger, 2007), T.Selitrina (Selitrina, 2009), M.Gamper (Gamper, 2010), V.Ivanauskas (Ivanauskas, 2014) and others.
59 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017 Study of the history of national literature and the modern picture of the world literary process in the era of globalization and integration takes place in the context of comparisons, comparisons, contact and typological relationships, analysis of diverse processes of reception, literary translations, etc.
Results
In terms of multilingualism in national literatures of the world, such countries as Spain, Switzerland, Scotland, Canada, Finland, Belgium should be mentioned.
In Spain, poets and writers create their works in Spanish, Basque and Galician.
The writer Bernardo Achaga writes his works in the Basque language, and translate some of them into Spanish. B. Achaga is the owner of many prestigious international prizes; he is a member of the Royal Academy of Basque Language. The book "Obabakoak" in which the writer told about the residents of the fictional Basque village Obaba, brought him an international success. The book "Obabacoac" was awarded the Prize of Criticism, the National Prize for the best prose work, the Euskadi and Cesare Pavese Prizes. "One can say that Achaga became an ambassador, and "Obabacoac" is a visiting card of Basque literature on all five continents" said the Spanish literary critic Jose Angel Askunse (Achaga, 2004). His works are included into school curriculum, the novel "Memories of a Cow" is studied in Basque schools. The novel "The Son of the Accordionist" is related to the theme of the Civil War. In the opinion of the Spanish literary critic Juan Kobo, in modern Spanish literature the theme "civil war of 1936-1939 and the last 40 years of the Franco dictatorship" remains the main theme. It is not surprising that, as Spanish writers and critics unanimously point out, sometimes even being astonished by this fact, this is the main theme in modern Spanish literature. As time goes on, it does not lose its relevance, but on the contrary, the interest of Spanish writers to this topic is growing" (Kobo, 2011). The book "Lonely Man", which was translated into fifteen languages, was awarded the Criticism Award, and the magazine "El Urogallo" recognized it as the best book of the year.
Poet, essayist, translator Jon Juaristi - is the author of the poetic works in Spanish and political essays in the Basque language. He was engaged into active political activity, advocating for the national identity of the Basques, which has been reflected in his works. The most well-known essay is "El bucle melancólico", which is dedicated to the history of the Basque Country and its main historical personalities. In the 2000s, he headed the National Library of Spain, was the Director of the Cervantes Institute. J. Juaristi is a laureate of the National Prize in Literature, the National Award for the Best Essay, the Royal Spanish Academy Prize.
The prose writer Manuel Rivas writes his books in Galician and Spanish. He was born in the city of La Coruna in Galicia - which is one of the regions in Spain. He writes about Galicia in his stories and novels. The writer explains why he writes in Galician in the following way: "I must say that in my childhood and adolescence, I thought that this language was forbidden, and I think this fact made it especially attractive. On the one hand, the Galician language was always close - it was spoken at home, in the families of the friends and familiar people, at work and during holidays. But at school it was forbidden to speak Galician, they even tried to erase the accent from our speech, so that no one would guess that we are from Galicia" (Rivas, 2003). M. Rivas is a kind of symbol of the Galician movement for national identity. He is very popular in his native land, he was awarded the Prize of Spanish Criticism, the Prize of Galician Criticism, the National Prize for Literature, the Torrente Ballester Prize. Based on the works of M. Rivas, two feature films have been produced: "The First Wedding Night" and "The
60 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017 Butterfly Tongue". The books of M. Rivas have been translated into many languages of the world.
The poet Jose Angel Valente's creative writings are in Spanish and Galician. J.A. Valente tends to metaphysical lyrics, and develops Spanish mystic poets' traditions. His poetic collections are marked by many literary awards: "In the Image of Hope" ("Adonais" Prize), "Poems for Lazarus" (Catalan Criticism Award), "Three Night Lessons" (Criticism Award), "Nobody" (National Literary Prize). Poetry by J.A. Valente has been translated into English, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Czech, Russian.
The Spanish-speaking literary community includes the poet Luis Alberto de Cuenca, the poet and translator Felix Grande, the poet and essayist Andres Sanchez Robaina, the poet and playwright Alfonso Vallejo, the poet Anna Delgado Cortes and many others.
In Switzerland, poetry and prose in French, Italian and German which are recognized as official languages in this State, is widely spread. In addition, Rhaeto-Romanic literature is developing. Writers and poets are united into the "Union of Swiss Authors" at national scale.
The popular Swiss writer Christian Kracht, the author of 4 novels and several collections of short stories and essays writes in German. His books have been translated into 15 languages. By the topics and structure of the novels by Kracht (the presence of symbolic layers, numerous literary allusions), they refer to philosophical novels. His prose is distinguished by "a close connection with reality (which Kracht never invents and distorts), the presence of different layers in it which are revealing only gradually, the motive of finding oneself in a hostile modern world" (Baskakova, 2004). German-speaking writer Franz Hohler is called the classic of Swiss literature. He studied Germanic and Romanic studies at the University of Zurich. Creative writings of F. Hohler is extremely versatile. He writes novels, stories, and poems, and songs. He wrote more than two dozen books for children.
Arnaud Kamenish creates his texts in the Rhaeto-Romanic language and translates them into German. A. Kamenish traveled extensively throughout Europe, South America and Australia, but devoted his books to describing life in his native Rhaeto-Romanic region. For the first book "Sets-Ner" Kamenish was awarded several literary awards. In 2013, Kamenish became the winner of the Hölderlin Prize.
Anne-Lou Steininger, Rose-Marie Penar refer to the French-speaking writers of Switzerland. In 2005 A.L. Steininger has been awarded a prestigious Michel Dantan Prize for the collection of stories "Tales of the stolen days". "The collection consists of three dozen bizarre poetic stories, which the writer herself calls stylistic exercises in time" (Steininger, 2013). R.-M. Penar is a writer, journalist, critic, author of "magic", "dream" prose, close to magical realism. The theme of art, and the theme of creativity is prevailing in Penar's creative writings.
Poet Aurelio Bouletti creates poems in Italian. The play of words, meanings, humor, irony, experiments with the form are inherent in the poetry of A. Buletti - the owner of the Schiller Prize. The poet Giorgio Orelli - laureate of the Chiara Award "For Contribution to Literature" writes in Italian. The poetry of J. Orelli is characterized by dialogic and ironic features. Poet Fabio Pusterla graduated from the University of Pavia, defended his thesis in Italian dialectology. He teaches at the Italian University of Switzerland. Translation takes significant place in the literary work of F. Pusterla: among the poets whose works sounded in Italian thanks to his translations, Philip Jacot's is at the first place. The creative writings of Pusterla have been marked by a number of Swiss and Italian literary prizes, including the Montale Prize, the Great Schiller Prize, the Swiss Literary Prize.
61 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017
Writers in Scotland write in English, Scottish (Scotch) and Gaelic languages. It should be clarified that Scottish (Scotch) is the language of the German language group, which is closely related to English and is common in the plain area of Scotland. The Gaelic language is one of the Celtic languages, the carriers of which - the Celtic Gaelic people - traditionally lived in the mountainous Scotland. The development of Gaelic literature is largely facilitated by the activities of the publishing house "CLAR", which has been publishing books in Gaelic since 2003.
Iain Crichton Smith is a Scottish poet, who writes both in English and Scottish Gaelic. The officer of the Order of the British Empire I.C. Smith grew up in a small community where people spoke mainly Scottish Gaelic, and he learned English as a second language when he studied in school. He translated some of the works by S. McLean from Gaelic to English, and translates his own works into English, originally written in Gaelic. Poetry by I.C. Smith reflects his dislike of dogmas and authorities -such view has developed in him when he was young, under the influence of raising up in a solid island community, and the Presbyterian community. His political convictions and opinion concerning Scotland's own way have been formulated under the same influence. Several of his poems explore the tragic page in the history of Scotland - the deportation of Scotts in the XVIII and XIX centuries, which led to the mass resettlement of Scots not only to other regions of the United Kingdom, but also to North America, and to the destruction of the traditional clan system in Scottish society. His poem "Consider the Lilies" about the eviction of Scots from their native places, which is narrated on behalf of an elderly woman of that time is also devoted to the same theme. Older people, deprived of their homeland, are frequent characters of his creative writings. Whereas, he often uses the description of nature to transmit the emotions.
The modern Scottish poet Tom Leonard writes in Glasgow dialect of the Scottish language. His creative writings concern, first of all, language and politics. The poet insists that the language of Glasgow is a real medium for art, as well as any of the languages associated with poetry. Poetry, presented in the collections "Reports from the Present" and "Internal Voices", distinguishes in variety, both in form and content. The first collection shows how modern realities have been reflected in the world of art and culture, and confrontation between the material and intellectual worlds is felt in poetic works. In "Inner Voices" the poet pays attention to the various human voices. So, in the poem 'Where Nora lives" T. Leonard presents a woman using her own words and words of people around her, he introduces "non-poetical" into the poetry, namely: shopping lists, everyday life and routine of family life. "Monologue of a moderate member" is distinguished by rigid satire. Here, the Scottish Labor Party member is accused of selling socialism and the Scottish working class, which has continued supporting Labor Party for many years. For a member of the Labor Party, power has become more important than politics. In "Reports from the Present" in the section "Antidotes, anecdotes and accusations: satirical, personal and political plays" many of the works are intended for actors performance and take the form of dramatic dialogues or monologues.
P. Manson in "Poetry Review" wrote that "Tom Leonard speaks so accurately and with such cruel and analytical wit that his works go beyond the status of poems. I do not know another modern poet, who would be so authentic" (Leonard, 2004). D. Kulesh, having visited the creative evening of the Scottish poet at the Edinburgh International Book Festival, noted the poetic work of T. Leonard in following words: "His poems - a direct speech of nameless people. From overheard phrases in the street, everyday life and life -evangelical plots. The original motto of the poet sounds biblical: "Blessed is every living language" (Kulesh, 2002). The poem "Six Hour News" has been included into the school curriculum in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and is compulsory for the final
62 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017 exams in the AQA qualification school. The poetic collection "Inner Voices" is called the best Scottish book of the year by the version of the Saltire Society.
Along with the poems T. Leonard also publishes essays in the collections of his works. Since most part of Leonard's poetry has political character, it is not surprising that his essays are the response to current political events. So, in particular, he expresses disappointment in the parliamentary politics, in the activities of the British Labor Party. Some of the essays deal with military conflicts in the Middle East, while others deal with rebranding of Glasgow as a European city of culture. He sharply criticizes British and American involvement in the war in Iraq.
T. Leonard refers to those poets who are fighting for the Scottish and Gaelic languages, and not only at literary level, but also public. Mostly, thanks to the efforts of the writers, television and radio programs are being broadcasting in these languages, newspapers and books are being published, and there is a movement for wider use in public life. In reply to the question: "Do you consider yourself a political author?", he replies: "I am interested in musical features of the language of the environment of my social class in the West of Scotland, just because it comes from my mouth. The writing of my dialect verses was not an act of either nationality or class, but an act of existence in conditions of denial" (Leonard, 2015).
In Canada, the official languages are English and French. Accordingly, Canadian literature is divided into French and Canadian literature.
Franco-Canadian literature is also called Quebec literature, since mostly French-speaking Canadians live in the province of Quebec. They are the descendants of those French people who moved to North America four hundred years ago. Quebec literature differs from French literature with a thrilling attitude towards North American nature and an appeal to the myths of the New World. The founder of the Writers' Union of Quebec, Jacques Godbout wrote in his article "How did the Quebec literature emerge?": "Today, Quebec literature includes thousands of works, which publication is invariably supported by Canadian and Quebec authorities, some books are widely recognized by the public, others are well received by the elected reader. They are translated into many languages, published in Paris and sometimes they are awarded French literary awards" (Godbout, 2008). So, the winner of the Goncourt Prize (Prix Goncourt) is a Canadian writer, playwright Antonin Maye. Canadian writer Alberto Manguel is the holder of the French literary prize "Medici" (Prix Médicis) and an officer of the Order of Arts and Literature (awards of the Ministry of Culture of France). The writer Dani Laferier was also announced the Laureate of the Medici Award for the novel The Mystery of Return. It should be noted that "Goncourt" and "Medici" are the most prestigious French literary awards. The playwright Robert Lepage Europe's was awarded the largest theater prize "Prix Europe pour le théâtre".
The English-speaking writers of Canada received the international recognition. The first Canadian laureate of the International Booker Prize in 1992 was Michael Ondaatje -the author of the novel "The English Patient", on the basis of which a feature film was produced, which was awarded the "Oscar" Prize. Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in the world of English literature. The Booker Prize was later awarded to Margaret Atwood and Yann Martel. M.Atwood (the author of the novels "The Blind Murderer", "The Story of the Handmaiden") were also awarded the Arthur Clark Award -the British literary award for the best science fiction novel. J. Martel has become famous for the novel "Life of Pi", which served as a basis for a feature film, which was awarded four "Oscars". Carol Shields - is a Pulitzer Prize winner - one of the most prestigious US awards in the field of literature, journalism, music and theater. K. Shields was awarded this award for the novel "The Diaries of Stone". In 2013, the Canadian
63 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017 writer Alice Munro - one of the best contemporary story masters was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Literature.
In Finland, literature develops in Finnish, Swedish and Sami languages. Residents of Finland are among the most reading people in the world. To a greater extent, this is due to the State policy - a network of free libraries is very developed in the country. In recent years, many small publishing houses which specialize in fiction have been established in Finland.
"A significant part of the contemporary literature in Finland is written in Finnish (M. Jotuni, H. Vuolijoki, J. Turk, and others). The world-famous Finnish writer Mauri Kunnas, whose works have been translated into 26 languages, is awarded the Children's Book Fair Prize in Bologna. The Institute of Finland in St. Petersburg nominated him for the "Reading St. Petersburg 2009" contest as the best foreign author. One of the masters of the modern detective is Matti Joensuu, the author of popular works, was twice nominated for the "Finland" Literary Prize. The leading tendencies of the Finnish literature of the first fifteen years of the 21st century is the revealing of the inner world of a contemporary - the resident of the province (a series of novels The Land of Fugitives, country novel by Petri Tamminen), the emotional experiences of the characters (Marya Virolainen's poetry, Ellina Hirvonen's prose, If He Wouldn't Forget"), the openness of young writers to the outside world, etc." (Ananyeva, 2016).
Tuve Jansson - Swedish-speaking writer of Finland is the most famous in the world. Her children's books about the Moomins have been translated and films produced in many countries. Famous writers Boo Karpelan and Lars Sund write in Swedish. Ulla-Lena Lundberg and Monika Fagerholm were awarded prestigious literary awards in Finland. "The combination of the experiment with "sharp realism" in the art works in depicting the characters on the background of the supernatural events has become one of the newest trends in the development of modern Swedish literature in Finland" (Ananyeva, 2016).
The modern Sami literature includes works written in the Sami languages. The Sami languages is a group of related languages spoken by the Sami (the obsolete name -Lapps) in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, in Finland and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. In Finland, the prose writer, playwright Kirsti Paltto and the children's writer Petter Morottaya write in the Sami language.
Belgian literature has become popular mainly in the French language, despite the existence of two other languages - Walloon and Flemish. The most famous Belgian writers and poets Charles de Coster ("The Legend of Tijl Uilenspiegel"), Maurice Maeterlinck ("The Blue Bird"), being Flemish, wrote their works in French, but not in Flemish. Andre-Marcel Adamek is the modern classic of French-speaking Belgian literature. He was awarded the French Community Parliamentary Award in Brussels for the novel "The World's Largest Submarine" in French. This novel by a Belgian writer, which became a bestseller, is translated into all European languages. Vincent Engel is one of the leading French-speaking Belgian writers, the author of more than ten novels, including the novel anti-utopia "My neighbor is not just anyone" and the novels "Everyday War". The novel "Forget Adam Weinberger" tells of a Jew who survived in the Nazi camps. It consists of two parts, called "Before" and "After". The part "Before" includes childhood, adolescence, youth, love, dreams and sounds, happiness and unhappiness - in short, his whole life, which ended in 1939. The part "After" covers the period of the Second World War and tells about the stay of the protagonist in Auschwitz.
Amélie Nothomb - one of the most popular representatives of modern French-language literature. Her first novel The Hygiene of the Murderer, was published when
64 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017 she was twenty-five. Since then she has published a number of books, among them "Love sabotage", "The Biography of Hunger", "The Tokyo Bride", "Metaphysics of Pipes", "Cosmetics of the Enemy", "Sulfuric Acid", "Mercury", "Crime", "Dictionary of proper names", "Antichrist", "Fear and trembling". Many of her books are based on real autobiographical facts, she describes everything that has happened to her since childhood. The thing is that A. Nothomb visited many countries, since her father was a major diplomat. In "Love sabotage" the author writes about her life in China. The "Biography of Hunger" depicts such countries as Japan, the United States, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Belgium, China. The novel "Fear and Awe" tells about a young woman working in a Japanese firm. By the way, Amelie, being a child, lived in Japan in the family of the Ambassador of Belgium. Then she lived with her parents in China for a long time. Then she returned to Japan and worked in a large company. The novel "Fear and Awe" was awarded the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, and it is translated into twenty languages and was screened. In 2015 she was elected a member of the Royal Academy of French Language and Literature in Belgium.
The contemporary authors of detective novels Peter Aspe and Aster Berkhov write in Flemish, as well as playwright Tom Lanoy. It should be clarified that the Flemish language is a variant of the Dutch language, spread in Flanders, Antwerp, Limburg, that is, in areas adjacent to Holland or Germany. The Flemish language has been mostly preserved in Campina.
Discussion
In recent years in Kazakhstan, literary scholars are increasingly interested in the world literary process studies. The M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art, Committee of Science, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan is involved in a fundamental research on the development of national literatures. Thus, collective monographs "Essays on World Literature of the Turn of the XX and XXI centuries" (2006), "The Newest Foreign Literature" (2011), "The World Literary Process of the XXI Century" (2016) were published. The first book presents French, English, Italian, Czech, Greek, Latin American, Turkish, Arabic, Indian, Japanese and Russian literature. The second book includes sections on German, Romanian, Spanish, Bulgarian, Korean, Slovak, Egyptian, Ukrainian, Moldovan, Azerbaijani literatures. The third book reflects the current state of the literary process in Finland, Scotland, XUAR of China, Iran, Georgia, Belarus, Lithuania, Kyrgyzstan, Tatarstan, Uzbekistan. The author of the paper prepared sections on Italian, Spanish, Scottish literatures in the above monographs.
The participation of foreign researchers provides a special importance to the research works, which is caused by the intensification of humanitarian contacts between national literary critics and leading foreign scientific centers. Attraction of foreign literary critics creates favorable opportunities for the direct use of the world experience and its wide development. "The newest foreign literature" has become the winner of the International Competition "Scientific Book - 2012" of the International Association of Academies of Sciences (Moscow) and was presented in Chisinau, Moscow, Kiev, Baku.
Conclusion
In the context of the world literature contemporary development, the development of each national literature takes place in accordance with the general trends in the evolution of the world literary process. In the era of globalization, national cultures tend to fit into the world cultural space, while remaining purely national, without losing their distinctive features and enriching themselves with new content. One of the specific
65 Modern European Researches No 3 / 2017 features of national literatures in the modern world is the existence of a literary process in several languages on the territory of one State.
The study of foreign literature opens the prospect of a more clear idea of the world artistic process and the role of national literature in it.
Recommendations
The materials of this article can be of interest for researchers in comparative studies, teachers, PhD and Master students, undergraduate students of Philological faculties at Higher educational institutions.
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