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28Жамият ва инновациялар Общество и инновации -
Society and innovations
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Multibiometric technologies in the system of criminalistic registration
Lyudmila YUGAY 1
Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 10 august 2020 Received in revised form 20 august 2020
Accepted 25 august 2020 Available online August 2020
Keywords:
Fingerprints Genotypic registration Physical features Criminal records.
The article deals with the relevance of human biometric parameters almost in all spheres of social life. Human biometrics is used in the notary, banking and control management access systems. The biometric identifiers used in the system of criminal records are analyzed. The opinions and views of forensic scientists on the choice of optimal biometric parameters are considered. Genotypic and phonoscopic types of registration is proposed to use in forensic registration system, along with fingerprinting and portrait registration in the paper. The advanced foreign experience of using biometric databases in China, Argentina, South Korea, the countries of the European Union, and the USA is highlighted. The author developed proposals on integration of all automated biometric systems, maximum coverage of population and exchange of biometric data, persons on the wanted list, who committed especially serious crimes. Solution of the problem connected with increasing the efficiency of the use of multibiometric records for the detection and investigation of crimes, an integrated approach is required that provides for organizational, methodological and legal aspects. In introducing biometric systems particular importance takes the issues of provideing protection of personal data during their receipt, processing, storage and their usage.
2181-1415/© 2020 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
1 PhD, Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Email: yugay.lyudmila@inbox.uz
Криминалистик руйхатга олиш тизимида мультиметр технологиялар
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сузлар:
Бармок излари Генотипик руйхатга олиш Таш;и куриниш хусусиятлари Криминалистик хисобга олиш.
Ма;олада инсон биометрик параметрларини ижтимоий хаётнинг барча жабхаларида куллаш долзарблиги очиб берилган. Инсон биометрияси нотариал, банк сохаларида, бош;арув назорати тизимларида кулланилади. Шу билан бирга, криминалистик хисобга олиш тизимида фойдаланиладиган биометрик идентификаторлар тах,лил килинган. Ма;бул биометрик параметрлар танлови юзасидан криминалист-олимларнинг фикрлари ва карашлари куриб чикилган. Ушбу тад;и;отда криминалистик руйхатдан утказиш тизимида дактолоскопик ва портретли хисобга олиш билан бир каторда руйхатга олишнинг генотипик ва фоноскопик турлардан хам фойдаланиш таклиф этилган. Хитой, Аргентина, Жанубий Корея, Евроиттифок мамлакатлари, АКШдаги биометрик маълумотлар базасидан фойдаланишнинг илгор хорижий тажрибаси ёритиб берилган. Муаллиф томонидан барча автоматлаштирилган биометрик тизимларнинг интеграцияси буйича, ахолини максимал даражада камраб олиш ва ута огир жиноят содир этиб кидирувда булган шахсларнинг биометрик маълумотлари буйича тажриба алмашиш таклифлари ишлаб чикилган. Жиноятларни очиш ва тергов килиш максадида мультибиометрик ^исобга олишдан фойдаланиш самарасини ошириш муаммоларига ечим топиш учун ташкилий, методик ва хукукий аспектларни назарда тутадиган комплекс ёндашув зарур. Биометрик тизимларни татбик этишда шахсий маълумотларни олиш, ишлов бериш, саклаш ва фойдаланиш жараёнида уларнинг хавфсизлигини таъминлаш мухим ахамиятга эга.
Мультибиометрические технологии в системе криминалистической регистрации
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье раскрывается актуальность использования биометрических параметров человека практически во всех сферах социальной жизни. Биометрия человека применяется в нотариальной, банковской сферах, системах контроля управления доступом. Анализируются биометрические идентификаторы, используемые в системе криминалистических учетов. Рассматриваются мнения и взгляды ученых-криминалистов по поводу выбора оптимальных биометрических параметров. В работе предлагается использовать в системе криминалистической регистрации, наряду с дактилоскопическими и
Ключевые слова:
Отпечатки пальцев
Генотипическая
регистрация
Черты внешности
Криминалистические
учеты.
портретными учетами, генотипические и фоноскопические виды регистрации.
Освещается передовой зарубежный опыт использования биометрических баз данных в Китае, Аргентине, Южной Корее, странах Евросоюза, США. Автором разработаны предложения по интеграции всех автоматизированных биометрических систем, максимальному охвату населения и обмену биометрическими данными, лиц находящихся в розыске, совершивших особо тяжкие преступления. Для решения вопросов повышения эффективности использования мультибиометрических учетов в целях раскрытия и расследования преступлений необходим комплексный подход, предусматривающий
организационные, методические и правовые аспекты. При внедрении биометрических систем особую важность приобретают вопросы обеспечения защиты персональных данных при их получении, обработке, хранении и использовании.
INTRODUCTION
All over the world, interest is growing to the usage of human biometric characteristics almost in all spheres of social life. These include control management access systems (CMAS), records of operating time control systems, identity verification during banking, notarial and payment operations. Since 2020 identification of personality of applicants for passing entrance exams to higher educational establishments by fingerprints and facial features has been carried out in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Besides, biometric indicators are applied in the field of crime prevention, operational and comprehensive crime detection and border control as well.
In developed countries of the world, active research on usage and improvement of security of modern biometric system is being carried out. In particular, Milan Adamek, Miroslav Matysek, Petr Neumann (Chech Republic) [1, p. 169-176], Rodrigo de Luis-Garcia, Carlos Alberola-Lopez, Otman Aghzout, Juan Ruiz-Alzola [6, p. 2539-2557], S. Ayeswarya and Jasmine Norman [3, p. 67-99], Pawel Krotewicz, Wojciech Sankowski, Piotr Stefan Nowak [11, p. 69-81], Raymond T. Moor [16, p. 107-110], Nalini Kanta Ratha, Ruud Bolle [14, p. 458], Henry C. Lee, Robert E. Gaensslen [12, p. 444], Christophe Champod, Chris J. Lennard, Pierre Margot [4, p. 285], Itiel E. Dror, Jennifer L. Mnookin [10, p. 46-47], Peter Komarinski [15, p. 312] and other scientists devoted their work to the study of biometric characteristics. In these studies, special importance take the issues of usage of biometric systems on mobile platform, as well as ensuring the security of personal data.
In the legal system of the republic, large-scale reforms are being carried out related to the effective introduction of innovative modern technologies in disclosure and investigation of crimes. In particular, in our country, among the main tasks in this area, the dynamic development of forensic activity, widespread introduction of automated information retrieval systems and computer programs, electronic databases in forensic establishments are determined [24].
The aim of the work is to identify the most perspective biometric parameters for forensic registration, as well as development of proposals and recommendations on improvement of measures for the use of biometric systems in the field of combating crime.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analysis of law-enforcement practice in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 6 months of 2020 shows that from all the studies conducted by the forensic departments of the organs of internal affairs, biometric (fingerprinting, portrait and handwriting) composed 97.9%. At the same time, in comparison with 2019, over the same period of time, growth was observed from this kind of conducted research by 2.26% [26]. Abovementioned indicators testifies the importance of the obtained biometric information as a significant source of evidentiary information in disclosure and investigation of crime.
Today, in the forensic departments of the organs of internal affairs, fingerprinting records and physical feature records are used. Records of fingerprints and handprints taken from the scene are widely used.
It should be noted that since 2011, biometric passports have been introduced in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which contain a chip with biometric information. The electronic chip stores information about the fingerprints and features of the passport holder.
In addition, the Republic of Uzbekistan provides for the introduction of identification cards (hereinafter referred to as ID-card), which should replace a number of identity documents [25]. ID-card data contains a single identification number of a person, personal data and it will also be used for identification and verification of personality too. Taking into consideration foreign experience, in order to increase the level of data protection, ID-cards include several biometric parameters of its owner. These include fingerprint data and physical features.
Information about the facial features of the owners of biometric documents is stored in the database of the automated personal identification system.
Fingerprint data is integrated into automated fingerprint identification systems.
In our opinion, the used methods of biometric identification of a person in the forensic registration system currently require revision. Fairly reliable and time-tested biometric identifiers exist. Biometric parameters are divided into static and dynamic. Static parameters include fingerprints, facial thermogram, iris, retinal capillaries, facial features, hand geometry, hand vein patterns, etc. Dynamic features include signs of handwriting, signs of signature, voice, gait, typing features on keyboard and etc.
V.A. Vorona and V.O. Kostenko point to the possibilities of such static methods as identification by the subungual layer of the skin, by the volume of fingers indicated for scanning of fingers, shape of ear, body odor and dynamic - identification by lip movement when saying a code word, by the dynamics of turning a key in a door lock, and etc. [19, p. 224-241].
According to V.G. Bulgakov, the functional-motor (functional-dynamic) complex of a person, motor stereotypes have serious prospects for further use in the theory and practice of forensic personality identification [18, p. 143].
A study of the latest literary sources shows the correctness of this statement. Active scientific research is being conducted on personal identification by gait, gestures, facial expressions, articulation.
At the same time, biometric identification systems are being actively introduced abroad as well. The United States is successfully implementing the FBI Next Generation Identification (NGI) system, which uses the most innovative technologies and improved search for fingerprints and their traces taken from the scene is considered to be one of the world's largest and most effective electronic database of biometric and criminal information [5].
The NGI system includes the Advanced Fingerprint Identification Technology (AFIT), the National Palm Print System (NPPS), the International Photo System, the ability to identify by face, iris, etc.
In addition, the Eurodac biometric system (European Dactyloscopy System) operates in Europe is the world's largest automated fingerprint identification system, serving 32 countries. Eurodac is a database of fingerprints of asylum seekers in the EU, as well as fingerprints of persons detained as a result of illegal border crossings [2].
Under the Eurodac system, participating States are required to promptly fingerprint every asylum seeker over the age of 14. These fingerprints are then compared with the fingerprint data transmitted by other participating States, stored in the AFIS central database. If Eurodac shows that the fingerprints have already been registered, the asylum seeker can be sent back to the country where their fingerprints were originally taken. [9]
Besides it, at the end of November 2017, the European Council approved the future Entry / Exit System (EES). It will replace the existing system of traditional stamping on passports with electronic registration of name, type of travel document, biometric data (4 fingers and face), as well as dates and places of entry and exit of third-country nationals visiting the Schengen area for short visits.
Facial recognition will be the main component of this system, as each Schengen country will have a national biometric database as well. These central and national biometric databases should be established by 2020 [7].
In 2011, Argentina created SIBIOS (Sistema Federal de Identificación Biométrica para la Seguridad) - Federal biometric identification system for security. The country's fingerprint database includes more than 40 million prints of the entire population.
The Argentinean SIBIOS system is integrated with other functioning databases in the country. Besides the biometric information and photographs, SIBIOS stores complete information from the time of born of a person. Since 2012, in maternity hospitals in Argentina, electronic prints of fingers and toes are taken from all newborns, and a snapshot of the face is done as well [23, p. 88].
Since 2017, China has been collecting fingerprints from all foreigners between the ages of 14 and 70 at checkpoints across the country. The storage of biometric information of people entering and leaving borders is an important border control measure [17].
In the Republic of Korea, fingerprints are collected from every citizen over the age of 18 and up to the age of 18 with the consent of their parents. The government database currently contains fingerprints and photographs of over 3.5 million children under the age of 18, over 81,000 patients with mental disorders and over 62,000 patients with dementia, making for 39.8% of the more than 9.3 million citizens subject to mandatory fingerprinting registration.
As an example of the effective use of fingerprinting data, one may consider the accident on a tourist boat on the Danube River in Budapest, which occurred on May 29, 2019. Thanks to the practice of fingerprinting in South Korea of all its citizens, 11 South Korean citizens were identified out of 28 people who died. [13].
Furthermore, the Republic of Korea has introduced a new biometric regulation that requires all foreigners entering Korea to be fingerprinted as part of their immigration registration from January 1, 2012.
Moreover, Korean airports are equipped with biometric stalls for fingerprint scanning of fingerprints from Integrated Biometrics' in the framework of automated
immigration checks. Fingerprint scanners allow to compare fingerprints with fingerprint databases of known terrorists and criminals.
Since 2007, Japan has introduced the practice of fingerprinting foreigners entering the country as part of its anti-terrorism policy. Fingerprints are compared with international and domestic lists, and anyone who is listed as a terrorist or refuses to undergo fingerprint scanning will be denied entry and face deportation. Since 2019, in accordance with an international agreement, law enforcement bodies in Japan and the United States have begun to exchange fingerprint data in order to combat terrorism and organized crime.
The bilateral agreement allows the Japan National Policy Agency and US law enforcement bodies such as the FBI and the Ministry of Interior Security to work more closely together. The automatic fingerprint identification system is installed in both countries, and the requested party's database will automatically reply if there is a match. The AFIS database in Japan contains fingerprints of nearly 11 million people who have been taken into custody [8].
In France, in 1990, automation of all bases of the Ministry of Internal Affairs regardless of the level of the unit was implemented. Since 1991, a new National Police Computing Center PNK-2 (Police National Center) has been functioning in the UK. Since 2004, Russia has been implementing the Program of the Unified Information Telecommunication System of Internal Affairs Bodies [22, p. 118-121].
One of the sources of information about the crime event and creation of the evidence base are biological samples obtained from the scene of the incident (blood, saliva, nails, skin particles, bone fragments, teeth, etc.). As a result of DNA research, the perpetrators of these crimes can be identified based on samples obtained from the places of intended murder, rape, from suspects.
The method of DNA analysis and registration of DNA profiles of suspects, accused and convicted persons have been tested by time and are successfully applied in the law enforcement practice of foreign countries (Great Britain, USA, Canada, Japan, China, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Chile, Colombia, New Zealand, etc.).
In its turn I.S. Dubrovin notes that «in the presence of appropriate DNA databases, search for persons who are carriers of the seized biological object can be carried out even in the absence of comparative samples, by comparing the genetic characteristics of the investigated object and stored in the database of DNA profiles» [21, p. 16].
This type of record is very promising in Uzbekistan and it is advisable to form it on the basis of the Main Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is planned to create a genomic database of DNA profiles of those convicted persons of crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual, unidentified persons and unidentified corpses.
Genomic registration is new and still understood incompletely direction for Uzbekistan in the forensic registration system, however, further improvement of legislation in this area, integration with other types of forensic records allow significantly increase the efficiency of crime detection and investigation.
Phonoscopic records are relevant in registration of persons who are reported to commit terrorist acts and mining of buildings. Voice is a biometric identifying feature allowing to identify personality. Foreign experience shows the effectiveness of these records.
Today, we consider fingerprint, portrait, genotyposcopic (DNA) and phonoscopic records to be the most basic directions for multibiometric registration in crime detection activities.
We support the opinion of R.E. Demin [20], who emphasizes the expediency of creating unified automated network, which include a system of departmental data banks with forensically significant information, in which piled up, systematized and processed information about various registration objects in order to provide information support for the investigation and disclosure of crimes.
Reasoning from above mentioned opinions and taking into account current trends towards the integration of various types of accounting, it is necessary to combine various types of biometric accounting to create the possibility of parallel verification of the personal data of a particular person, fingerprint data, determination of physical features, criminal records, genomic data, etc.
At the moment, a mobile verification system based on fingerprint databases is being tested in Tashkent. The mobile complex ADIS is located in a specially equipped vehicle that drives to the crime scene and allows to carry out an audit on the databases directly from the crime scene and accelerates the process of identifying a person by traces of papillose tracery. It would be advisable to organize an automatic parallel mobile check for facial features.
Today, fingerprint and portrait databases in the Republic of Uzbekistan function in separate information systems.
We consider it expedient to create in the near future an integrated multibiometric information system that will unite fingerprinting, habitoscopic, genotypic, phonoscopic, and other types of records. On this bases, found a bank of biometric information, which consist of general and special registration. The database of special biometric records contain information regarding persons who have committed crimes, as well as related to the crime. The base of general biometric records combine data about persons, information about which was obtained in connection with obtaining biometric documents or at their will.
It should be noted that cameras are becoming a necessary phenomenon of modern life, providing first of all, safety of population, protection of public order, detection of crimes in hot pursuit and much more. We observe them at banks, airports, posts, streets, parking lots, etc. Thanks to video cameras, crimes are solved, wanted persons are detained, and a kind of passive crime prevention is carried out.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The successful implementation and operation of these multibiometric systems is realized by solving a set of legal, technical, organizational and methodological issues. It is not possible to cover all of them within the framework of this article. However, an analysis of foreign experience and law enforcement practice in combating crime determines the following measures to improve the efficiency of these databases:
- integration of several types of biometric records, allowing automatically check it for other types of records in checking one type;
- maximum coverage of population. The more prints there are in the database, the more significant the result will be. In Argentina, collection of fingerprints and photography
of newborns are carried out already in maternity hospitals. In Belarus, all conscripts undergo fingerprinting;
- to introduce the possibility of carrying out checks on biometric databases on mobile complexes installed on official vehicles throughout the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- use at border control to identify wanted persons, persons with fake passports;
- to establish interstate exchange of biometric data of wanted persons and much more.
Conclusions. Biometric registration systems have its supporters, and at the same
time its opponents, who point to the risk of violation of confidentiality, constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and total control by the state. However, in our opinion, in modern conditions it is better to pay for security than to pay for its absence later. It is impossible to stop the process of informatization of all spheres of society. But to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of an individual and citizen, it is necessary to work out in detail the legal framework and provide technical security of personal information in its receipt, processing, storage and use.
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